第04講-五種簡(jiǎn)單句與句子種類 2022年初高中英語無縫銜接講義20講+精練（原卷版）公開課

1、第04講五種簡(jiǎn)單句型與句子種類句子是包含主語和謂語局部的一組詞。它有一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語調(diào)，用來表達(dá)一個(gè)比擬完整 的獨(dú)立的概念。句子開頭第一個(gè)字母要大寫，句子末尾要有句號(hào)、問號(hào)或嘆號(hào)。五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)一、句型1： Subject （主語）+ Vi （謂語）這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，所謂不及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語。 常見的動(dòng)詞有： work, sing, swim, fishjump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等。 如： 1） Li Ming works very hard.2）Spring is coming.補(bǔ)

2、充：少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞后面能跟一個(gè)相同意義的名詞作賓語這個(gè)名詞和前面的動(dòng)詞在詞根 上是相同的或者在意義上是相近的這樣的賓語就叫做同源賓語。常見的能帶同源賓語的動(dòng) 詞有 lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing 等。 如:Under the leadership of the Party we lead a happy life.I dreamed a terrible dream last night.Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the

3、 floods last August.He died a glorious death.二、句型 2： Subject （主語）+ Link. V（系動(dòng)詞）+ Predicate俵語）這種句型主要用來表示主語的特點(diǎn)、身份等。其系動(dòng)詞一般可分為以下兩類：（1）表示狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep 等。如：This kind of food tastes delicious.He looked worried just now.（2）表示變化。這類系動(dòng)詞有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：Sprin

4、g comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.The tree has grown much taller than before.三、句型3： Subject（主語）+ Vt（謂語）+ Object （賓語）這種句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞，所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以直接接賓語，其賓 語通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來充當(dāng)。例：He took his bag and left.（名詞）Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.（代詞）She plans to travel in the

5、 coming May Day.（不定式）He managed to escape suffering from the disease.（動(dòng)名詞）I dont know what I should do next.（從句）注意：英語中的許多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞。如：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, grow, beat, operate, smell, play, hang, ring, speak 等。如：Everybody, our g

6、ame begins.Lets begin our game.四、句型 4： Subject 住語）+Vt （謂語）+ Indirect object （間接賓語）+Direct object （直接 賓語）這種句型中，直接賓語為主要賓語，表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的或?yàn)檎l做的，在句中不可或缺，常 常由表示“物”的名詞來充當(dāng)；間接賓語也被稱之為第二賓語，去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影 響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承當(dāng)。引導(dǎo)這類雙賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send 等。如：Her father bought her a

7、 dictionary as a birthday present.The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.這種句型還可轉(zhuǎn)換為其他兩種句型：A.動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+ for sb.； B.動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+ to sb.o 上述句子還可以表達(dá)為：Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the c

8、hildren in the Long March.五、句型 5： Subject （主語）+Vt （動(dòng)詞）+Object （賓語）+Complement （補(bǔ)語）這種句型中的“賓語+補(bǔ)語”統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語”。賓語補(bǔ)足語的主要作用或者是補(bǔ)充、 說明賓語的特點(diǎn)、身份等；或者表示讓賓語去完成的動(dòng)作等。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語的常常是名詞、形容 詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如：You should keep the room clean and tidy. 容詞）We made him our monitor.（名詞）His father told him not to play in the stre

9、et.（不定式）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.（過去分詞）We went to her house but found her out.（副詞）I found him in trouble.（介詞短語） 常見的動(dòng)詞有：tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow 等。注意：動(dòng)詞have, make, let, see, hear

10、, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)， 不帶to。如：The boss made him do the work all day.I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.句子種類（句子種類有兩種劃分）（一）按照句子的功能，簡(jiǎn)單句可分為4類：陳述句，疑問句，祈使句，和感嘆句。一、陳述句用來陳述一件事或表達(dá)一種看法。.肯定式：主語+謂語+I came here last night.我是昨晚到這兒的。The earth turns around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。We ha

11、ve many friends.我們有很多朋友。Zhang Hong likes dancing.張紅喜歡跳舞。.否認(rèn)式：如果句子的謂語動(dòng)詞是be / have或有助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，在它們之后加not構(gòu) 成否認(rèn)式。China is not a developed country.中國不是一個(gè)興旺國家。He hasnt been to Hangzhou.他沒去過杭州。We cant live without air.沒有空氣，我們就不能生存。They will not （wont） go there.他們將不去那里。如果句子的謂語是行為動(dòng)詞，而又沒有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，在謂語動(dòng)詞前加助動(dòng)詞do（

12、第 三人稱單數(shù)用does,過去式用did）再加not構(gòu)成否認(rèn)式。I dont want to go. 他不想去。He doesn 一般疑問句用yes或no來回答的疑問句。 Are you from England?你是英格蘭人嗎？ Do you speak English? 你講英語嗎？Will you be free tomorrow? 你明天有空嗎？ 2.特殊疑問句用疑問代詞或疑問副詞提問的句子，不用yes或no回答。Whose bike is the newest? 誰的自行車最新？ Who teaches you English? 誰教你們英語？ Who are you waiting

13、 for? 你在等誰？ When will the meeting begin? 會(huì)議將在什么時(shí)候開始？ Why didnt you tell me earlier? 你為什么不早點(diǎn)告訴我呢？ 3.選擇疑問句提出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的情況讓對(duì)方選擇。三.祈使句表示命令，請(qǐng)求或建議，主語通常省略說話對(duì)象是第二人稱時(shí)，主語you一般省略?？隙ㄊ剑褐^語是動(dòng)詞原形（+賓語）否認(rèn)式:Dorf t/N e ver+動(dòng)詞原形+例如：Be quiet, please.請(qǐng)安靜Please come in. 請(qǐng)進(jìn)Dont be afraid.別害怕說話對(duì)象式第一第三人稱時(shí),用“Let+賓語+動(dòng)詞原形”,否認(rèn)式用“Let

14、+賓語+not+動(dòng)詞原形”， 含有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）的句子。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.2.并歹（J 句 Compound Sentences包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子且句子之間有并列連詞and/but等或用分號(hào)連接。t like English.他不喜歡英語。She didnt go to the party last night.昨晚她沒有去參加晚會(huì)。二、疑問句英語中的疑問句分為一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句。 選擇疑問句

15、由“一般疑問句+ or+一般疑問句”構(gòu)成，其中后一個(gè)問句中與前一個(gè)句中的相同 局部被省略。不用yes或no回答，要用完整的句子回答。Is Kate5s hair long or short? It long.凱特的頭發(fā)是長(zhǎng)還是短？是長(zhǎng)的。Shall we go by bus or walk? By bus.我們是乘車去還是步行呢？乘車去4.反意疑問句前一局部陳述一件事實(shí)，后一局部對(duì)前面的陳述提出相反的疑問。即前 一局部如果是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，后一局部用否認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu);如果前一局部是否認(rèn)結(jié)構(gòu)，后一局部用肯定 結(jié)構(gòu)。You are from England, arent you?你是英格蘭人，對(duì)嗎？He can

16、 swim, cant he ?他會(huì)游泳，對(duì)嗎?Jim will go to England, wont he?吉姆將去英國，是嗎？Tom tells you about it, doesnt he?湯姆告訴你那件事的，對(duì)嗎？Jenny didnt come to school yesterday, did she? 珍妮昨天沒來上學(xué)，對(duì)嗎？They havent been to the Great Wall, have they? 他們沒有去過萬里長(zhǎng)城，是嗎？Ifs not very cold today, is it? 今天天氣不很冷，是嗎？Exercises:The teacher ha

17、d a word with you,?A. didnt he B. hadnt he C. didnt have he D. did not heYou wont take back what you said,?A. didnt you B. will you C. arent you D. were youLefs go to watch the football match,?A. do we B. dont we C. shall we D. will youYour family has no colour TV set,?A. hasnt it B. doesnt it C. is

18、 it D. does itMiss Liu doesnt like dancing, does she? A. No, she does B. No, she do C. Yes, she does D. Yes, she isThere9s something wrong with the radio, ?A. hasnt there B. doesnt there C. isnt there D. is there也可以“Dont +let +賓語+動(dòng)詞原形例如：Lets go to school.我們?nèi)ド蠈W(xué)吧Let him not come in.=Don,t let him come

19、 in.別讓他進(jìn)來四.感嘆句表示喜怒哀樂等強(qiáng)烈感情感嘆句有what和how開頭的兩種形式。What修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞, 句末用感嘆號(hào)。例如：What+ （a） + 名詞！What fun!多么有趣What+ （a） +形容詞+名詞主語+謂語！What a beautiful picture it is !這是多么美的一幅畫??！口語中，常省略主語和謂語。例如：What a good idea!多好的主意??！How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語！How interesting the film is!這電影真有趣！How+主語+謂語！How she works!她工作多努力?。o

20、w I wanted to see you!我多么想見到你啊!Exercises:clever boy he is!A. How B. What C. How a D. What abeautiful the Darning Lake looks!A. What a B. How C. What D. How a, wonderful film it is !A. What B.How C. What a D. Sohappy life we are living today !A. What B. What a C. How D. How aall these dustmen are wor

21、king!A. How hard B. What hard C. How hardly D. What hardly（二）英語句子按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為三類：簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句和復(fù)合句：L簡(jiǎn)單句 Simple Sentencese.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.3.復(fù)合句 Complex Sentences包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)從句或一個(gè)主句和多個(gè)從句的句子，且從句用附屬連詞引導(dǎo)。定語 從句，狀語從句，名詞性從句都是復(fù)合句。e.g. The foreign visitors took a l

22、ot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.學(xué)檢測(cè)訓(xùn)練一、寫出以下句子是什么簡(jiǎn)單句型。Our school is not far from my home.It is a great pleasure to talk with youAll of us considered him honest.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.He broke a piece of glass.He made it clear that he would leave the city.At last he got home, tired and hungry.Trees turn green when spring comes.They pushed the door open.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.All the students think hi