基礎提升考研真題閱讀每日一篇(42)(2013.4.17)

1、2007 Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called Ask Marilyn. People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded

2、. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100 as, Whats the difference be

3、tween love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score

4、 on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as

5、often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and childrens version. Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them

6、populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized

7、tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE, capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in l ife, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article How Intelligent Is Inte

8、lligence Testing?,Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations c

9、hange. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skil

10、l also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?A Answering philosophical questions.B Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C Telling the difference between certain concepts.D Choosing words or gra

11、phs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?A People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D

12、 Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savants becauseA the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.B creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.C vos Savants case

13、 is an extreme one that will not repeat.D the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph thatA test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones ability.B IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.C testing involves a lot of guesswork.D traditi

14、onal test are out of date.30. What is the authors attitude towards IQ test?A Supportive.B Skeptical.C Impartial.D Biased.【答案解析】26.D判斷題。請問在智商測試中要求我們做到什么?根據(jù)IQ測試,返回原文第一段第三句IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper a$er it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerica

15、l sequences, among other similar tas ks.選項A回答一些哲學問題是一個文中未提及的信息;選項B提詞義的曲解,原文是想象紙張在折疊或者裁剪后形狀,而此選項去除了envision想象的概念;選項C區(qū)分特定概念的區(qū)別是一個文中未提及的信息。選項D選擇與已給出單同或者圖表相類似的那一個中的words對應原文的verbal ,graphs對應原文中的visual, similar to對應原文中的analogy,因此D為正確答案。27.C推理題。根據(jù)第三段,我們推出智商側(cè)試如何?選項A人們不再把IQ測試結(jié)果作為智商的衡量標準與原文第三段首句The defining

16、term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score(我們還是用智商測試結(jié)果來判定一個人的智力意思相反;原文第二段第二句闡述現(xiàn)在智力測試只有兩個版本the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales",而選項B現(xiàn)在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上有更多的智商測試版本中的more為無中生有;選項D科學家已經(jīng)為人類智商的重要因素下了定義,文中既沒有講過科學家們定義,也沒有講過重要因素。選項C成人和孩子的智商測試內(nèi)容是不同的對應原文第蘭段第二句中括

17、號里的內(nèi)容both come in adult and children's version"。28.A細節(jié)事實題為什么人們不可能再獲得像vos Savant那樣的智商測試高分?對應原文第二段第四句,"because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100"。選

18、項A智力測試的成績會用不同的計算方法是該句的同義替換。選項B今天測試強調(diào)創(chuàng)造力而不是分析能力,該選項與問題毫不相干,而且與原文第四段第二句Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytic al and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge矛盾;選項C "vos Savant是一個不會再現(xiàn)極端的例子是屬于以事論事,而且也是文中沒有提到的信息;選項D智力測試特點的定義已經(jīng)發(fā)生改變?nèi)詫儆谖闹形刺峒暗男畔?。因?A為正確選項

19、。29.A細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)最后一段,我們得知什么?返回原文末段,選項B"智力測試成績和SAT 測試結(jié)果是高度相關的屬于曲解文章,原文末句Anyon e who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters講述的是兩種考試,考試技巧都有作用,而并非考試結(jié)果相關;選項C考試中涉及大量的猜測工作,這類選項明顯與常識相反,馬上可以排除;選項D傳統(tǒng)的測試已經(jīng)過時了中的traditional tests是文中未提及的信息。選項A"智力測試結(jié)果可能并不能表征一個人的能力對應末段首句Such

20、standardized tests may no t assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life"。30.B作者態(tài)度題。請問作者對于智力側(cè)試的態(tài)度?根據(jù)第二段首句Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.很明顯,智力所包含的遠遠不止測試成績其中的clearly是明顯表征作者觀點態(tài)度的副詞,由此我們判定作者對于智力測試持反對的態(tài)度,因此選擇B "skeptical懷疑的。選項A支持的,

21、選項C中立的均與原文不符?！救姆g】在過去的幾年,星期日報的增刊漫步開設了一個名為詢問瑪麗琳的專欄。人們被邀請去詢問瑪麗琳沃斯薩文特,瑪麗琳沃斯薩文特在10歲時測試的智力水平達到別人23歲時的水平,這使得她的智商高達228是有記錄的最高水平。智商測試要求你完成口頭和視覺分析,要求你在紙張被折疊、剪切后想象它的形狀,要求你推論數(shù)字的順序,還有其他類似的項目。所以,當沃斯薩文特面對普通人(智商為100提出的像熱愛與喜愛之間的區(qū)別是什么?或者運氣與巧合的特征是什么?這樣的問題時,她感到有點困惑。設想物體、判斷數(shù)字模式的能力如何使一個人能夠回答難倒了一些最杰出的詩人和哲學家的問題,這可并不那么顯而易

22、見。毫無疑問,智力包含的不僅僅是一次測試所得的分數(shù)。而聰明意味著什么?可以明確顯示智力有多少?我們能夠從神經(jīng)學、遺傳學、計算機科學以及其他領域了解的智力又有多少?人類有關智力的定義性術語似乎仍然是智商分數(shù),即使人們并不像以前那樣經(jīng)常進行智商測試。智商測試主要表現(xiàn)為兩種形式:斯坦福比奈特智力衡量表和威斯勒智力衡量表(兩種都包含成人和兒童測試類型。由于這些測試一般要花費幾百美元,因此通常只有心理學家才進行這些測試,盡管這些測試的變種存在于書店和環(huán)球網(wǎng)上。像沃斯薩文特得到這樣的超高分數(shù)也再不可能,因為現(xiàn)在的分數(shù)依據(jù)的是相同年齡者的統(tǒng)計學群體分布狀況,而不是簡單地通過實足年齡乘以100來劃分智能年齡。

23、其他標準測試,比如學術能力檢測以及研究生入學考試,包含了智商測試的主要方面。羅伯特杰斯頓伯格認為,這樣的標準測試不可能評估在學校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素。在其名為智力測試如何明智?的文章中,斯頓伯格指出,傳統(tǒng)的測試最恰當?shù)卦u估了分析能力和語言表達能力,但沒有測量創(chuàng)造性和實際知識,這些也是解決問題和在生活中取得成功的關鍵因素。而且,一旦種群或環(huán)境發(fā)生變化,智商測試就不一定預測得那么準確。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),如果在低壓力狀況下進行智商測試,那么這種測試就可以預測出領導才能,但是,在高壓力狀況下,智商測試所得的結(jié)果與領導才能的關系是否定的,也就是說,它預測的結(jié)果是相反的。任何經(jīng)歷過學術能力檢測的人都

24、會認為,應試能力也很重要,無論是知道何時應該進行推測,還是知道應該忽略什么問題。【難句注釋】 1、It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 【譯文】 有些問題連一些最杰出的詩人和哲學家都難以回答，但是想象物體和 計算數(shù)字模式的能力卻能使人找出答案，其中原因并不為人所知。 【

25、析句】 這是一個簡單句，It 只是形式主語，真正的主語是 how 引導的主語從 句。而在主語從句中，主語是 the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns，謂語是 suits，賓語是 one，to answer questions 是賓語補足語， 而 questions 后又跟了一個定語從句。 【講詞】 visualize 意為"想象"，是 imagine 的同義詞。例如：He had a hard time to visualize the scene as it was des

26、cribed.（他難以設想所描繪的場景。 ） elude 表示"躲避"，也可表示"理解不了，想不起來"。根據(jù)句中的意思，可以譯為 "回答不了"。例如：The answer to this question eluded me for a long time, perhaps because it was so simple.（這個問題的答案我想了許久，也許是因為問題太簡單 了。 ） 2、Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. 【譯文】 再也不可能出現(xiàn) vos Savant 測得的智力高分了，因為評分標準是根據(jù) 同年齡中人口分布統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)而制定，而不是簡單根據(jù)時間年齡除以智力年齡，再 乘以 100。 【講詞】 這句話中包含一些術語，如：scoring（得分，即智力測驗的得分