研究生學(xué)術(shù)英語翻譯5

1、Definition定義An academic essay,also called a research article,differs from an ordinary essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and ones own research.In most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writers first-hand acquisition,synthesis and interpre

2、tation of information,data and findings.A typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)論文，也被稱為一個(gè)研究文章，不同于普通的文章，它由一個(gè)特定主題的對(duì)前人研究的回顧和自己的研究組成。在大多數(shù)情況下，它是一個(gè)信息綜合、數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)果都由作家第一手采集和解釋的書面報(bào)告。一個(gè)典型的學(xué)術(shù)論文包括五個(gè)部分，即，摘要，介紹，主體，結(jié)論和參考文獻(xiàn)。Two types of research paper兩

3、種類型的研究論文There are two major kinds of academic paper:primary research paper and secondary research paper.A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own.In most cases you need to conduct a survey or an

4、experiment original ideas to obtain new findings.Hence it is sometimes called “survey-or-experiment-based research”.A secondary research paper,however,involves gathering and analyzing the research findings from other peoples research.To illustrate your argument,you need to borrow and use evidence an

5、d findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called”library-or-Internet-based research”.學(xué)術(shù)論文主要有兩大類：初次研究和二次研究。初次研究是通過實(shí)地調(diào)查研究對(duì)象的一門學(xué)科，需要提出您自己的獨(dú)到的見解和信息。在大多數(shù)情況下，你需要做一個(gè)調(diào)查或有創(chuàng)意的實(shí)驗(yàn)獲得新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此，初次研究有時(shí)也叫“調(diào)查或?qū)嶒?yàn)研究”。二次研究的論文，但是，包括從其他人的研究中收集和分析研究結(jié)果。為了說明你的論點(diǎn)，你需要在圖書館或在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)

6、主題的可借鑒和使用的證據(jù)。因此，二次研究有時(shí)被稱為“圖書館或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎(chǔ)研究”。 Writing an introduction寫一個(gè)介紹The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to give a clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.An introduction usually includes the following elements:

7、引言部分是一篇研究論文的開始，其主要目的是對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容和作者的態(tài)度作一個(gè)清晰的概述，介紹通常包括以下幾個(gè)方面：1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3) Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4) Review the previous related

8、studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5) State the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.6) Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7) Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8) Explain how the essay will be organized(the outline

9、 of the essay).1） 介紹研究論文所關(guān)注的有關(guān)話題或問題。 2） 給出了一個(gè)主題和相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵術(shù)語的明確的定義。 3） 提供相關(guān)的背景信息/話題背景。 4） 回顧以前的相關(guān)研究，如果必要的話，并指出其局限性。 5） 介紹了本文可能使用的理論觀點(diǎn)。 6） 介紹了本文可能使用的理論觀點(diǎn)。 7） 說明你的主題的選擇或你的研究的原因。 8）解釋文章將如何組織（論文的提綱）。 Of course not all research papers must contain all these elements.A primary research essay,for example,differ

10、s from a secondary research one in that the literature review of the latter should be general as you will give more details in the body section where previous findings will be used to support your arguments.However,the introduction section usually goes from the general to the specific.It starts with

11、 the information of the topic in the broad context and then narrows down to the information more specifically related to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(or conferences).當(dāng)然不是所有的論文必須包含所有這些元素。例如一個(gè)初次的研究論文，不同于二次的研究，后者的文獻(xiàn)綜述你一般應(yīng)該是在以前的研究結(jié)果將被用來支持你的論點(diǎn)的主體部分會(huì)給更多的細(xì)節(jié)。 然而，緒論部分通常是從一般到

12、特殊，首先是大背景下的主題信息，然后縮小信息到更具體的相關(guān)論文和期刊（或會(huì)議）要求的不同的長(zhǎng)度。 Stating the purpose of writing the essay is important.Its function is to make sure the readers know what you are trying to achieve by writing this essay.This includes establishing the topic and explaining what you will do with the topic,for example:說明

13、寫文章的目的是很重要的。它的功能是要確保讀者知道你試圖通過寫這篇文章來達(dá)到什么目的。這包括建立這個(gè)主題，并解釋你將在這一主題做什么，例如： 1) This essay will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2) The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the commercial application o

14、f maglev trains.3) The goal of this essay is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.1） 這篇文章將集中在最常見的用途為香港結(jié)腸癌患者的干預(yù)的鎖孔手術(shù)上。 2） 這篇文章的目的是研究磁懸浮列車對(duì)上海的商業(yè)應(yīng)用的影響。 3）這篇文章的目的是研究經(jīng)常性消費(fèi)快餐對(duì)青少年健康的影響。Hence the common format for making the statement of purpose:因此，制定目的聲明的通用格

15、式：Writing the body of a secondary research essay寫二級(jí)研究論文的正文 Definition定義The body section is the major part of an essay.Its structure varies from essay to essay.The structure of a secondary research essay will be simpler as you do not have to conduct an experiment or survey of your own or carry out an

16、 empirical study.What you do is to use recent findings and data available on the Internet to illustrate your ideas.Hence the steps are:正文部分是文章的主要部分。不同文章論述的結(jié)構(gòu)不同。二次論文的結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)由于你沒有進(jìn)行自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查或進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究而變得簡(jiǎn)單。你要做的是使用在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的最近的調(diào)查結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)來說明你的觀點(diǎn)。因此，步驟是：1) Evaluate all source materials you have gathered;2) Design the s

17、tructure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect,or comparison and contrast;3) Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure;4) Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the topic sentences respectively.

18、1） 評(píng)估你收集的所有源材料； 2） 根據(jù)研究問題，如因果、對(duì)比、對(duì)比等研究問題，設(shè)計(jì)出論文的結(jié)構(gòu)或組織形式； 3）根據(jù)所選擇的結(jié)構(gòu)安排邏輯順序； 4）選擇和組織源材料，分別說明主題句的思想。Although secondary research is to use information and findings available to illustrate your ideas,it does not mean your essay lacks creative ideas.Description and introduction of previous findings are onl

19、y part of the essay,and your essay entails your point of view based on the description and analysis of previous studies.In order to develop a position,you need to think critically about the ideas and findings of the source materials you have gathered,select the most appropriate evidence to support y

20、our point of view and,most importantly,add you contribution.For example,offering a new classification(a new approach)or a new effect(or a new cause,a new advantage)is the contribution you may make to the study of a certain subject.雖然二次的研究是利用信息和結(jié)果來說明你的想法，但這并不意味著你的文章缺乏創(chuàng)意。描述和介紹以往的研究結(jié)果，只是論文的一部分，你的論文是在描述

21、和分析前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上表達(dá)你的觀點(diǎn)。為了選擇一個(gè)合適的角度，你需要批判性地思考你收集的源材料的想法和結(jié)果，選擇支持你的觀點(diǎn)的最適當(dāng)?shù)淖C據(jù)，最重要的是，提出自己的看法。例如，提供了一種新的分類方法（新方法）或一個(gè)新的效果（或一個(gè)新的事業(yè)，新的優(yōu)勢(shì)）是您可能對(duì)某一學(xué)科的研究的貢獻(xiàn)。When writing a secondary research essay,you should especially beware of falling into a trap of plagiarism as the quoting and paraphrase are more frequent in such

22、 type of essay.Remember that a secondary research essay does not mean that you simply piece together the findings of previous studies without your own things. 寫一個(gè)二次研究論文時(shí)，你應(yīng)該特別當(dāng)心掉入抄襲陷阱由于這種類型的文章的更加頻繁的引用和釋義。記住一個(gè)二次研究的文章并不意味著你沒有自己的東西只是拼湊了以前的研究結(jié)果。 Organizations組織結(jié)構(gòu)Body structures vary from paper to paper

23、as a secondary research paper generally lacks an empirical study which entails the method and statistic analysis.The following are some of the common types of organization.，由于一個(gè)二級(jí)研究論文一般缺乏一個(gè)需要方法和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的實(shí)證研究，不同文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)不同。以下是一些常見的類型的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。 A. Effect analysisThe structure of effect analysis may be used to a

24、nalyze the effects of a certain phenomenon such as global warming,nuclear radiation,the use of genetically modified organisms and so on.A. 效應(yīng)分析 效應(yīng)分析的結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來分析某一現(xiàn)象如全球變暖、核輻射、利用轉(zhuǎn)基因生物等的影響。 B.Cause analysisTo analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes,climate changes,sleep deprivation and bre

25、ast cancer,you may use the body structure of causal analysis.B.原因分析 分析地震、氣候變化、失眠和乳腺癌等現(xiàn)象的原因，可以采用因果分析的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。 C.Pro-and-con analysisThe structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of a technology such as GM food,nanotechnology,artificial intelligence,synthetical biology,Web3.0 and s

26、o -and-con分析 該結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來權(quán)衡如轉(zhuǎn)基因食品、納米技術(shù)、人工智能、生物綜合，Web3.0等的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和技術(shù)缺點(diǎn)。 D.Comparison analysisTo compare and contrast two subjects such as computers and human brains,or organic food an traditional food,you may either use the subject-to-subject body structure or the point-to-point body structure.D.比較分析 比

27、較和對(duì)比如計(jì)算機(jī)和人類的大腦，或有機(jī)食品和傳統(tǒng)食品兩個(gè)主題，你可以使用主題-主題或點(diǎn)-點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)。 A short essay might use a single type of the above organization.As long essay,however,may combine several types according to the purpose of the essay.Whatever organization is used,a thesis statement-the main idea of your essay,and several topic sentenc

28、es which support the thesis from different angles are essential to ensure the coherence and logic of your essay.The following is the outline of a secondary research essay.一篇短文，可以使用一個(gè)單一類型的上述組織。但是長(zhǎng)的文章，可以根據(jù)論文結(jié)合幾種類型。無論使用什么組織類型，一個(gè)陳述你文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，和作為支撐的從不同的角度來保證你的文章連貫性和邏輯幾個(gè)主題句都是必須的。以下是一個(gè)二次研究論文的要點(diǎn)。 Writing the

29、body of a primary research essay寫初次研究論文的正文As a primary essay involves empirical studies based on a certain experiment or survey,it should present evidence with data and analysis in a format that can be replicated by others.Hence the body part will be composed of two sections:Methods and Results.作為一個(gè)

30、涉及到一個(gè)特定的實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上的實(shí)證研究的初次的文章，它應(yīng)該列出可以被他人復(fù)制的數(shù)據(jù)和分析的證據(jù)。因此，正文部分將由兩部分組成：方法和結(jié)果。 Methods section方法部分The methods sections,which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,usually answers these questions:1) What are your research questions?2) How is your research carried out?3) How is your data colle

31、cted?4) How are your results obtained?方法部分是一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查的分解步驟的詳細(xì)介紹，通常回答這些問題： 1） 你的研究問題是什么？ 2） 你的研究是如何進(jìn)行的？ 3） 你的數(shù)據(jù)是如何收集的？ 4）你的結(jié)果如何？ Therefore you must make all the following clear to the readers:1) subjects of the experiment(How were they chosen?);2) the materials(What equipment or tools were used?Where an

32、d in what condition was the experiment conducted?);3) the procedure(How did you design your study and what steps did you follow when the data were collected?)4) the criteria(What criteria are used for selecting subject?);5) The survey(How the questionnaire is designed and administered?How are the sa

33、mples or respondents chosen?And how the interview is conducted-by telephone or door to door?);6) Statistical analysis(How were statistics analyzed?).因此，你必須讓所有的讀者明白： 1） 實(shí)驗(yàn)的主題（他們是如何選擇的？）； 2） 材料（使用什么設(shè)備或工具？在什么條件下進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)？）； 3） 程序（你是如何設(shè)計(jì)你的研究的，你在收集數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候遵循了什么步驟？） 4）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（用于選擇主題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？）； 5） 調(diào)查（調(diào)查問卷是如何設(shè)計(jì)和管理的？樣本或受訪者

34、如何選擇？以及如何進(jìn)行面試是通過電話或當(dāng)面？）； 6）統(tǒng)計(jì)分析（如何統(tǒng)計(jì)分析？）。 The significance is:knowing how the data are collected helps the readers evaluate the validity and reliability of your results and your conclusion.One rule for a properly written method section is that:“Enough information must be given so that the experiment

35、 could be reproduced by a competent colleague(Day,1988)”.這么做的意義是：知道如何收集數(shù)據(jù)幫助讀者評(píng)價(jià)你的結(jié)果和你的結(jié)論的可靠性和正確的書。寫法的一個(gè)原則是：“必須給出足夠信息確保實(shí)驗(yàn)可被同行復(fù)制(Day,1988)”。 There are many methods to carry out a similar experiment or survey.Hence you must make clear the reasons why you chose a particular method or procedure.If the me

36、thod for the investigation is innovative,you should describe it in details.If the method has been previously used in other research,you should cite the work of the original researchers.開展類似的實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查的方法有很多，因此你必須弄清楚你為什么選擇了一種特定的方法或過程。如果調(diào)查的方法是創(chuàng)新的，你應(yīng)該詳細(xì)描述。如果方法以前已經(jīng)在其他的研究中被使用，你應(yīng)該引用原來的研究者的工作。Results section結(jié)果部

37、分The results section describes the statistical results and the findings of the research,which directly answers your research questions.It deals with the facts rather than the opinions.The opinions such as evaluation and commentary should be saved in the discussion section.結(jié)果表明直接回答你的研究問題研究的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果和結(jié)論。它交

38、流的是事實(shí)而不是觀點(diǎn)。評(píng)價(jià)和評(píng)價(jià)等觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在討論部分。 The results section is written in a concise and well-organized manner and is often short.It include:1) an overview of the experiment or a summary of the findings;2) Detailed presentation of the representative data and/or graphic and their locating and/or analysis;3) Deta

39、iled presentation of the findings.用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔和組織良好的形式書寫的結(jié)果部分，往往是短的。它包括： 1） 實(shí)驗(yàn)的概述或調(diào)查結(jié)果的總結(jié)； 2） 有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)和/或圖形和它們的定位和/或分析的詳細(xì)介紹； 3）調(diào)查結(jié)果的詳細(xì)介紹。When giving an overview of the experiment,you may briefly explain how and why data have been produced,but should not repeat the details provided in the method section.You

40、can present findings in different ways:stating the facts;comparing and contrasting;analyzing cause and effect;illustrating with graphic aids,ect.進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)總結(jié)時(shí)，你可以簡(jiǎn)單地解釋數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生的原因和方式，但不應(yīng)重復(fù)在方法部分提供的細(xì)節(jié)。你可以以不同的方式呈現(xiàn)結(jié)果：陳述事實(shí)；比較；分析原因和影響；以圖示等。 Statistical results are usually presented in texts,plus graphic aids such as

41、 tables,graphs,charts,drawings,photographs,ect(which are usually placed at the attached appendixes if they interrupt ones reading).The findings of an experiment are usually presented in the past tense.Describing graphic aids and generalizations concluded from the research should use the present tens

42、e.統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果通常呈現(xiàn)在文本中，加如表、圖、圖表、圖紙、照片圖示等表格（通常放置在所附的附件中，如果它們會(huì)打斷閱讀）。一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果通常都是過去時(shí)了。描述圖形和概括得出的研究結(jié)果使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。Writing a discussion or/and conclusion撰寫討論或/和結(jié)論The discussion and the conclusion can be either written separately or combined into one section.As the final part of the essay,it can serve a number of functi

43、ons:討論和結(jié)論可以單獨(dú)或組合成一個(gè)部分。作為文章的最后一部分，它可以起到一些作用： 1) to summarize the main ideas or key findings in the essay;2) To make some comments on the findings;3) To compare your results with previous results;4) To explain unexpected results;5) To explore possible implications;6) To point out its limitations of th

44、e work covered by your essay;7) To mention further research that might be required.1） 總結(jié)文章的主要思想或主要研究成果； 2） 對(duì)調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表評(píng)論； 3） 將你的結(jié)果與以前的結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較； 4） 解釋意想不到的結(jié)果； 5） 探討可能產(chǎn)生的影響； 6） 指出你的文章所涵蓋的工作的局限性； 7）提到可能是必需的進(jìn)一步的研究。Separately,discussion section discusses the issues arising from findings and limitations of your

45、 research whereas conclusion section includes a summary of main findings,implications,recommendations,possibilities for further research.另外，討論部分討論了從你的研究中產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果和局限性，而結(jié)論部分包括一個(gè)對(duì)主要研究結(jié)果，影響，建議，進(jìn)一步研究的可能性的總結(jié)。Now look at the following example:現(xiàn)在看下面的例子：This study provide further evidence that in addition to sh

46、ort-term merits,content based language instruction has long-term benefits that impact students future academic performance.A content-linked ESL curriculum is a model of instruction that meets the linguistic and academic needs of college ESL students.It enhances cross-curricular academic achievement

47、in both language and discipline courses and promotes academic growth and success over time.這項(xiàng)研究提供了進(jìn)一步的證據(jù)表明，除了短期的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，基于語言教學(xué)的內(nèi)容有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期效益，可以影響學(xué)生未來的學(xué)術(shù)表現(xiàn)。與ESL內(nèi)容有關(guān)的課程是一個(gè)滿足高校學(xué)生的語言和學(xué)術(shù)需求的教學(xué)模式。它增強(qiáng)了在語言和專業(yè)課程上跨學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)成就，促進(jìn)學(xué)術(shù)成就隨著時(shí)間而增長(zhǎng)和成功。 Writing an abstract摘要寫作An abstract,compared after your research paper is finishe

48、d and placed before the main text,is a condensed summary of the papers key information.The main purpose is to enable the readers to be informed of the basic content and chief results of your paper quickly and accurately.An effective abstract summarizes the main points of the investigation,including:

49、在你的論文完成后寫作的放在正文前的摘要是論文的關(guān)鍵信息的概括。主要目的是使讀者快速準(zhǔn)確地了解你論文的基本內(nèi)容和論文的主要結(jié)果。有效的摘要概述了調(diào)查的要點(diǎn)，包括：1) the statement of the problem;2) The purpose or objective of the study;3) The methods or brief description of the experiment;4) The important data or results of any statistical analysis;5) The chief findings;6) The pri

50、ncipal conclusions or recommendations.1） 問題的陳述； 2） 研究的目的或目標(biāo)； 3） 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法或?qū)嶒?yàn)簡(jiǎn)要說明； 4） 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的結(jié)果或重要數(shù)據(jù)； 5）主要調(diào)查結(jié)果； 6）主要結(jié)論或建議。 Economy of words,however,is important.The length of an abstract varies according to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(Generally 200 words should be a sensib

51、le maximum).It uses s single paragraph.Generally speaking,the opening and concluding statements are written in the present or the present perfect tense,while the methods and results are expressed in the past tense.然而，詞匯的經(jīng)濟(jì)性是很重要的，一個(gè)摘要的長(zhǎng)度根據(jù)不同的期刊的長(zhǎng)度和不同的要求而變化（一般來說最多200個(gè)詞應(yīng)該是可接受的），它使用的是單一的段落。 一般來說，開篇和總結(jié)性陳

52、述都是用現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，而方法和結(jié)果是用過去時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)的。Writing a reference list寫參考列表Citations-whether you have copied directly(quoted)or rewritten using your own words(paraphrasing)-should be indicated clearly in the reference list,the purpose of which is to provide readers with more details of sources you have used in the

53、essay.Hence every reference in the text must have a matching entry in the reference list which include information about the author,title,publisher.There are different kinds of styles.But whichever one you adopt,some rules should be followed:引用無論你是直接復(fù)制（引用）還是用自己的話改寫（意譯）都應(yīng)該在參考文獻(xiàn)列表中明確表示出，其目的是為讀者提供您使用的文

54、章來源的更多細(xì)節(jié)。因此，在文本的參考文獻(xiàn)列表中每一個(gè)引用必須包括作者，標(biāo)題，出版社.引用有不同的風(fēng)格。但無論你采取哪種都應(yīng)遵循以下的一些原則： 1) place the reference list after the last section of the essay.2) Do not include sources which have not been cited in the text of the essay.3) Start each item in the list at the left margin.If an item extends to more than one l

55、ine,indent the additional lines.4) Use the last or family name and initials(not full names)for all authors.5) Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of authors family names.1） 將參考書目放在文章的最后一節(jié)后。 2） 不要包括在文章正文中沒有被引用的來源。 3） 從左邊邊緣開始每個(gè)引用。如果引用擴(kuò)展到不止一行，縮進(jìn)其他行。 4） 所有作者使用最近一個(gè)或家族的名字和縮寫（不是完整的名字）。 5）安排一個(gè)按作者的姓氏

56、的字母順序排列的條項(xiàng)。 The following are examples of Referencea CBE style,used in all scientific disciplines related to experimental and observational science(including but not limited to physical science,mathematics,and life sciences).The order of the CBE N-Y system is:Author A,Year.Title of work.Edition.Place of publication:Publisher name.Number of pages p.以下是參考的例子 CBE風(fēng)格，用于與實(shí)驗(yàn)和觀測(cè)的科學(xué)相關(guān)的所有科學(xué)學(xué)科（包括但不限于物理科學(xué)，數(shù)學(xué)，科學(xué)和生命科學(xué)），CBE N-Y系統(tǒng)的順序是：作者，年份，文章的標(biāo)題，編輯，出版社的地址，出版社名稱。頁碼 Academic writing style學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫作風(fēng)格 The style of academic writing is quite different from that of an English composition or that of