氯化苯工藝設(shè)計(jì)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上 學(xué)號(hào)： 常州工程職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題 目： 60000t/a氯化苯工藝設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué) 生： 學(xué)院（系）： 常州工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 班 級(jí)： 精細(xì)化工0530 校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師： 專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)： 校外指導(dǎo)老師： 專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)： 年產(chǎn)60000噸氯苯工藝設(shè)計(jì)摘 要：本設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)于年產(chǎn)60000噸氯苯生產(chǎn)工藝，設(shè)計(jì)主要參照南京化工廠氯苯生產(chǎn)的有關(guān)生產(chǎn)工程，對(duì)整個(gè)工藝進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的物料衡算、熱量衡算和設(shè)備計(jì)算。并確定了工藝路線及反應(yīng)設(shè)備類型。同時(shí)對(duì)氯化器、粗餾塔、精餾塔和換熱器進(jìn)行了較為詳細(xì)的計(jì)算，繪制了帶控制點(diǎn)的工藝流程圖，平面車間布置圖、主要設(shè)備裝置圖和物料流程圖。這次設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)

2、以后的工藝生產(chǎn)和設(shè)計(jì)提供一些依據(jù)和參考。關(guān)鍵詞：苯 氯苯 二氯苯 三氯苯 鹽酸t(yī)he project of 60000t chlorobenzen each yearAbstract: This plan is about the project of 60000t chlorobenzen each year. Based on the experimental date obtain in the chemical engineer and process laboratory of Jiangsu petrol chemical university. We have made mate

3、rial balance and energy balance calculate. And decide the process route and reaction equipment. Meanwhile, we have made detailed calculated about fractionating rectifying tower and heat exchanger. In the same time, we have draw the process flow diagram, lane arrangement diagrom, vertical view lay-ou

4、t drawing and main equipment drawing. This design offered some advises for later process producing and engineering design.Key word: benzene chlorobenzenes dichlorobenzene trichlorobenzene hydrochloric acid目 錄 1 總論··············

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124、83;·················351 總論1.1 設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)氯苯是重要的有機(jī)化工產(chǎn)品，是染料、醫(yī)藥、有機(jī)合成的中間體，用于制造苯酚，硝基氯苯，苯胺以及殺蟲劑DDT，還用于制取溶劑和橡膠助劑、油漆、快干墨水及干洗劑等，用途十分廣泛，已有近九十年的發(fā)展歷史了。在醫(yī)藥、染料、農(nóng)藥、工程塑料等領(lǐng)域是重要的中間體，是用途較廣的有機(jī)溶劑，合成高分子材料添加劑的重要原料，是有機(jī)氯中間體中規(guī)模最大、應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域最廣泛的產(chǎn)品之一，也是氯堿企

125、業(yè)進(jìn)行氯平衡的重要產(chǎn)品之一。隨著氯化苯系列產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)及應(yīng)用范圍的不斷擴(kuò)大，氯化苯系列產(chǎn)品在化工生產(chǎn)中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用。氯化苯對(duì)干整個(gè)氯堿生產(chǎn)，尤其是平衡氯氣，起著舉足輕重的作用。過去，由于跑、冒、滴、漏現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，生產(chǎn)環(huán)境惡劣污染嚴(yán)重，原材料消耗居高不下一直成為制約生產(chǎn)發(fā)展和效益提高的難點(diǎn)。幾年來(lái)，通過引入清潔生產(chǎn)的思想，使氯化苯的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)面貌一改往日被動(dòng)局面，促進(jìn)了形勢(shì)的好轉(zhuǎn)。通過清潔生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐，改變落后的生產(chǎn)工藝和設(shè)備，注重生產(chǎn)過程中物料的循環(huán)利用，使污染物排放總量大幅度下降，環(huán)境質(zhì)量得到改善，而且取得了較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，同時(shí)也為環(huán)保工作提供了一種全新的方法：從被動(dòng)的末端治理轉(zhuǎn)向主動(dòng)的源頭控

126、制。為了滿足市場(chǎng)的需求，對(duì)氯苯的生產(chǎn)不斷地加以改進(jìn)并擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)能力，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量得到了提高，在節(jié)能降耗上取得了一定成效。1.2 設(shè)計(jì)地區(qū)的自然條件1.2.1 地形、地貌本項(xiàng)目位于常州市新北區(qū)及規(guī)劃區(qū)，地形平坦，市區(qū)南北水網(wǎng)地帶較低。市區(qū)地勢(shì)平坦，大部分標(biāo)高在68米之間，最高洪水位6.38米。本區(qū)地震烈度為6度區(qū)。以下是氯苯生產(chǎn)廠址選擇的原則a、 廠址宜選在原料、燃料供應(yīng)和產(chǎn)品銷售便利的地區(qū)，并在貯運(yùn)、機(jī)修、公用工程和生活設(shè)施等方面具有良好協(xié)作條件的地區(qū)。b、 廠址宜選在靠近水量充足或水質(zhì)良好的水源地段。c、 廠址要有便利的交通條件，要優(yōu)先考慮水運(yùn)。d、 選廠址應(yīng)注意節(jié)約用地，不占或少占耕地。e、 選

127、廠址應(yīng)注意選擇地的自然環(huán)境條件，并對(duì)工廠投產(chǎn)后對(duì)于環(huán)境可能造成的影響做出預(yù)評(píng)價(jià)，工廠的生產(chǎn)和居民區(qū)的建設(shè)地點(diǎn)應(yīng)同時(shí)選定。f、 廠址應(yīng)避免設(shè)于低于水平面或在采用措施后不能確保不被水淹的地段。g、 廠址應(yīng)避免布置在下列地區(qū)：地震斷層地區(qū)和基本烈度9度以上的地震區(qū)厚度較大的級(jí)重濕性黃土地區(qū)易受洪水、泥石流、滑坡等危害的地區(qū)有開采價(jià)值的礦藏地區(qū)對(duì)機(jī)場(chǎng)、電臺(tái)等使用有影響的地區(qū)國(guó)家規(guī)定歷史文物、生物保護(hù)區(qū)和風(fēng)景游覽地區(qū)。具體地址：常州市新北區(qū)1.2.2 氣象氣候根據(jù)常州市氣象站19521998年氣象資料統(tǒng)計(jì)，本地區(qū)氣象要素如下：（1）氣溫歷年最高氣溫: 39.4(1978.7.10)歷年最低氣溫: -15

128、.5(1955.1.27)多年平均氣溫：15.4多年平均最高氣溫：19.9多年平均最低氣溫：11.9多年最熱月(7月)平均氣溫: 28.1多年最冷月(1月)平均氣溫: 2.7（2）降水多年平均降水量: 1074.0mm最大年降水量: 1815.6mm (1991年)最小年降水量: 535.7mm (1978年)月最大降水量: 505.4mm (1991年7月)日最大降水量: 196.2mm (1994年8月19日)多年降雨天數(shù): 126天降水次數(shù)：日降水量5mm （52.2天）日降水量10mm （32.1天）日降水量25mm （11.2天）日降水量50mm （3.0天）最大積雪深度: 22cm

129、 (1984年1月19日)最大凍土深度: 12cm (1982年1月19日)（3）風(fēng)況全年主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向及頻率: ESE 向 14%夏季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向及頻率: ESE 向 19%冬季主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向及頻率: NNE 向 9%多年平均風(fēng)速: 2.9m/s實(shí)測(cè)最大風(fēng)速: 20.3m/s大風(fēng)日數(shù)(風(fēng)力7級(jí)):平均6天/年, 年最多19天。（4）霧況多年平均霧天數(shù): 29.9天歷年最多霧天數(shù): 56.0天(1980年)歷年最少霧天數(shù): 17.0天(1967年)（5）雷暴多年平均雷暴天數(shù): 33.5天歷年最多雷暴天數(shù): 59.0天(1963年)（6）相對(duì)濕度多年平均相對(duì)濕度：77%七月份平均相對(duì)濕度：82%一月份平均相對(duì)濕

130、度：74%1. 3 生產(chǎn)方法，流程特點(diǎn)，技術(shù)的 先進(jìn)性和經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性（1）本設(shè)計(jì)采用的是連續(xù)法：氯化在苯的沸騰溫度下進(jìn)行，氯化器裝有催化劑（鐵屑或無(wú)水氯化鐵）反應(yīng)熱由苯和少量氯苯氣化帶出。經(jīng)過干燥的苯經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)計(jì)量后加入氯化器底部，與經(jīng)過計(jì)量的干燥氯氣順流進(jìn)氯化反應(yīng)器反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)副產(chǎn)的鹽酸氣及部分苯和氯苯蒸汽經(jīng)石墨冷凝器冷凝，再經(jīng)吸收塔用粗氯苯噴淋吸收。當(dāng)吸收液含苯量到3236%時(shí)，混入酸性氯化液去中和，而氣體吸收成31%的副產(chǎn)鹽酸。氯化器流出的酸性氯化液經(jīng)水洗后，用液堿中和除去殘余的酸及三氯化鐵，再經(jīng)鹽干燥器，預(yù)熱至一定溫度后加入粗餾塔，從塔頂取出苯，塔釜的粗氯苯連續(xù)加入精餾塔，從塔頂?shù)玫铰缺?/p>

131、，塔釜?dú)堃洪g斷放出，回收其中的二氯苯。（2）特點(diǎn)：該方法簡(jiǎn)單，反應(yīng)原料價(jià)格低廉，環(huán)保1.4 車間的組成根據(jù)工藝特點(diǎn)，分為一個(gè)車間。車間組成由生產(chǎn)部分、輔助生產(chǎn)部分和行政-生活部分組成。生產(chǎn)部分包括生產(chǎn)區(qū)、控制室、儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)等。輔助生產(chǎn)部分包括動(dòng)力室（真空泵和壓縮機(jī)室）、配電室、化驗(yàn)室、實(shí)驗(yàn)室、機(jī)修室、通風(fēng)空調(diào)室，原料、輔料和成品倉(cāng)庫(kù)等。行政部分包括辦公室、會(huì)議室、工人休息室。生活部分有更衣室、浴室、廁所和女工保健室等。1.5 生產(chǎn)制度生產(chǎn)量： 60000噸/年 生產(chǎn)方式： 連續(xù)生產(chǎn)年操作日： 300天/年 日生產(chǎn)時(shí)間： 24小時(shí)生產(chǎn)班數(shù)： 四班三運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)工作制1.6 公用工程水電氣，輔助工程需要量，標(biāo)

132、明介質(zhì)，溫度，壓力，流量等。1.7 經(jīng)濟(jì)分析主要結(jié)論靜態(tài)分析：從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)角度投資回收期從企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)角度投資回收期動(dòng)態(tài)分析：從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)角度投資回收期從企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)角度投資回收期2 文獻(xiàn)評(píng)述2.1 簡(jiǎn)史敘述1905年首先報(bào)道用苯直接氯化制得氯苯。1909年由英國(guó)的United Alkali公司開始工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。1915年Hooker電化公司的第一個(gè)8200 t/a 裝置在美國(guó)投入運(yùn)行。同年Dow化學(xué)公司在美國(guó)也開始工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)氯苯。因此可以說在主要有機(jī)化工產(chǎn)品中氯苯是第一個(gè)大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。1920年 Dow化學(xué)公司開發(fā)了兩個(gè)大量使用氯苯的工藝。一是氯苯在溶解銅催化劑存在下用氫氧化銨水解生成苯胺，另一個(gè)是用

133、氫氧化鈉溶液在高溫高壓下水解氯苯制苯酚。在之后30年中，這一直是制備苯酚及苯胺的主要生產(chǎn)方法。另外，氯苯經(jīng)硝化制得硝基氯苯和經(jīng)磺化后制得氯苯磺酸等均是較重要的有機(jī)化工中間體。到40年代末期，用異丙苯法生產(chǎn)苯酚實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化。由硝基苯加氫法制苯的工藝也于1954年建成大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)裝置，所以氯苯生產(chǎn)量從70年代以來(lái)呈下降趨勢(shì)，到80年代基本穩(wěn)定在一定水平上。2. 1. 1 產(chǎn)品物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)及質(zhì)量指標(biāo)（1）純品的物理性質(zhì) 氯苯，別名一氯化苯，英文名Chlorobenzene，monochlorobenzen結(jié)構(gòu)式 分子式 C6H5Cl 分子量 112.5 主要物理化學(xué)常數(shù) 比重：d420 1.1064 閃

134、點(diǎn)：（閉環(huán)法） 28 沸點(diǎn)：（常壓） 131.7熔點(diǎn)： -45.34凝固點(diǎn)： -45.58共沸點(diǎn)：氯苯與水共沸混合物沸點(diǎn) 90.2/常壓，其中：一氯苯 71.6%、水28.4% 毒性： 本品為無(wú)色透明液體，氣味有點(diǎn)像苯。對(duì)皮膚和上呼吸道有刺激作用。抑制中樞神經(jīng)，具有麻醉作用。對(duì)肝臟、腎臟及造血系統(tǒng)有不良影響。慢性中毒引起頭痛、頭暈、精神不振、消化不良等癥狀。工作場(chǎng)所最高容許濃度為350mg/m3。推薦通風(fēng)設(shè)計(jì)濃度50ppm，嗅覺閥濃度0.21ppm，最大排放濃度為150 mg/m3。（2）純品化學(xué)性質(zhì)苯環(huán)上氯原子很不活潑，在特定條件下轉(zhuǎn)換為羥基、氨基及甲氧基等，如： 苯環(huán)上的氯基的鄰對(duì)位氫原子

135、置換為硝基-NO2或氯基。如：（3）產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量指標(biāo)（GB240480） 表1 質(zhì)量指標(biāo)指標(biāo)名稱一級(jí)品二級(jí)品外觀在20時(shí)為無(wú)色或微黃透明液體（其色度不得深于40度）酸度對(duì)剛果紅不變藍(lán)相對(duì)密度d4201.10621.10761.10571.1082氯苯含量%99.5099.00苯含量%0.150.30多氯苯%/0.70 2.2 工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方法的選擇及論證2. 2. 1 國(guó)內(nèi)外生產(chǎn)概況目前世界上氯苯的主要生產(chǎn)國(guó)家和地區(qū)有美國(guó)、西歐、中國(guó)、日本和俄羅斯。90年代初世界總生產(chǎn)能力為500 kt/a 左右，其中美國(guó)170 kt/a 、西歐125 kt/a 、中國(guó)120 kt/a 、俄羅斯40 kt/a 、日

136、本28 kt/a。中國(guó)氯苯生產(chǎn)主要有10家左右工廠，其中錦西化工廠規(guī)模最大，1989年全國(guó)消費(fèi)量為78kt左右，主要用于生產(chǎn)有機(jī)化工原料、中間體及農(nóng)藥。2. 2. 2 評(píng)述各種生產(chǎn)方案工藝上主要有苯液相氯化法和苯氣相氯化法。氣相法反應(yīng)溫度為400500，成本比液相法高，故已被淘汰。苯液相氯化法以脫水后的干苯和電解氯為原料，在路易斯型催化劑（如FeCl3、MnCl2或SnCl4）存在下，經(jīng)催化而得，其反應(yīng)如下：苯液相氯化有間歇式和連續(xù)式兩種生產(chǎn)方式。間歇法：把干燥的苯裝入氯化反應(yīng)器中，再加入相當(dāng)于苯量1%的鐵屑作為催化劑。氯氣的加入速度以能維持反應(yīng)溫度在4060為宜，溫度過高有利于多氯苯的生成。

137、氯氣鼓泡通入苯中至料液的相對(duì)密度達(dá)到1.280（15）。反應(yīng)放出的氯化氫用苯或氯苯洗除有機(jī)霧滴，再用水吸收得到鹽酸。氯化物料用10%的NaOH中和，并經(jīng)干燥、蒸餾，得到下列餾分（以100%氯化料計(jì)）：苯和水（3%），苯和氯苯（10%），此二餾分返回系統(tǒng)；氯苯（75%）；作為產(chǎn)品：氯苯和二氯苯（10%）高沸物（2%），此二餾分用于分離鄰、對(duì)二氯苯。氯化產(chǎn)品的組成決定于氯化溫度，氯化速率，氯化深度和采用的催化劑。一般氯化產(chǎn)品組成為氯苯80%、對(duì)二氯苯15%、鄰二氯苯和多氯苯5%。 表2 反應(yīng)液組成與相對(duì)密度的關(guān)系反應(yīng)液各種氯化苯含量%（重量）相對(duì)密度苯一氯苯對(duì)二氯苯鄰二氯苯三氯苯1.0373163

138、421.07523235911.51.11685622141.24013040263連續(xù)法：氯化在苯的沸騰溫度下進(jìn)行，氯化器裝有催化劑（鐵屑或無(wú)水氯化鐵）反應(yīng)熱由苯和少量氯苯氣化帶出。經(jīng)過干燥的苯經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì)計(jì)量后加入氯化器底部，與經(jīng)過計(jì)量的干燥氯氣順流進(jìn)氯化反應(yīng)器反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)副產(chǎn)的鹽酸氣及部分苯和氯苯蒸汽經(jīng)石墨冷凝器冷凝，再經(jīng)吸收塔用粗氯苯噴淋吸收。當(dāng)吸收液含苯量到3236%時(shí)，混入酸性氯化液去中和，而氣體吸收成31%的副產(chǎn)鹽酸。氯化器流出的酸性氯化液經(jīng)水洗后，用液堿中和除去殘余的酸及三氯化鐵，再經(jīng)鹽干燥器，預(yù)熱至一定溫度后加入粗餾塔，從塔頂取出苯，塔釜的粗氯苯連續(xù)加入精餾塔，從塔頂?shù)玫铰缺剑?/p>

139、塔釜?dú)堃洪g斷放出，回收其中的二氯苯。此外還有氣相氧氯化法制取氯苯，其反應(yīng)如下： C6H6 + HCl +1/2O2 C6H5Cl +H2O工藝過程為：將苯蒸氣、空氣、氯化氫氣體混合物加熱升溫至210，通入氯化反應(yīng)器，在迪肯型催化劑（CuCl2、FeCl3負(fù)載在三氯化鋁上）存在下進(jìn)行氯化。反應(yīng)溫度300，苯單程轉(zhuǎn)化率為10%15%，氯化氫轉(zhuǎn)化率為98%，生成物含多氯苯6%。此過程是拉西法苯酚生產(chǎn)的一部分，因此，該法主要用于生產(chǎn)苯酚。由于拉西法苯酚被淘汰，此法已不發(fā)展。因?yàn)殚g歇法生產(chǎn)力小，連續(xù)法成本較低，積存的可燃物較小，生成的二氯苯較少，所以本設(shè)計(jì)選用液相連續(xù)法作為生產(chǎn)方法。2.3 產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展前

140、景我國(guó)從1950年開始生產(chǎn)氯化苯，多年來(lái)一直供不應(yīng)求，需從國(guó)外進(jìn)口相當(dāng)數(shù)量的硝基氯苯來(lái)滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的需求，由于市場(chǎng)需求迫切，90年代初國(guó)內(nèi)各地紛紛建設(shè)或擴(kuò)建氯化苯裝置，目前生產(chǎn)廠家近20家，總生產(chǎn)能力達(dá)31萬(wàn)t/a左右。我國(guó)氯化苯的快速發(fā)展實(shí)際上是與下游產(chǎn)品硝基氯苯的不斷擴(kuò)建和新建有關(guān)系，目前國(guó)內(nèi)氯化苯消費(fèi)量的80%用于合成硝基氯苯，所有硝基氯苯生產(chǎn)企業(yè)都要配套建設(shè)氯化苯裝置，可以說硝基氯苯市場(chǎng)及變化與氯化苯休戚相關(guān)。3 工藝敘述部分3.1 設(shè)計(jì)的生產(chǎn)方法及生產(chǎn)流程的選擇氯化苯分子式 C6H5Cl無(wú)色透明液體，具有不愉快的苦杏仁味 。目前國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)氯化苯主要采用苯氯化法,即用純苯和干燥

141、氯氣在氯化塔內(nèi)進(jìn)行反應(yīng),生成的氯化液經(jīng)過水洗、中和、干燥后,送入粗、精餾塔蒸餾得到成品氯化苯。苯環(huán)上的鹵代反應(yīng)較困難，常用FeX3、Fe、AlX3等催化劑催化（X為鹵素）。反應(yīng)過程中，鹵素分子在苯和催化劑的共同作用下異裂，以氯為例，反應(yīng)需要加入催化劑FeX3。生產(chǎn)工藝流程見下圖：主要生產(chǎn)工序有苯干燥、氯化、水洗中和、粗餾、精餾、尾氣吸收及多氯化物回收。其工藝路線為干燥苯與氯氣在氯化鐵催化下連續(xù)氯化，得到氯化液經(jīng)水洗中和、粗餾、精餾，除去其中的氯化氫、苯、多氯苯而制成氯化苯成品。氯化反應(yīng)放出的尾氣經(jīng)冷卻噴淋除苯后，用水吸收制成副產(chǎn)鹽酸。精餾殘液經(jīng)多氯化物工序回收苯、氯化苯，返回生產(chǎn)用，回收的二氯

142、苯作為副產(chǎn)品出售，剩余的殘?jiān)b出售。從事氯苯生產(chǎn)或使用氯苯的企業(yè)，以及在運(yùn)輸?shù)冗^程中，由于操作和管理失誤，均可構(gòu)成氯苯的污染。該物質(zhì)對(duì)環(huán)境有嚴(yán)重危害，應(yīng)特別注意對(duì)地表水、土壤、大氣和飲用水的污染。下面就工藝改進(jìn)和設(shè)備完善兩個(gè)方面作簡(jiǎn)要介紹。（1） 改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)工藝干燥器加片堿在氯苯生產(chǎn)中物料帶酸，嚴(yán)重腐蝕設(shè)備，而且影響安全生產(chǎn)，在實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，片堿既是良好的干燥劑，又是理想的中和劑，加入少量片堿避免了物料帶酸。拆除二段冷凝器氯化二段冷凝器經(jīng)常造成鹽酸氣中的苯在其中凝結(jié)，影響安全生產(chǎn)。權(quán)衡利弊，故將二段冷凝器拆除。氯化液下料管增加冷卻器氯化液下料溫度在80左右，接近苯的沸點(diǎn)，在氯化液下料管和緩沖罐之間增加一臺(tái)石墨塊孔式換熱器，把溫度控制在40以下，使氯化液下料流暢。改進(jìn)氯化器氯化器在生產(chǎn)運(yùn)行中，氯化液出料流量不均，針對(duì)這一情況，做了一定改進(jìn)。（2） 完善生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)能力氯化器下部增加測(cè)溫點(diǎn)氯化器下部出現(xiàn)局部過熱現(xiàn)象，甚至造成鐵環(huán)熔化粘結(jié)，發(fā)生黑料著火事故。為此可在氯化器下部增加1個(gè)測(cè)溫點(diǎn)，以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)事故苗頭并采取措施。安裝靜態(tài)混合器在水洗中和過程中，混合愈充分，除酸的效果愈好?？稍诒玫某隹谔幇惭b管式靜態(tài)混合器，