高中語法精講精練-主謂一致與特殊句式

1、專題葉主謂一致與特殊句式主謂一致主謂一致一般遵循主謂一致是指句子的謂語動(dòng)詞和其主語在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致。三個(gè)原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。.語法一致原則主語的單復(fù)數(shù)決定了謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)動(dòng)名詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、單個(gè)從句或不定代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.Everything is in a complete mass, which drives people crazy.名師指津what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式，但如果從句表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，

2、則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。What he said is far from the truth.What the school needs are qualified teachers.(2)主語后跟有 with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引起的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與前面的主語保持一致。The teacher as well as his students was very excited.I think Tom, rather

3、 than you, is to blame for the accident.and, both . and .連接兩個(gè)不同的主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；但是如果由 and連接的 兩個(gè)名詞表示同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.The poet and writer has produced many works.(4)定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的形式要與先行詞保持一致。I will always treasure the moments that were full o

4、f pleasure.“many a或more than one +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。each, every, no所修飾的名詞作主語時(shí)，即使有 and連接，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party held on Sunday.意義一致原則意義一致原則是指不管主語的形式是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主語的意義決定了謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)集體名詞作主語時(shí)，若被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用

5、單數(shù)形式；若被看作是構(gòu)成集體的一個(gè)個(gè)成員，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的集體名詞有：family, class, team, group, public,committee, government, audience 等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.The class are doing experiment.“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)/the majority + of +名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義；all, some, half, most, the rest等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主 語實(shí)際表達(dá)

6、的意義。About one third of the books are worth reading.Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.All of this is wonderful, but the best part of this film is the acting.“the+形容詞”表示一類人在句中作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The old are taken good care of here.(4)a quantity of后既可接不可數(shù)名詞，也可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義；

7、quantities of后無論是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞均用復(fù)數(shù)形式。A quantity of time has been wasted on the project. = Quantities of time have been wasted on the project.“a number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式； the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名 詞”作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。A number of students have gone for an outing.The number of the students is increasing

8、year after year.(6)表示時(shí)間、距離、重量、金額等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.(7)以-s/-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞及news作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Bad news travels quickly.3.就近一致原則就近一致原則是指謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于離它最近的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。(1)由 or, either .or ., neitEither you or one of your students is to attend the meetin

9、g that is due tomorrow.(2)由there, here引起的主語不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致。There are three books and a pen on the desk.命題點(diǎn)感悟 考什么考多少怎么考I .單句語法填空Fast food(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.解析：is主語是“Fastfood，是不可數(shù)名詞短語，所以謂語用單數(shù)形式，且此

10、處講的是現(xiàn) 狀，所以填is。The publication of Great Expectations, which(be) both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickensstatus as a leading novelist.解析：was句意：遠(yuǎn)大前程這部小說的出版發(fā)行受到各界的評(píng)論和高度贊揚(yáng)，它鞏固了狄更斯作為頂尖小說家的地位。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，which指代“Thepublication of GreatExpectations”,故定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該使用單數(shù)形式；根據(jù)句中的strengthened可知，

11、應(yīng)使用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，故填 was。Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming,(be) regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.解析：is句意：如今，騎自行車與慢跑和游泳一樣，被看作是一種最全面的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式。句子主語部分是 A along with B結(jié)構(gòu)，因此謂語應(yīng)在人稱和數(shù)上與A保持一致，即用單數(shù)形式，故填is。Leaving the less important things until tomorrow(be) often acceptable.解析：is 主

12、語是 a Leaving the less important things until tomorrow , 為動(dòng)名詞短語作主語， 所以謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，此處表示客觀情況，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。n.單句改錯(cuò)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.解析：was- were 賓語從句中主語是 we,為復(fù)數(shù)，故be動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用 were而不是was。My dream school starts at 8 : 30 a. m. and ends . My dream school look like a big garden.解析：look- 1

13、00ks句子的主語是單數(shù)形式，所以謂語也用第三人稱單數(shù)，根據(jù)前文可知應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以用 looks oToday, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.解析：go一goes句子的主語為 a fire alarm,故謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。(2016 遼寧高考 )The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.解析：havehas句子的主語為 The

14、 early morning barking ,故謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。倒裝句.部分倒裝(1)將含有否定意義的副詞或連詞置于句首時(shí)引起部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這類詞(組)有：never, seldom,rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely . when ., no sooner . than ., not only . but also ., not until, nowhere, neither . nor . 等。Not until I lost my job did I realize I

15、should improve my working skills.2) “only +狀語”置于句首時(shí)，主句要用部分倒裝。Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.(3)so/such . that .結(jié)構(gòu)中的so, such連同它所修飾的成分共同位于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，主句要用部分倒裝。Such great progress did he make that he was praised.(4)表示前面所說的情況也適用于后者時(shí)，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)so/neither/no

16、r +助動(dòng)詞/系動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語”(so表示肯定意義，neither/nor表示否定意義)。I saw the film Harry Potter last week; so did she.(5)在as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句的表語/狀語/動(dòng)詞要位于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果位于句首的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其前不加冠詞。Strange as it may sound, if you re unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires.(6)在非真實(shí)條

17、件句中，條件句中的if省略時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞had, were, should要提到主語前面。Should he come, tell him to ring me up.(7) “may +動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿時(shí)，通常將may置于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。May you succeed.2.全部倒裝(1)here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間或 方位的副詞或介詞短語置于句首，且主語為名詞時(shí)，句子用全部倒裝。John opened the door. There stood a gir

18、l he had never seen before.South of the river lies a small factory.(2)有時(shí)為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或突出、強(qiáng)調(diào)，將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，構(gòu)成“表語+系動(dòng)詞+主語”的完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+ that/who 十句子其他部分。 該句型可 對(duì)句子的主語、表語、賓語、狀語等進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是人，且作主語時(shí)，可用who或that,其他情況下一律用 that。It is only by listening to and understanding eac

19、h other that problems between parents and children can be settled.名師指津強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時(shí)，要注意連接詞和謂語的一致性。It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：Is/Was + it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分+ that/who 十句子其他部分？Was it in the park that he met our new teacher?(3)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：特殊疑問詞+is/was + it + that+句子其他部分？When

20、was it that he made up his mind to take this course?名師指津由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語從句時(shí)，從句必須使用陳述語序。She doesn t know who it was that saved her son.(4)not . until 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was not until . + that+句子其他部分。It was not until he got home 30 minutes later that he found he had left his bag in the taxi.2.強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞用助動(dòng)詞do

21、, does或did來強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞，用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的肯定的陳述句中， do還可以用于祈使句。She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it._省略.狀語從句中的省略在 as if, if, though, when, where, while, no matter what, until等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若謂語部分含be動(dòng)詞，而主語又與主句的主語一致或從句主語是it時(shí)，從句的主語和謂語中的be動(dòng)詞可以一起省略。All the photographs in this book, unless (the photograp

22、hs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.動(dòng)詞不定式的省略在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞后接不定式作補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，往往將不定式符號(hào)to省略；在同一句話或同一情景對(duì)話中，當(dāng)同一動(dòng)作再次出現(xiàn)在后面的不定式位置上時(shí)，通常省略該動(dòng)作而保留不定式符號(hào)to。The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to. so/not構(gòu)成替代省略英語中還常常用so/not等來代替省略的肯定內(nèi)容或否定內(nèi)容，so/not多跟在Im afraid/I ho

23、pe/Ithink/I guess/I believe 等開頭的答句中。Do you think it will rain ? I hope so/not.常用的省略結(jié)構(gòu)if ever如果有過的話if busy如果忙的話if anything如果有什么不同if possible如果可能的話if so如果那樣的話if not如果不的話if necessary如果必要的話其他特殊句式.感嘆句的3種常見句式What ( + a/an)+形容詞+名詞+王語+謂語！What beautiful flowers they are!(2)How +形容詞+ a/an+可數(shù)名詞+王語+謂語！How cleve

24、r a boy he is ! = What a clever boy he is!(3)How +形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語！How high the mountain is !.祈使句祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令、叮囑、邀請(qǐng)、勸告等。一般不出現(xiàn)主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一律用原形；否 定詞一律在動(dòng)詞前加 don t。祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式是在句首加do。Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face, remember this: All you need to do is focus on one thing.反意疑問句反意疑問句由“陳述句+反問句”構(gòu)成

25、，若陳述句為肯定式，反意疑問句為否式，反之亦然。(1)陳述部分含有 must的反意疑問句當(dāng)must作“必須”講時(shí)，其反意疑問部分用needn t;當(dāng)mustn t (不允許，禁止)時(shí)，其反意疑問部分用 must。You must go now, needn t you?You mustn t smoke here, must you?當(dāng)must表示推測(cè)，作“一定，準(zhǔn)是講時(shí)，反意疑問部分的動(dòng)詞形式要根據(jù)must后面的動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間確定。You must have watched the football match last night, didn t you?(2)陳述部分含有used to時(shí)

26、，疑問部分用 usedn t或didn t均可。You used to play football, usedn t/didn t you?(3)陳述部分含有 oughtto時(shí)，疑問部分用 oughtn t或shouldn t均可。He ought to attend the meeting, oughtn t/shouldn t he?(4)陳述部分含有否定詞的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分含有 seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody 等否定詞或半否 定詞時(shí)，疑問部分動(dòng)詞用肯定式。He could hardly get

27、 up, could he?陳述部分含有由否定意義的前綴或后綴構(gòu)成的詞，疑問部分一般用否定式。Mary dislikes sports, doesn t she?(5)陳述部分含有賓語從句時(shí)，疑問部分的主語和主句的主語保持一致。He said that she would come here on time, didn t he?名師指津當(dāng)主句是I think/believe/suppose等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分往往根據(jù)賓語從句的 主語和謂語而定，需特別注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的現(xiàn)象中的肯定式和否定式。I don t think he will attend the meeting on time, wi

28、ll he?襄點(diǎn)六三大特殊句式的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)剖析易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)一：強(qiáng)調(diào)句和定語從句混淆（1）在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中that沒有意義，且不作任何成分；（2）定語從句中的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。試比較：It is novels that Miss Wang enjoys reading.（ 強(qiáng)調(diào)句）It is a question that needs careful consideration.（定語從句）在實(shí)際考查中，命題人可能會(huì)將定語從句隱藏于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中進(jìn)行考查，增加了題目難度。例 1 （單句改錯(cuò)）Could it be in the restaurant where yo

29、u had dinner with me yesterday where you lost your handbag?分析第二個(gè)wherefthat分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)當(dāng)是 that與前面的Could it be共同構(gòu) 成強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。本題解題的關(guān)鍵在于弄清楚兩個(gè)where從句究竟哪一個(gè)才是定語從句。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)二：強(qiáng)調(diào)句和主語從句混淆強(qiáng)調(diào)句型去掉“it is/was和”“tha之后，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整，而主語從句則不能。試比較：It s there that the accidents often happen.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句） It is a fact that English is being accep

30、ted as an international language.（主語從句）例 2It is often the case anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.分析that本句中“It是形式主語，真正的主語是連接詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，that在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接作用，不能省略。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)三：強(qiáng)調(diào)句和時(shí)間狀語從句混淆強(qiáng)調(diào)句型去掉 it is/was和”tha之后，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整，而 “it is .when中，it”指時(shí)間。試比較：It was at six o clock that I got up early.（

31、強(qiáng)調(diào)句）It was six o clock when I got up early.（狀語從句 ）例 3 （單句改錯(cuò)）It was only when I reread his poems when I began to appreciate their beauty.分析第二個(gè)when-that句意：正是當(dāng)我重讀他的詩歌時(shí)我才開始欣賞它們的美。難點(diǎn)在于能夠分析出句中含有對(duì)時(shí)間狀語從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)，故第二個(gè)when應(yīng)改為that,與前面的“Itwas”共同構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)四：強(qiáng)調(diào)句的主謂一致 例 4It s not doing the things we like, but liking th

32、e things we have to do that make life happy.分析make一 makes句意：不是做我們喜歡的事情，而是喜歡我們不得不做的事情才能讓生活愉快。此處為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，去掉“It s”和“tha暗，可以看出句子的主語是“not doing thethings we like, but liking the things we have to do ,根據(jù) “就近原則”,故謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用第三 人稱單數(shù)形式。2.倒裝句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)剖析易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)一：漏掉助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/ be動(dòng)詞例 5Not until then I know my senior high school lif

33、e had really begun.分析I前力口 did 句意：直到那時(shí)，我才知道我的高中生活已真正開始。not until.置于句首時(shí)，主句需要部分倒裝，故用助動(dòng)詞did來幫助構(gòu)成部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，原句中缺少助動(dòng)詞。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)二：時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤例 6Have the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths would not have fallen since their highest in 2005.分析Have-Had句意：要是沒有政府和科學(xué)家們的合作，與艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡人數(shù)就不會(huì)從2005年的最

34、高值降下來。由主句使用“wouldhave done”可知是對(duì)過去情況的虛擬，故從句應(yīng)用had done。本句為省略if將had置于句首的情況。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)三：句子成分缺失/多余例 7 （單句改錯(cuò)）So tough did I feel to live in an English-speaking country that I made up mymind to learn English well.分析feel后加it句意：我感到生活在說英語的國家是如此艱難以至于我下定決心要學(xué) 好英語。本句涉及一個(gè)固定搭配“feel it tough to do sth.,其中“it作形式賓語，指代后面的不定式結(jié)

35、構(gòu)。易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)四：主謂一致例 8(單句改錯(cuò))Look, on the left of the woods lie a small farm, where her father once worked.分析lielies 本句是將地點(diǎn)狀語on the left of the woods提前而構(gòu)成的完全倒裝。本句的主語為“a small farm,結(jié)合句子時(shí)態(tài)可知，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。3.省略句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)剖析易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)一：狀語從句的省略在 when, while, whenever, till, as soon as, if, unless, as if, though, as 等弓I導(dǎo)

36、的狀語從句中， 若謂 語動(dòng)詞中含有be動(dòng)詞，而主語又與主句的主語一致或從句的主語是it時(shí)，狀語從句的主語和be動(dòng)詞可以省略。 When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.Don t come in until (you are) asked to.例 9(單句改錯(cuò))You should stay where you are, unless asking to leave.分析askingasked句意：你應(yīng)待在你現(xiàn)在的地方，除非叫你離開。該句補(bǔ)全為：Youshould stay where you are, u

37、nless (you are) asked to leave.易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)二：倒裝句中的省略(1)as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句要用倒裝語序。被提前的部分可以是從句的表語、狀語或動(dòng)詞原形。如被前置的表語是單數(shù)名詞時(shí)，須省略冠詞。例 10(單句改錯(cuò))A child as/though he is, he is as brave as an adult.分析去掉A; childChild 本題為as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，前置的表語“a child是單數(shù)名詞，須省略冠詞 a。(2)省略if的倒裝條件句。在虛擬語氣中，if從句假設(shè)的情況中如果有助動(dòng)詞had, should或were,則可省略if,把had, shou

38、ld或were提到句首，構(gòu)成倒裝，簡稱省略if倒裝條彳句。(見 例6)(二)習(xí)題演練主謂一致練習(xí)題Nobody but Jane(know)the secret.All but one(be) here just now.Not only I but also Jane and Mary(be) tired of having one examination after another.A library with five thousand books(offer)to the nation as a gift.When and where to build the new factory(

39、not, decide)yet.The number of people invited(be)fifty,but a number of them absent for differentreasons.Two fifths of the land in that district(be) covered with trees and grass.This is one of the most interesting questions that(be) asked.Between then two rows of trees(stand) the teaching building.All

40、 that can be done(do).They each(have) a new dictionary.The singer and the dancer(have)come to the meeting.13.I have finished a large part of the book ; the rest(be)more difficult.14.The wounded(take in) by the hospital.特殊句式練習(xí)題.- I hear that Bai Shan can t afford his schooling this fall.- (necessary

41、, let s do something for him. Not only(be he know) for his action one the playground , but he is also famous for the things that he does off the playground.3.On the contrary, I think it is Truman, rather than you,is to blame. Not only(travel can) give people relaxation and pleasure, but(it can) increase their knowledge of any kind.(protect) our earth, or else it will be no longer fit fo