外研社高一英語必修一Module四語法

1、外研社高一英語必修一Module四語法概 念(concept) 過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況對現(xiàn)在有影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果； 表示過去開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，已有一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀況。 構(gòu) 成：A.肯定句 主語助動(dòng)詞have has + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 (subject) B.否定句 （past parcitiple) 主語助動(dòng)詞have has + not + 動(dòng)詞過去分詞 C.疑問句 助動(dòng)詞have has +主語+動(dòng)詞過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)A.肯定式 I / We / You / They have worked for 20 years. He / She / It has worked for 20 y

2、ears. B.否定式 I / We / You / They have not worked for 20 years. He / She / It has not worked for 20 years.C.疑問式 Have I / we / you / they worked for 20 years? Has he / she / it worked for 20 years?Examples1.規(guī)則變化1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞和它的過去式相同,即在原形后加ed（以e 結(jié)尾的加d）work- worked arrive- arrived clean- cleaned live - liv

3、edgreet - greeted like - likedenjoy- enjoyed believe - believed2）以y結(jié)尾的改y為i+ed study- studied try-tried carry-carried hurry-hurried copy-copied worry-worried3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的雙寫最后一個(gè)字母ed stop-stopped drag-dragged beg-begged drop-dropped prefer-preferred plan-planned2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語：just（剛剛），already（已經(jīng)），eve

4、r（曾經(jīng)），, yet（仍然）， before（以前）once（一次） twice（兩次）， never（從來沒有） many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今為止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年來）lately(近來, 最近)，recently,(最近)up to now(到目前為止)，till now，(到現(xiàn)在為止, )these days,(現(xiàn)在, 目前)等連用。3. before用于句末. The woman has never heard of that before.4. yet 用于句末

5、或not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No,not yet.5. already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末. We have already finished it.6. so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.7. for表示一段時(shí)間的詞語 I have taught English for 10 years.8. since表示過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語 He has been at this school since 1986. 9. since表示過去的時(shí)間狀語從句 I have liv

6、ed here since I was born.10.since一段時(shí)間ago. I have known him since 20 years ago11.瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換come/gobe(in) leavebe awayborrowkeep buyhavedie be dead get to knowknowbeginbe on go out be offarrivebe here/theremarry/get married(to)be married (to) fall asleep/get to sleepbe sleepjoin the Partybe in the P

7、arty/be a member ofI have boughtI have bought a new dictionary for a week.I have had a new dictionary for a week.They have come here for two weeks.They have been here for two weeks.The man has died for several years.The man has been dead for several years.He has join the Party for two years.He has b

8、een a Party member for two years. Right or wrong現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去是比較1.一般過去時(shí)只表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系。 ( sth happened at a definite time in the past) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作 對現(xiàn)在造成的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。 (sth started in the past but it still have some connection with the present)Eddie was born four years ago. (we just talk about w

9、hat happened at a definite time in the past .We dont care how is Eddie now)Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born.Eddie has lived with Millie for four years. I lost my watch yesterday. ( Maybe I have found it , Maybe I havent found it )I have lost my watch. ( I havent found my watch)I learned

10、 ten English songs (說明過去學(xué)過,現(xiàn)在是否記得,不是本句的 內(nèi)容） I have learnt ten English songs.（learn發(fā)生在過去,但強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在懂英語歌曲) I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago（只說明“擦”和其發(fā)生的時(shí)間) I have cleaned the blackboard. （說明現(xiàn)在黑板是干凈的） The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard（黑板上現(xiàn)在有單詞） The teacher wrote some new word

11、s on the blackboard（可能黑板上現(xiàn)在沒有單詞）2. 一般過去時(shí)常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, just now,等。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,其時(shí)間狀語往往是since,for , just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, 等 或無時(shí)間狀語。 The train arrived just now The train has just arrived. She returned from Paris yesterday. She

12、has returned from Paris.Change the forms of these sentences1. He has told the girl about this.（疑問句）2. Each of them has seen the film before.（否定句）3. The Japanese girl has answered her sisters letter. （畫線部分提問）4. Hes never been to Hong Kong , _ _ ? （反意疑問句）5. The students have copied these words twice.

13、（畫線部分提問）Has he told the girl about this?Each of them hasnt seen the film before.What has the girl done?has he How many times has the students copied these words?Exercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense: 1. It _（rain）for a week.2. I dont know this woman. I _（meet, never）her. 3.Lets go t

14、o the cinema. No, I_（see, already） the film. 4. We_（finish, not）our homework yet. Will you wait a minute? 5. John _ （come, not）yet. He will be back in a minute. has rainedhave never methave already seenhavent finishedhasnt come6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he _（be）there ten times.7. W

15、heres John? He_ just _（go）to the teachers office.8. She _（study）English since she was ten. She _（begin）to study English when she was ten. 9. Jim isnt here. He _（go）to the library. He _（go）there an hour ago.10. They _（travel, never）on a train.has been has gonehas studiedbeganhas gonewenthave never tr

16、aveled11.Simon _ (finish) his homework a moment ago.12. What _ he _ (do) yesterday. - He _ (see) a film.13. We sometimes _ (go) to work on the farm . Last week we _ (go) there and _ (help) the farmers pick apples.14.Sandy _ (read) the story about Harry Potter several times.finished did dosawgowenthe

17、lpedhas read現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作在過去開始發(fā)生, 已經(jīng)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 并且還將持續(xù), 或剛剛停止。其構(gòu)成:have (has) +been + doing我學(xué)英語已經(jīng)學(xué)了十年了。I have been learning English for three years.我等你已經(jīng)等了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。I have been waiting three hours for you.比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情, 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作; 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的, 強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響, 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 (2) 一般過去時(shí)常與具體

18、的時(shí)間狀語連用, 而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用, 或無時(shí)間狀語。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week, ago, in1980, in October, just now等, 皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, up to now, in the past years,等, 皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的, 如live, teach, learn, work, study, know。一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)

19、性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)I have seen this film. (強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響, 電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)He has been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))She has returned from Paris.（她已從巴黎回來了。）Sh

20、e returned yesterday. （她是昨天回來的。）注意：句子中如有一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。例如：(錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (1). It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分, 用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 例如：It is the first time that I have

21、 visited the city. This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 注意: It was the third time that the boy had been late.(2) This is +形容詞最高級+that結(jié)構(gòu), that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 例如：This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如可說“He has left.”但不能說“He has left for three yea

22、rs.” 如果要表達(dá)“他已走了三年了”可用以下幾種表達(dá)法：一、用ago,使用一般過去時(shí)。 He left here three years ago.二、用“It is +一段時(shí)間since 一般過去時(shí)從句 ”It is three years since he left here.三、用“ 一段時(shí)間have/ has passed + since + 一般過去時(shí)從句” Three years have passed since he left here.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與瞬間動(dòng)詞以上三種表示方法適用于所有瞬間動(dòng)詞。 另外，還可用其它表示方法，但只適用于部分瞬間動(dòng)詞。具體辦法是將瞬間動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為表延續(xù)的

23、動(dòng)詞或者表狀態(tài)的be+名詞形容詞或副詞介詞短語等。1. 直接轉(zhuǎn)化成延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞buy catch (get) a cold borrow come/go /become have have a coldkeepbe2. 轉(zhuǎn)換成be+名詞 join the army join the Party go to school be a soldier be a Party memberbe a student3. 轉(zhuǎn)換成 be+形容詞或副詞die finish begin leave fall sleep close openbe deadbe overbe onbe awaybe asleep be

24、 closedbe open4. 轉(zhuǎn)換成 be+介詞短語 go to school join the armybe in schoolbe in the army一般過去時(shí)態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)可以構(gòu)成同義句：e.g: .我們買這本書三年了。We have had the book for three years.We bought the book three years ago.他感冒三天了。 He has had a cold for three days. He caught a cold three days ago.自從上星期以來,我就借了這本書。I have kept the book

25、 since last week. I borrowed the book last week. 我成為一個(gè)學(xué)生兩年多了。I have been a student for over two years. I became a student two years ago. Mr Black 死了三年了。Mr Black has been dead for three years. Mr Black died three years ago. 小明參軍半年了。Xiao Ming has been a soldier for half a year.Xiao Ming joined the arm

26、y half a year ago. 我們上了8年學(xué)了。We have been students for eight years. 下課10 分鐘了。The class has been over for ten minutes. 電影開始了一小時(shí)了。The film has been on for an hour.一看時(shí)間狀語。如果句中沒有表示過去確切時(shí)間的狀語，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果有，則只能用一般過去時(shí)。如：I have visited the factory.I visited the factory last year.二看句首有無疑問詞。如果籠統(tǒng)地問人家做過某事了嗎（句首無疑問詞）

27、，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；但進(jìn)一步詢問何時(shí)、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事時(shí)（句首有疑問詞）就要用一般過去時(shí)。如：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的三看三用Have you had your breakfast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.注意： 這種用法是以連貫性問答為背景的。否則就需要具體情況具體分析。如：How many words have you learned by heart?How did you learn them by heart?三看句中謂語動(dòng)詞是否為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，最好選用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并使用現(xiàn)

28、在完成時(shí)；如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用一般過去時(shí)。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago._ that dress when I first saw you at the station?Were you wearing Have you worn Did you wear Do you wearA2. Kate doesnt look very well. Whatswrong with her? She has a headache because she _ to

29、o long; she ought to stop working.A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. was readingA3. “Tell the students to stop shouting. We _ our essays .”write have been writing are writing have writtenC4. My uncle, Sam, _ manager of the firm.A. has just made B. is just being made C. has just been ma

30、de D. is just made5. This is the first time the students _ to Hyde Park.A. have gone B. have been gone C. have been going D. are being goneCA6. She _ her mothers work since she was admitted into hospital.A. is doing B. has been doing C. has done D. has been doneB7. Now that you _ , what are you goin

31、g to do?A. are being returned B. have been returning C. have been returned D. have returnedD8. I _ the incident as if it were yesterday.A. am still to remember B. have still been rememberingC. am being still remembered D. still rememberD9. Where_ the map? I cant see anywhere. I _ it right here just

32、now. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have putB10. John told Mary that he _ what he was doing during the vacation. A. was just asked B. was just asking C. had just been asked D. had just askedC11. Youve never seen such a wonderful film be

33、fore, _? havent you B. have you C. do you D. dont you12. I have watched the game.When _ you _ it? have; watched B. do; watch C. did ;watch D. will; watchBC13. Mr. Green _ in China since five years ago. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live14. His grandma _ for two years. died B. has died C. was dead D. has been dead BD15. Where is Han Mei now? She _ to Shanghai. She will be back in two days. has gone B. has been C. goes