審計學：一種整合方法課件2

1、The CPA ProfessionChapter 2Learning Objective 1Describe the nature of CPA firms,what they do, and their structure.Certified Public Accounting FirmsThe legal right to perform audits is grantedto CPA firms by regulation of each state.CPA firms also provide many other services totheir clients, such as

2、tax and consulting services.Certified Public Accounting Firms Big Four international firms National firms Regional and large local firms Small local firmsCertified Public Accounting FirmsThe four largest CPA firms in the United Statesare called the “Big Four” international CPA firms.These four firms

3、 have offices in most majorcities in the United States and in manycities throughout the world. Management consulting services Tax services Accounting and bookkeeping servicesActivities of CPA FirmsStructure of CPA FirmsThree main factors influence the organizationalstructure of all firms:1.The need

4、for independence from clients.2.The importance of a structure to encouragecompetence.3.The increased litigation risk faced by auditors.Organizational Structure Proprietorship Professional corporation General partnership Limited liability company General corporation Limited liability partnershipHiera

5、rchy of a TypicalCPA FirmStaff LevelExperienceTypical ResponsibilitiesStaffassistant0-2 yearsPerforms most of thedetailed audit workSenior orin-chargeauditor2-5 yearsResponsible for the auditfield work, includingsupervising staff workHierarchy of a TypicalCPA FirmStaff LevelExperienceTypical Respons

6、ibilitiesManager5-10 yearsHelps the plan, managesthe audit, reviews work,and works with the clientPartner10+ yearsReviews audit work andmakes significant auditdecisionsE-Commerce andCPA Firm OperationsCPA firms are using the Internet to markettheir services.Firm Web sites also feature online softwar

7、e toolsand databases to subscribers.Firms take advantage of online resources anddatabases to help their staffs stay current on emerging business and standards-setting issues.Learning Objective 2Understand the role of thePublic Company AccountingOversight Board and the effectsof the Sarbanes-Oxley Ac

8、ton the CPA profession.This Act is considered by many observers tobe the most important legislation affectingthe auditing profession since the 1930s.Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe provisions of the Act apply to publiclyheld companies and their audit firms.Sarbanes-Oxley ActSECPCAOB(Public CompanyAccountingOv

9、ersight Board)Sarbanes-Oxley ActThe PCAOB conducts inspections of registeredaccounting firms and assess their compliancewith the rules of the PCAOB and the SEC.Learning Objective 3Summarize the role of theSecurities and ExchangeCommission in accountingand auditing.The overall purpose of the Securiti

10、es andExchange Commission (SEC) is to assist inproviding investors with reliable informationupon which to make investment decisions.Securities and Exchange CommissionSecurities and Exchange Commission Form S-1 Form 8-K Form 10-K Form 10-QLearning Objective 4Describe the key functionsperformed by the

11、 AICPA.The AICPA sets professional requirementsfor CPAs, conducts research, and publishesmaterials on many different subjects relatedto accounting, auditing, attestation andassurance services, managementconsulting services, and taxes.AICPAThe AICPA is empowered to set standards(guidelines) and rules

12、 that all membersand other practicing CPAs must follow.Establishing Standardsand RulesEstablishing Standardsand Rules1.Auditing standards2.Compilation and review standards3.Other attestation standards4.Consulting standards5.Code of Professional ConductOther AICPA FunctionsSupports research by its ow

13、n staff andprovides grants to others.Writes and grades the CPA examination.Provides seminars and education in avariety of subject matters.Publishes a variety of materials.Vision for the FutureThe AICPA has established the CPA Vision Projectto provide a core purpose and a vision for the CPAprofession

14、 in the year 2011 and beyond.The core purpose of the CPA Vision Project is:“CPAsmaking sense of a changing andcomplex world.”Vision for the Future1. Continuing education and life-long learning2. CompetenceFive Core Values:3. Integrity4. Attuned to broad business issues5. ObjectivityLearning Objectiv

15、e 5Use generally accepted auditingstandards as a basis forfurther study.1. The audit is to be performed by a person orpersons having adequate technical trainingand proficiency as an auditor.2.The auditor must maintain independencein mental attitude in all matters relatingto the audit.General Standar

16、dsGeneral Standards3.The auditor must exercise due professionalcare in the performance of the audit and thepreparation of the report.1. The auditor must adequately plan the workand must properly supervise any assistants.2. The auditor must obtain a sufficient understandingof the entity and its envir

17、onment, including itsinternal control, to assess the risk of materialmisstatement and to design further auditprocedures.Standards of Field WorkStandards of Field Work3.The auditor must obtain sufficient appropriateaudit evidence by performing audit proceduresto afford a reasonable basis for an opini

18、on regarding the financial statements under audit.1. The report shall state whether the financialstatements are presented in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles.2. The report shall identify those circumstancesin which such principles have not beenconsistently observed in the curr

19、ent periodin relation to the preceding period.Standards of Reporting3. Informative disclosures in the financialstatements are to be regarded as reasonablyadequate unless otherwise stated in the report.4. The report shall contain an expression ofopinion regarding the financial statements,taken as a w

20、hole.Standards of ReportingGenerally Accepted AuditingStandardsGeneral Standards1. Adequate training and proficiency2. Independence in mental attitude3. Due professional careGenerally Accepted AuditingStandardsStandards of Field Work1. Proper planning and supervision2. Understanding of the entity3.

21、Sufficient appropriate evidenceGenerally Accepted AuditingStandardsStandards of Reporting1. Statements prepared in accordance with GAAP2. Circumstances when GAAP not followed3. Adequacy of disclosures4. Expression of opinion on financial statementsRelationship Between GAAS and PCAOB Auditing Standar

22、dsThe term generally accepted auditing standardsis no longer used for public company audits.The term GAAS continues to be used for auditsof private companies.Public company audits refer to PCAOB auditingstandards.The 10 generally accepted auditing standardsare too general to provide meaningful guida

23、nce.SASs interpret the 10 generally acceptedauditing standards and are the mostauthoritative references available to auditors.Statements on Auditing Standards GAAS and Standards of PerformanceStatements on Auditing Standards Classification of Statements on Auditing StandardsLearning Objective 6Discuss the role of internationalauditing standards.International Standardson AuditingInternational Standards on Auditing (ISAs)are issued by the International AuditingPractice Committee of the InternationalFederation of Accountants (IFAC).International Standardson AuditingIFAC is the w