國際貿(mào)易chapter 9

1、documents一、案例1995年3月間某工藝品進(jìn)口公司向巴基斯坦。BC貿(mào)易有限 公司成交一筆貿(mào)易6月5日對方開來信用證，有關(guān)部分條款規(guī)定： “350 SET OF OF DINNER SET，PRICE：USD.35.00 PER SET，C&F KARACHI，SHIPMENT FROM QINGDAO TO KARACHI，SHIPPING MARK TO BE B.C./381 AND 451/KARACHI ONLY （350套西餐具，價(jià)格每套35美元，C&F卡拉奇.從青島裝運(yùn)至卡拉奇，運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志僅為“B.C./381 AND451/KARACHI.”）工藝品進(jìn)出口公

2、司根據(jù)上述信用證條款，在裝運(yùn)后即備齊單據(jù)向議付行交單，未料到單寄至國外，開證行提出拒付意見： “第XXXX號信用證項(xiàng)下單據(jù)存在如下不符點(diǎn)：你提單及發(fā)票等單據(jù)上表示的運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志與信用證不符。信用證規(guī)定“B.C./381 AND451/KARACHI”，你提單及發(fā)貨票等單據(jù)的運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志為“B.C，/381 & 451/KARACHI。我信用證規(guī)定價(jià)格條款為USD 35 OVPERSET，C&F ERADU你發(fā)原上表示價(jià)格條件為VSD 35.00 12TRSET，CFR KARACH。包裝單上運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志欄表示：“AS PER INVOICE”，系據(jù)哪個發(fā)票？漏發(fā)票號碼，應(yīng)表示出依據(jù)第XXx

3、X號發(fā)票。根據(jù)上述單證不符，我行無法接受。單據(jù)暫代保管，請告處下意見”。工藝品進(jìn)出口公司接到上述開證行拒付意見后，經(jīng)研究認(rèn)為 開證行所提的完全是挑剔性意見，即于6月28日作出反駁?！澳?月25日電悉。貴行提出關(guān)于第XXXX號信用證項(xiàng)下單據(jù)的所謂不符點(diǎn)問題，我們認(rèn)為：你信用證規(guī)定運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志：“B.C./381皿D451/ KARACI”，我提單及發(fā)貨票等單據(jù)的運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志為：“B.C./ 381&451/KARACHI”。所謂不一致，即“AND”與“&”之別，何況“&”即“AND”的縮寫符號，兩者沒有什么差異，不能算為單證不符。關(guān)于價(jià)格款中貿(mào)易條件C&F，根據(jù)國際商會第

4、460號出版的1990年國際貿(mào)易條件解釋規(guī)則規(guī)定，C&F改為CFR，術(shù)語己被CFR所替，C&F不復(fù)存在，所以我發(fā)票將C&F，這是正確的。包裝單上運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志表示“AS PER INVOICE”，你行認(rèn)為未表示發(fā)票號碼，無法依據(jù)是哪一套的發(fā)票。我們認(rèn)為本信用證項(xiàng)下的發(fā)票只有一個 （信用證又是不許分批裝運(yùn)），再無其它發(fā)票。 所以“AS PER INVOICE”中的發(fā)票當(dāng)然是指本套單據(jù)中唯一的發(fā) 票，表示或不表示號碼都是沒有區(qū)別的。根據(jù)上述情況，我們認(rèn)為我所提交單據(jù)完全符合信用證規(guī)定，不存在單證不符的情況。請你行按時付款”。工藝品進(jìn)出口公司發(fā)出上述反駁意見后，于7月1日又接到開證

5、行來電：“你6月28日電收悉，關(guān)于第XXXX號信用證項(xiàng)下單證不符事，我行與申請人均認(rèn)為：關(guān)于運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志問題，你方認(rèn)為提單及發(fā)票等單據(jù)與我信用證規(guī)定的運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志僅是 “AND”與 “ &”的差 別，兩者是相等的，似乎單證也是相符的，但你方末理解我信用證的要求，我信用證原規(guī)定：“SHIPPING MARK TO B.C/381 AND 451/KARACHIONLY .”，其意即只能這樣的運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志才能接受。你方單據(jù)卻表示“B.C/381 AND 451/KARACHI”，將“AND”改為“&”，當(dāng)然不符合信用證要求了。關(guān)于貿(mào)易條件，C&F與CFR兩者術(shù)語之間有何差別，我銀行對類

6、似這樣術(shù)語不掌握.根據(jù)CUP500第13條規(guī)定，我銀行 ，只管你單據(jù)上是否與信用證表面上 （ON、THEIR FACE）.相符，C&F與CER就是表面上不符。我信用證既已規(guī)定了運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志，你方的單據(jù) （包括包裝單）應(yīng)按實(shí)際運(yùn)輸際志表示出來。即使表示“AS PER INVOICE”亦應(yīng)表示該發(fā)票號碼才能有所依據(jù)。根據(jù)以上情況，你方單據(jù)確實(shí)明顯地存在不符點(diǎn)。速告單據(jù)處理意見。工藝品進(jìn)口公司與議付行研究，最后認(rèn)為雖然對方有些是屬于挑剔意見，但我方單據(jù)確有一定的缺陷。工藝品進(jìn)出口公司只好又向買方進(jìn)行商洽，并了解到對方主要由于國際市場疲軟受些損失，結(jié)果通過兒次洽商，讓價(jià)10%而結(jié)案。15 Docu

7、ments: For negotiation,the seller shall present the following documents to the paying bank after shipment.3 copies of negotiable clean on board BL made out to order ,blank endorsed 5 copies invoices ,indicating contract number,name of comodity,quantity,unit price and total amout .In case of shipment

8、 in lots, lotnumber should be indicated. 4 copies of packing list one copy of Certificate of Quantity and Quality issued by China National Inspection Bureau A major difference between home trade and international trade is that there are more documents for every deal. According to a studt by OECD . A

9、n average overseas transaction needs 35 documents with a total of 360 copies . The study states the “paper cost” of international trad e come to between 1.4%-5.7% of the value of the trade.the main purpose of documents is to provide a specific and complete description of the goods so that they can b

10、e correctly and smoothly dealt for transport, payment, insurance,levying duty, inspection ,etc. Invoice 1 commercial invoice2 customs invoice:the invoice is required by the importing country in order to clear the customs,to compile statistics ,to verifying county of origin for import duty and tax pu

11、rpose , to compare export and domestic price , and to fix anti-dumping duty3 consular invoice: an exporter must purchase from the importing countrys ambassy or consulate . invoice 4 Legalized invoice: A commercial invoice is legalized or visaed by having it stamped by the importing countrys embassy

12、or consulate. 5 pro forma invoice:it is similar to commercial invoice .but it is issued before a transaction has been concluded. It is used for quotations to customers who sometimes need this document to apply for import licence and foreign exchange.Certificate of origin5 Certificate of origin: this

13、 document can be issued by a goverment agency ,a chamber of commerce . An importing country often asks for such a certificate in order to extend prefential duties to goods from acceptable countries, to apply import controls such as sanction,quotaCertificate of inspection7 Inspection certificate of q

14、uality Inspection certificate of health Inspection certificate of sanitary Inspection certificate of quantityInspection certificate of weightInspection certificate of value8 packing list :It shows the details of a shipment when specifications,quantities,weights or contents of individual units in the

15、 shipment vary . It is used in order to recognize the goods . To ciear the customs, and to check the goods.9 Bill of Lading air waybill waybillrailway BL parcel receipt MTD10 Insurance policyinsurance certificate11 dock receipt12 mates receipt 13 Bill of exchangeConsignment note14 letter of creditFo

16、rce Majeure1 A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control . Certain natual disasters and social disturbances are considered force majeure. Force majeure clause is mainly a protection for the seller to enable him to avoid his contractual obligations

17、 without paying a compensation or penalty.2 points to remember when it happens (1) Notify the other party as soon as possible (2) supply the certificate issued by an authority. 目前我國國際貿(mào)易合同中，訂立不可抗力條款有三種： （1）概括式規(guī)定。 即在合同中不具體規(guī)定不可抗力事故的種類，只用籠統(tǒng)的規(guī)定。如由于公認(rèn)的不可抗力原因而不能履行合同規(guī)定的一方可不負(fù)有責(zé)任。由于規(guī)定太籠統(tǒng)，一般不宜采用。 （2）列舉式規(guī)定。 即合同

18、中列舉交易雙方認(rèn)為可以作為不可抗力事故的類型。?quot;戰(zhàn)爭、洪水、地震等等。由于規(guī)定過死，一旦發(fā)生超出列舉范圍的不抗力事故，便要發(fā)生爭執(zhí)，故也難以此條款為據(jù)。 （3）綜合式規(guī)定。 這是將概括式和列舉式合并在一起的方式。即在列舉了雙方認(rèn)同的不可抗力事故的類型的同時，如戰(zhàn)爭、水災(zāi)、地震、暴風(fēng)雪等后，再加上以及雙方當(dāng)事人所同意的其他意外事故的文句，以便發(fā)生合同未列明意外事故時，當(dāng)事人可以協(xié)商處理。這種規(guī)定既明確，又有一定靈活性，是一種較好規(guī)定的方法。 1 within the delivery period as stipulated in this contract ,whatever it

19、is in the process of making ,shipment or transportation,the seller shall not be held responsible for delay in delivery of goods due to force majeure, such as war,severe disaaters of flood,fire,wind,snow and earthquake.However,the seller shall inform the buyer by cable immediately of the occurrence m

20、entioned above and within 15 days thereafter, shall send by airmail to the buyer for their acceptance a certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or the register surveyor of the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof.Under such circumstance the seller however , are still under the o

21、bligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods ,and advise to the buyers of particulars of measures .the buyer shall have right to agree or cancel this contract according to the circusmance .In case the accident lasts for more than 10 weeks, the buyer shall have the rig

22、ht to cancel this contract.案例4：廣州傘廠與意大利客戶簽訂了雨傘出口合同。買方開來的信用證規(guī)定，8月份裝運(yùn)交貨，不料7月初，該傘廠倉庫失火，成品、半成品全部燒毀，以致無法交貨。請問：賣方可否援引不可抗力條款要求免交貨物?案例5：國內(nèi)某公司于1990年11月2日與伊朗簽定了一份進(jìn)口合同，交易條件為FOB。后因海灣戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)，我方接貨貨輪無法駛抵伊朗，到1991年4月海灣戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，我方方能派船接貨，而外商以我方未能按時派船接貨為由，要求我方賠償其倉儲費(fèi)。外商這一要求是否合理?案例6：國內(nèi)某研究所與日本客戶簽定一份進(jìn)口合同，欲引進(jìn)一精密儀器，合同規(guī)定9月份交貨。9月15日

23、，日本政府宣布該儀器為高科技產(chǎn)品，禁止出口。該禁令自公布之日起15日后生效。日商來電以不可抗力為由要求解除合同。日商的要求是否合理?我方應(yīng)如何妥善處理?arbitration1 negotiation, conciliation,arbitration and litigation 2 (1)提出仲裁申請 （arbitration application） 這是仲裁程序開始的首要手續(xù)。各國法律對申請書的規(guī)定不一致。在我國，中國國際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會仲裁規(guī)定規(guī)定：當(dāng)事人一方申請仲裁時，應(yīng)向該委員會提交包括下列內(nèi)容的簽名申請書： (2) 組織仲裁庭 根據(jù)我國仲裁規(guī)則定，申訴人和被申訴人各自在仲裁委

24、員會仲裁員名冊中指一名仲裁員，并由仲裁委員會主席指定一名仲裁員為首仲裁員，共同組成仲裁庭審理案件；雙方當(dāng)事人亦可在仲裁委員名冊共同旨定或委托仲裁委員會主席指定一名仲裁員為獨(dú)任仲裁員，成立仲裁庭，單獨(dú)審理案件。 3、審理案件 仲裁庭審理案件的形式有兩種：一、是不開庭審理，這種審理一般是經(jīng)當(dāng)事人申請，或由仲裁庭征得雙方當(dāng)事人同意，只依據(jù)書面文件進(jìn)行審理并做出裁決；二、是開庭審理，這種審理按照仲裁規(guī)則的規(guī)定，采取不公開審理，如果雙立事人要求公開進(jìn)行審理時，由仲裁庭做出決定。 4、作出裁決裁決是仲裁程序的最后一個環(huán)節(jié)。裁決作出后，審理案件的程序即告終結(jié)，因而這種裁決被稱為最終裁決。根據(jù)我國仲裁規(guī)則，最

25、終裁決外，仲裁庭認(rèn)為有必要或接受當(dāng)事人之提議，在仲裁過程中，可就案件的任何問題作出中間裁決或者部分裁決。中間裁決是指對審理清楚的爭議所做的暫時性裁決，以利對案件的進(jìn)一步審理；部分裁決是指仲裁庭對整個爭議中的一些問題已經(jīng)審理清楚，而先行作出的部分終局性裁決。這種裁決是構(gòu)成最終裁決的組部分。仲裁裁決必須于案件審理終結(jié)之日起45天內(nèi)以書面形式做出，仲裁裁決除由于調(diào)解達(dá)成和解而作出的裁決書外，應(yīng)說明裁決所依據(jù)的理由，并寫明裁決是終局的和作出裁決書的日期地點(diǎn)，以及仲裁決員的署名等。 當(dāng)事人對于仲裁裁決書，應(yīng)依照其中所規(guī)定的時間自動履行，裁決書未規(guī)定期限的，應(yīng)立即履行。一方當(dāng)事人不履行的，另一方當(dāng)事可以根

26、據(jù)中國法律的規(guī)定，向中國法院申請執(zhí)行，或根據(jù)有關(guān)國際公約、或中國締結(jié)或參加的其它國際條約的規(guī)定辦理。 Arbitration clauseAll disputes in connection with the contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation.the case should then be submitted for arbitrarion to the F

27、oreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade ,Shanghai, in accordance with the “Provisional Rules or procedures of the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade “The arbitration shall take p

28、lace in Shanghai and the decision rendered by the said commission shall be final and binding upon the parties ,neither parties shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities for revising the decision .The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing part. Arbitration: All disputes in connec

29、tion with the Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiations. In case no settlement can be reached through negotiations, the case should then be submitted for arbitration to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of Internati

30、onal Trade Shanghai, in accordance with the “Provisional Rules or Procedure of the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade”. The arbitration shall take place in Shanghai and the decision rendered by the said Commission shall be final and bin

31、ding upon both parties. 仲裁： 對合同或其執(zhí)行中所產(chǎn)生的爭議應(yīng)該通過友好的協(xié)商解決。如果經(jīng)協(xié)商無法解決，該項(xiàng)爭議應(yīng)遞交中國對外貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會上海分會的外貿(mào)仲裁委員會，根據(jù)中國對外貿(mào)易促進(jìn)委員會的外貿(mào)仲裁委員會的規(guī)定或程序進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁在上海進(jìn)行，仲裁委員會的決定是終結(jié)性的，并對雙方都有約束力Inspection u對賣方所交貨物的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量和包裝進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，以確定是否符合合同規(guī)定u對裝運(yùn)技術(shù)條件和在裝運(yùn)過程中發(fā)生的殘損、短缺、進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)或鑒定，以明確事故起因和責(zé)任歸屬u根據(jù)法律法規(guī)對貨物進(jìn)行強(qiáng)制性檢驗(yàn)或檢疫The place and time of inspectionTr

32、ade terms,commodity,packing,laws and regulations must be observed.when EXW is used,it is clear that the commodity should be inspected at the factory and warehouse where the delivery is made.If DDU or DDP are used,the inspection should be conducted at the named place in the country of importation where the goods are made available to the buyerHowever,for some terms such as FOB,CFR or CIF ,it could be difficult or impossible to carry out the inspection right at the place of delivery of the commodity and types of packaging when