北師大版必修三語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

1、Word文檔北即大展出修三各單無(wú)知釵要點(diǎn)及語(yǔ)柒一 各單元知識(shí)及笫七單元：關(guān)系副詞，介詞+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，形袞詞的比較級(jí)笫人單元：限制性和非F艮制性定語(yǔ)從句，掙杰動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)杰動(dòng)詞笫九單元：現(xiàn)在先成遂行時(shí)杰，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)3.全書(shū)單詞致量為：262個(gè)詞組數(shù)量為：40個(gè)必修三建法知鍬_ Relative Clause with where, when and why, where, when, why 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)條到詢(xún)where, when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可堤供時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的信息，在reason后可用why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。 介詞+ which/whom 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代

2、詞可做介詞的賓語(yǔ)，通常在 which和whom前加介詞即介詞+which/whom 結(jié)構(gòu)This is the book for which he is looking.可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞來(lái)選介詞，也可以依據(jù)從句的扣關(guān)動(dòng)詞來(lái)選用。但在日常英語(yǔ)中， 通常是吧介詞放在從句句未，省略關(guān)東代詞which和whomThe train(which /that) Im travelling on is for Shanghai.二、形求詞和副詞的比較More and more 越來(lái)越Less/the least不如/呆不The .the .越.就越.The less I worried, t

3、he better I worked.三.修飾形汆詞比較級(jí)Much, a lot, slightly, a little, almost a bit, far. even, still, twice/ three times .more than/twice as much/many as/twice the +n +of .比.多/是.的 兩僖/三倍。四、狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞分為兩類(lèi)：動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞和狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞描述動(dòng)作，可用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和限行時(shí)態(tài)；狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞 描述狀態(tài)，一般不用于遂行時(shí)態(tài)。狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)思維活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞：admit believe, know, mean, prefer, re

4、alize, remember, think, understand, want, 表達(dá)精密的動(dòng)詞：adore, care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope表達(dá)擁有才。存在的動(dòng)4可：appear, be, belong, contain, have, include, need, seem, possess, own.感曾動(dòng)詞feeL hear, look, see. smell, sound, taste,有 些狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可以表示動(dòng)作，在此意義上，這些動(dòng)詞可 用于現(xiàn)在時(shí) o How are you feeling?感官動(dòng)詞后用形求詞修飾二不用到詞。The ro

5、ses look and smell beautiful.5、定語(yǔ)從句：defining and non-defining F艮制性和非F艮制性定語(yǔ)從句I .概念：(1)定語(yǔ)從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。(2)先行詞：彼定語(yǔ)從句修飾的成份。丸行詞可以為一個(gè)詞，短語(yǔ)，或塞個(gè)主句。(3)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫獎(jiǎng)余詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和吳東副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)連詞；2)必在從句中作祟個(gè)句子成份(可以做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ))常用的關(guān)東代詞：that、which, who. whom, wh

6、ose, as、but (文語(yǔ)，直,于否定詞之后=that/wh。not.,沒(méi)有不”,在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賣(mài)語(yǔ)）常用的關(guān)雜副詞（在從句中只作狀語(yǔ)）：when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John.1 know the reason why he was so angry.The boy （whom） you are talking to is my brother.rd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.定語(yǔ)從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的語(yǔ)

7、法功能（做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)力第三選擇合適的關(guān)條詞。n.幾個(gè)獎(jiǎng)條代詞的基本用法：that:可指人或物；在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)。（加入時(shí)，扣當(dāng)于who或whom；希揚(yáng)時(shí)，和主 于which）（一般不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；不可置于介詞后作賓語(yǔ)）如：A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read.（主語(yǔ)）Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?You can take anything （that） you like.（賓語(yǔ)）What is the quest

8、ion （that/which） they are talking about?Here is the man （who/whom/that） you want to see.Shes no longer the girl （that） she used to be before.（表語(yǔ)）Our hometown is no longer the one （that）什 used to be.=Our hometown is not the same as it used to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be。=Ou

9、r hometown is not what it used to be.which:指物;在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)。如：The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主語(yǔ)）The book （which/that） I bought yesterday is very interesting.（賓語(yǔ)）The factory in which his father works is far from here.He was proud, which his brother never was.（表語(yǔ)）Tom

10、 spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定語(yǔ)）He may be late, in which case we ought to wa什 for him.who, whom, whose：who：主格.在從句中作主語(yǔ)，在。語(yǔ)或非正式用擊中作賓語(yǔ)；只可指人whom:賓格，在從句中作實(shí)語(yǔ)；只可指人whose:屬格，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard.（主語(yǔ)）All who heard the story were amazed.（代

11、詞如 he. they, any, those, all, one 等后多用 who.）Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （賓語(yǔ)）Hes a man from whom we should learn.=Hes a man （whom/who/that） we should learn from.上匕較：He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise.He is the student who you th

12、ink is worth praising.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（折人）rd like a room whose window faces south.（加物）=Td like a room of which the window faces south.= ld like a room the window of which faces south.There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of whose mouth tea is supposed t

13、o come 是余代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)：獎(jiǎng)余代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作介詞典語(yǔ)時(shí).介詞可放于從句之看，也可放于從句之求.但以放于句看較為正式.（介詞前反，必須注意不影響動(dòng)苗詞組的含義。是系代詞 who和that用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞必須放在句 未JThis is the book for which you asked.=Thi$ is the book （that/which） you asked for.Do you know the person w什h whom I shook hands? = Do you know the person （whom/who/that） I shook hands

14、 w什h?The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare until our information age.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you p

15、aid a visit last week?This is the girl whom they are looking after.（介詞 after 與 look 構(gòu)成固定詞組，不可前貴 look at, look for, look after, take care of 等）as的用法:（as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ).賣(mài)語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)）如為限制性的，多用于 the same .as ： the same as； such .as .： as many/much as? so as 等結(jié)構(gòu)中。 如：XI have the same book as you （have）.我有一本和你的一

16、樣的 書(shū)。Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 條代詞 as 和指 示代詞 same 連用，在從句 中用作表語(yǔ)，先行詞是same.）.Why didnt you mention that in face of the police just now? I thought 什 was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with

17、our own interests.Dont do such things as you are not sure about.There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.上匕較：1 live in the same house that he used to live in.Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比較：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.（定語(yǔ)從句）Here is so big a stone that

18、 no one can lift it.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句）如為非限制性的，多單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，這種定語(yǔ)從句可置于句看，句中或句是，譯為“正如，這一 皮”。（動(dòng)詞 常為 know, see, expect, point out, etc JAs we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作賣(mài)語(yǔ)）=As is known to alL smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主語(yǔ)）= lfs known to all that smoking is harmful to ones healt

19、h .=Smoking is harmful to one*s health . as we all know . （as 作賓語(yǔ)）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one* health.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent.（賓語(yǔ).先行詞是前面整個(gè)句孑）IH.關(guān)東副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：When加時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。其先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc JHe came last night when I was out.We

20、will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.注意：先行詞為“時(shí)間名詞”，可用when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，when在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)；還可以用which或that 引導(dǎo)，which或that在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。上匕較：I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army, f 作狀語(yǔ)）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the co

21、rner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together.（作賣(mài)語(yǔ)）Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Tm sure, will be exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou V was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.Where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作

22、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。其先行詞 是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如：place, school, factory, room, etc.This is the place where I was born.I live in the room where /in which he used to live.注意：先行詞是“地點(diǎn)名詞”，定語(yǔ)從句可用where引導(dǎo)，還可用which或that引導(dǎo)，which/that在從句中 作主語(yǔ)或賣(mài)語(yǔ)。比較：XThis is the factory where /in which he worked last year.（作狀語(yǔ)）The treatment will continue

23、until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used.Hes got himself into a dangerous situation

24、 where hes likely to lose control of the plane.The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what/the place which is now part of Hubei.This is the park which/that they visited last year.（作賣(mài)語(yǔ)）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyon

25、e says is worth vis什ing.Why然原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。先行詞為reason時(shí)，可用for which指代；當(dāng)關(guān)條詞在從句中 作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：The reason why / for which / （that） he didn*t attend the meeting was that he was ill.I dont believe the reason （that/which） he gave me.（作賓語(yǔ)）Have you asked him the reason that may explain his succes

26、s? （作主語(yǔ)）Ex.） He was late .Thats because he got up late.He got up late. Thafs why he was late.（表語(yǔ)從句）（the reason） why/for which he was late.（定語(yǔ)從句） 當(dāng)先行詞為way時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句常用that, in which,或how引導(dǎo)，that?？梢允÷浴?way后的定語(yǔ)從句 的引導(dǎo)詞不用時(shí)較多。但如梟關(guān)東詞在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 時(shí)，則用which或that引導(dǎo)。如：This is the way （that） /in which I do such things.上

27、匕較：Please do the experiment in the way （that/whichj I have shown you.IV ,限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：.形式上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往用逗號(hào)商開(kāi)。.語(yǔ)樂(lè)上，非F艮利性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that.語(yǔ)義上，限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)東緊宓，起限定作用，如果去婢了這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，整個(gè)句孑就不免 整或者會(huì)改變意思；而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)條不是很緊卷，對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或措述的作用。This is the book I like best.這就是我及4歡的那本書(shū)。Beijing, which has been Chinas

28、 capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 是中國(guó) 八百年之久的古都，它有著豐君的文化和歷史遺產(chǎn)。.初澤對(duì)，限制性定語(yǔ)從句可譯為一句(較短的一般譯為”的“字結(jié)構(gòu)力 而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可澤為兩句。 (見(jiàn)上句初譯)比較： He has a sister, who is a musician.He has a sister who is a musician.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)夕:代詞，指人時(shí)用who. whom, whose ,靜物時(shí)用which , whose；關(guān)系副詞 when, w

29、here, why, etc.He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.He was proud, which his brother never was.V.

30、幾個(gè)易混滿的關(guān)條代詞的比較：that & which:在定語(yǔ)從句中，which和that在指代事物時(shí)，一般可以互換使用，但并非在任何橋況下都是這樣，這里介 紹宜用that.而不宜用which的精況.先行4可為不交代3可,all.much,something.everything.anything.nothing,none,the one 等，.We should do all that is useful to the people .There,s nothing that can be said about it .Do you mean the one that was bought y

31、esterday?先行詞 only, any, few. little, no, just very, one of 等詞修飾時(shí)。.The only thing that we could do was to wait.Thafs the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some

32、help to them.比較 立This is one of the best novels that were published last year.女This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.先行詞是序數(shù)詞時(shí)或拔序教詞修飾時(shí)。.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term

33、.先行詞是及高級(jí)或被錄高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。.This is the best that can be done now.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.先行詞蛻有人又有物，用which和who都不適合，這時(shí)宜用that.如：.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .The rider and his bike that had run over

34、 an old woman were held up by the police.被修飾詞為致詞時(shí).LYesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive . 如果有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)美條代詞已用which.另一個(gè)關(guān)東代詞在用that,以現(xiàn)免語(yǔ)言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.趣問(wèn)詞是who或wh

35、ich,關(guān)東代詞宜用that,以避免重復(fù)。Which is the book that you like best?Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，修飾其主句的定語(yǔ)從句宜用that作關(guān)東代詞.如：There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.板修飾成分為表語(yǔ)時(shí)，或者關(guān)條代詞本身是定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí).該關(guān)系代詞宜用that .Thats a good book that will help you a lot.My home village is no

36、longer the place (that) it used to be .定語(yǔ)從句中宜用which而不宜用that的卅況：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時(shí).l.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhib讓ion.2.1s this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非F艮制性定語(yǔ)從句中.Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .More and more people are beginning

37、 to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country, (which播代主句)在一個(gè)句孑中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)條代詞用了 that,另一個(gè)宜用which.Let me show you the novel, that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train an

38、d which I could pass on to others when I finished them.當(dāng)關(guān)東代詞后面帶有插入語(yǔ)時(shí).1. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行詞本身是that,宜用which.Whats that which she is looking at?先行詞是those+復(fù)教名詞.A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(B) who & that:wh

39、o和that指代人時(shí)，有些精況宜用who,而不宜用that先行4可為 anyone, anybody, those, all, one. ones, they, he, people 時(shí)：.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .Those who are not fit for their work should le

40、ave office at once4.1 dont like the ones (= those) who talk big.5.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.在Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用關(guān)東代詞who指代人.如：.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)時(shí)

41、.如：1.1 met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)雜代詞是that,另一個(gè)則宜用who,以免重復(fù).如：1. The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard .as & which:as & which引導(dǎo)非F艮制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：位置的不同：which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)

42、從句只置于所F艮制的句子后；as位置較靈活，也就是說(shuō)as可置于所限制的句子前面； 括在句孑中或放在句子后。如：He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或 Jack is an honest man , as you know.或 As you know. Jack is an honest man.先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非F艮制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其先行同多為一個(gè)句子；which引導(dǎo)非F艮制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句孑。He was proud, which his brother never was.（丸彳亍詞是一個(gè)詞）She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行詞是一個(gè)句孑）He is an honest man, as is known to all.H