定語從句歸納 (2)

1、 對于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容詞 good 用來修飾書 book。 我們也可以用一個句子來修飾名詞，這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用，又被叫做定語從句(The attributive clause)。但有一點(diǎn)不同的是這個從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前，而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 這句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而 who gave us

2、 the talk this afternoon (他今天下午給我們作的報告。)是定語從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即是：你認(rèn)識今天下午給我 們作報告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里 scientist 叫作先行詞，而 who 叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。 who 在定語從句中起主語的作用， who 的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如： You must do everything that I do 這里先行詞是 everything， 而 that I do 是定語從句，此句應(yīng)譯為：你必須作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在句中作 do 的賓語。引導(dǎo)定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞： that， which，

3、 who， whom， whose 和關(guān)系副詞 when， where， why， how。不論關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，但它們都要在定語從句中起語法作用，充當(dāng)一個成份。如關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中不是作主語便是作賓語，而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語。我們先來看關(guān)系代詞的用法。 that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly 這里先行詞是 machine 而 that 是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語。這句譯為：飛機(jī)是一種會飛的機(jī)器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me

4、yesterday 這里先行詞是 book， 關(guān)系代詞用 that， 它在定語從句中作 lend (借)的賓語。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterdaywhich 關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語從句中作主語或賓語，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 這里 shop 是先行詞， which 在從句中作主語。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 這里主句是 The book was wo

5、nderful 而定語從句是修飾主句的主語 book， 即我昨晚讀的那本書，which 在定語從句中作 read 的賓語，可以省略。 who， whom， whose who 在定語從句中作主語， whom 是 who 的賓格，在定語從句中作賓語，而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞，在從句中作定語，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國朋友。 Who 在定語從句中作主語。又如： Whos that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你剛才

6、與之談話的那個女人是誰?而 whom 作定語從句中介詞 to 的賓語，可以省略，而在現(xiàn)代英語中，句首的 whom 也常常可用 who代替。This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school 這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗，她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。為了便于理解，我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。 I saw the man. He closed the doorI saw the man who (that) closed the door2 The girl is happy She won the raceThe gir

7、l who won the race is happy3 The students are from China They sit in the front rowThe students who sit in the front row are from China(要注意的是先行詞是 students 則 who 的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)4 We are studying sentences They contain adjective dauseWe are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause 5 The taxi

8、driver was friendly He took me to the airportThe taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly 6 The book was good I read itThe book that I read was goodThe book I read was good 7 The people were very nice We visited them yesterdayThe people we visited yesterday were very nice8 The man called

9、the police His wallet was stolenThe man whose wallet was stolen called the police9 I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of yearsI come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years10 I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meetingI have to call the man

10、whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting關(guān)系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面，如：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years 或可以寫作：That was the room which we had lived in for ten yearsHe was the man whom(who) you were looking

11、 for 要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短語動詞也不可將 for 放于定語從句之前。that 作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時，不能緊跟介詞，而只能將介詞置于定語從句的后面。 如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school 這時不可用 about that 請看下面例句：1 The meeting was interesting I went to itThe meeting that I went to was interesting 2 The man was very kind

12、I talked to him yesterdayThe man who I talked to yesterday was very kind3 I must thank the people I got a present from himI must thank the people who I got a present from 4 The picture was beautiful She was looking at itThe picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful5 The man is standing o

13、ver there I told you about himThe man who I told you about is standing over there除關(guān)系代詞外，還有關(guān)系副詞， when， where， why， 其中 when用來指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而 where 則指地點(diǎn)，如： This is the house where the old man lives 請看下面例句：1 The city was beautiful We spent

14、our vacation thereThe city where we spent our vacation was beautiful2 That is the restaurant I will meet you thereThat is the restaurant where I will meet you3 The town is small I grew up thereThe town where I grew up is small4 That is the drawer I keep my newpapers thereThat is the drawer where I k

15、eep my newspapers5 Monday is the day We will come thenMonday is the day When we will came6 is the time My plane arrives then is the time when my plane arrives7 is the year The revolution took place then is the year when the revolution took place8 July is the month The weather is usually the hottest thenJuly is the month when the weather is usually the hottest 在定語從句中又可分為兩大類定語從句，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉的話，主句的意思就不完整，意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語從句緊接先行詞，如：I was the only person in my office who was invited 非限制性定語從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對其附加說明，也就是講即便去掉定語從句，句意也不受影響，