中山大學(xué)2015級博士研究生精讀課詞匯整理

1、 中山大學(xué)2015級博士研究生精讀課詞匯整理 第 13 頁 共 13 頁Unit 1 My Hope for MedicinePara 1reflect (on)：to think seriously or carefully; ponder（仔細(xì)考慮,思考;反省;回想）e.g. to reflect on the questionfall to：（開始,開始進(jìn)食;著手干）1) to begin; to set aboute.g. He fell to work. 2) to move or come into placee.g. to fall to ones feet (=to kneel

2、 down / to collapse)Para 2Zeal：intense desire or devotion; earnest enthusiasm（熱情;熱心;熱誠）groundbreaking：characterized by originality and innovation:（n.動工;adj.開創(chuàng)性的）e.g. a groundbreaking technology（極富創(chuàng)造力的技術(shù)）calling：（愿望;欲望;對某項(xiàng)工作的愛好或使命感）1) an inner urge; a strong impulse. e.g. He had a calling to become a

3、 firefighter.（他有過當(dāng)一名消防員的愿望。）e.g. My son has a calling to become an artist.（我兒子有一股熱望,要成為一名藝術(shù)家。）2) an occupation, a profession, or a career.（職業(yè)）e.g. She is a singer by calling. （她的職業(yè)是歌唱家。）e.g. What calling does he follow?（他是干什么的?）Para 3radicular：of or relating to the root(神經(jīng))根的to subject (sb to sth)：t

4、o cause to undergo or experience; to expose（使某人做某事）e.g. He often subjects himself to strong self-criticism.e.g. The plan should be subjected to careful consideration before it is carried out.Para 4quite difficult：rather troublesome（相當(dāng)艱難）Para 6progression (of a disease, esp. cancer) ：the process of s

5、preading or becoming more severe（擴(kuò)散或惡化）Para 7bureaucrat：（官僚）ruse：action or plan intended to deceive; trick（n.策略,計(jì)策;詭計(jì)）inflated price tag = increased medical expenses(增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用)to inflate：to increase beyond previous or usual levels, as prices or currency(使膨脹;充氣)Nothing could be further from the truth=It

6、 is absolutely untrue/wrong.to astound：to overcome with sudden surprise or amazement; stun（使驚駭;使震驚）Para 8there are thousands of persons who are alive only they are hooked to a respirator.only：conj. except that; bute.g. I would have come, only it was raining.hooked to：connected to(用鉤固定;與相連接;連接到) “fat

7、 in the system”：redundancy in the medical care systemfat：obesity; corpulence(臃腫，肥胖)there can be no heroic efforts made to keep chronically ill patients alive.heroic：on a grand scale; large or impressive（大規(guī)模的；堂皇的） cf. extraordinaryPara 9litigation：the act or process of engaging in a lawsuit(n. 訴訟;起訴)

8、Para 11to take on：to get involved in; begin to deal with; undertake(承擔(dān);呈現(xiàn);具有;流行;接納;雇用;穿上)e.g. to take on a responsibilitye.g. Now he is taking on environmental protection.step in：intervene(介入；插手干預(yù))to track：to discover or find by following tracks or investigating evidence; to observe and record(vt.追蹤

9、;通過;循路而行;用纖拉vi.追蹤;留下足跡)to contend with：to deal with in or as in a struggle(對付;與作斗爭)e.g. The man has to contend with his wifes ill health.e.g. They are treating medicine as a business with assembly-line mentality.mentality：manner or way of thinking; outlook(n.心態(tài)；智力)Para 13This mission includes lettin

10、g critically ill patients being kept alive on a ventilator die naturally and humanely.ventilator：respirator(n. 通風(fēng)設(shè)備；呼吸機(jī))client：one who engages the professional advice or services of another （客戶；當(dāng)事人; 委托人）1) the party for which professional services are rendered, as by an attorney.2) a customer or pat

11、ron: e.g. clients of the hotel.3) a person using the services of a social services agency.4) one that depends on the protection of another. e.g. a client statecustomer：one who is shopping or who buys（顧客）Cf. patron：one who eats in a restaurant（食客）Unit 2 Cure or Care ?Language Points1. the quality of

12、life 生命的質(zhì)量2. the hospice moment 臨終關(guān)懷/terminal ill patient臨終病人3. assisted suicide/physician assisted suicide/euthanasia 安樂死4. vital life-support mechanisms 生命維持儀器5. These principles have been neatly formulated into.6. beside manners醫(yī)生對病人的態(tài)度7. preparation of living wills 遺囑的準(zhǔn)備8. patient autonomy 病人自主權(quán)

13、，病人知情權(quán)9. in harmony with 和.協(xié)調(diào)一致10. subordinate to使位于較低級別，使成為次要/ subservient to 從屬于11. This tradition holds that 認(rèn)為/This standard is justified on the grounds that 基于12. The sanctity of human life is an important ideal in this morality. 神圣的13. in/under given circumstances 在特定的病情中14. utilitarian or sit

14、uational/ the maximization of pleasure and the minimization of pain15. The caring model of medical ethics differs from the curing model in that 16. the weighing of alternatives 權(quán)衡利弊/選擇權(quán)衡17. medical consultant/ health care provider18. The job is lay out the options as clearly as possible. lay out=pro

15、vide19. a household name 家喻戶曉20. side effects 藥物的副作用21. unthinkable scenario 無法想象的情形 scenario=image that.設(shè)想的情形22. A remedy might be around the corner. /around the corner=coming soon23. pain relief止痛藥24. some of us will almost certainly be called upon to/ call upon to號召，要求=require25. For a lot of peo

16、ple torn between “curing” and “caring”, ./ tore /struggle26. Despite the pile of literature/ the pile of= lots of 27. more than ever比以往任何時(shí)候 Now, more than ever, we need the wisdom of a Socates to remind us thatWords List1. confront vt. 使面對，使遭遇 confront sb with, be confronted by 2. be skilled in doin

17、g 3. amid prep. = among在其中4. startling a.令人吃驚的=surprising e.g startling news爆炸性新聞5. litigious a.好訴訟的6. ethicist n.倫理學(xué)家7. go back as far as 追溯到8. formulate vt.系統(tǒng)闡述9. beneficence n.仁慈，慈善/ maleficene n.邪惡行徑 / nonmaleficene n.無邪惡行徑，不傷害10. autonomy n. 自主權(quán)11. efficacy n.功效 e.g. curative efficacy療效12. hosp

18、ice n.臨終關(guān)懷13. in harmony with 與一致14. subordinate vt. 使成為次要 +sth to 15. subservient a. 從屬的，附屬的 + to sth16. paternalistic家長作風(fēng)的17. sanctity n. 神圣18. be sustained to 維持19. relevant a. 有關(guān)的20. consent vi.同意21. utilitarian a. 功利的22. situational a. 酢情處理的23. maximization n. 最大化 minimization n. 最小化24. on the

19、grounds that 在基礎(chǔ)上25. constitute vt. 構(gòu)成26. the weighing of alternatives 選擇權(quán)衡27. anticipated a. 預(yù)期的28. subsequent a.次要的29. intrinsic a.本質(zhì)的30. provide the basis for moral judgment 31. in that = because 因?yàn)?2. versus = vs. doing sth versus doing sth33. lay out 提議 + the options34. prognosis n. 預(yù)后，預(yù)知 e.g.

20、pregnant prognosis預(yù)后；妊娠結(jié)局35. be responsible for 對負(fù)責(zé)36. household a. 家喻戶曉的37. commit suicide 自殺38. portray vt. 描繪=describe 39. ghoulish a. 殘忍的40. refer toas 把當(dāng)作41. force sb into doing sth 42. wipe out 揮霍 + the money 43. what if 如果44. kin = relative n.親戚45. terminate vt. 終止，終結(jié)46. outlook n. 前景47. warr

21、ant保證，擔(dān)保，使有正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛?8. breach 違背= breach an agreement, a law, or a promise = break49. layman n. 外行人50. appeal n. 懇求51. remedy n. 藥物，治療法52. be around the corner 即將來臨 = coming soon 53. remission= recovery n. 病情好轉(zhuǎn)54. dilemma=difficult/corner n. 困境55. vital a. 維持生命所必需的56. call upon/on 要求，需要（某人做某事）57. rende

22、r vt. 作出58. torn a. 撕裂的（tear的過去分詞）59. despite = in spite of 盡管60. complexity n. 復(fù)雜性61. innumerable 無數(shù)的=countless62. more than ever 比以往任何時(shí)候63. obligation= responsibility 責(zé)任，義務(wù) e.g. moral obligation 道德責(zé)任/As we've been talking about, I think we have a strong obligation to save life where we can do

23、so. 64. Attaining that would go a long way toward resolving these dilemmas.Unit 3 In a WordPara 1advent：arrival; coming(n. 到來；出現(xiàn)；基督降臨；基督降臨節(jié))e.g. The advent of computers has ushered in a new industrial revolution.laden：(v. 裝載（lade的過去分詞）adj. 負(fù)載的；裝滿的；苦惱的vt. 裝載（等于lade）vi. 裝載（等于lade）)1) loaded; 2) weighe

24、d down; burdenede.g. She is laden with care (worry).e.g. a land laden with snowdiscourse： conversation; speech(n. 論述；談話；演講vt. 說出；演奏出vi. 演說；談?wù)?；講述)fare：material provided for use, enjoyment, or consumption, esp. food provided for a meal (n. 票價(jià);費(fèi)用;旅客；食物vi. 經(jīng)營;進(jìn)展;遭遇;過活)corporate：of or relating to a corpo

25、ration(法人的；共同的，全體的；社團(tuán)的)precept： rule intended as a guide; maxim(n. 規(guī)則；格言；訓(xùn)誡；命令)to articulate：to express effectively; to put in words(adj. 發(fā)音清晰的；口才好的；有關(guān)節(jié)的vt. 清晰地發(fā)（音）；明確有力地表達(dá)；用關(guān)節(jié)連接；使相互連貫vi. 發(fā)音；清楚地講話；用關(guān)節(jié)連接起來)age-old： long-existing(古老的；由來已久的)to point the way：to show the direction(指明了一條人生道路)laudable：prai

26、seworthy; deserving praise(值得贊賞的)Para 2the bearers of corporate culture：advocates or supporters of business concepts(企業(yè)文化的使者)interface：an area in which diverse things interact or communicate; interaction or communication(n. 界面；接口；接觸面)as is evidenced by：as is shown or exemplified bye.g. Her fellow ar

27、tists appreciated her musicianship, as is evidenced by her nomination for the Grammy Award.to supplant：to displace and take the place of(vt. 代替；排擠掉)e.g. Supermarkets have supplanted many small grocery stores.parlance：manner of speech; type of talk(n. 說法；用語；語調(diào)；發(fā)言)ostensibly：apparently(adv. 表面上；外表)to

28、encompass ：(vt. 包含；包圍，環(huán)繞；完成)1) to form a circle around; to surround; 2) to contain or includevernacular：vocabulary peculiar to a profession or trade; jargon(n.本地話,方言;行話,術(shù)語;動植物的俗名adj.本國的;地方的;用本地語寫成的)Para 3-4So much for：enough for(到此為止,僅僅就這么多;有關(guān),就只有這些)e.g. I will just say this much foretymologic：of or

29、 relating to the study of the origin/history of words(語源的，語源學(xué)的；詞源的)to intimate：to make known indirectly; hint; imply; suggest(n. 知己；至交adj. 親密的；私人的；精通的；有性關(guān)系的vt. 暗示；通知；宣布)philologist：linguist (n. 文獻(xiàn)學(xué)者；語言學(xué)者)to derive from：to trace the origin of (a word, etc.) from or to its source(源出，來自，得自；衍生于)e.g. Thi

30、s drug is derived from some animal products.to denote ：to mean or designate(源出，來自，得自；衍生于)connotation：implied meaning or association of a word or expression, in addition to the literal meaning, as distinguished from denotation(n. 內(nèi)涵；含蓄；暗示，隱含意義；儲蓄的東西（詞、語等）)seemly：suitable, proper(adj.適當(dāng)?shù)?有禮的;好看的adv.適合

31、地;得體地)decent：in accordance with standards of good taste; proper(adj. 正派的；得體的；相當(dāng)好的)bland：lacking individual flavor; uninteresting(adj.乏味的;溫和的;冷漠的vt.使變得淡而無味;除掉的特性vi.變得平淡無奇;喪失特性)to proffer：(fml.) to offer(n. 提供；提出；提議vt. 提供；提出；奉獻(xiàn))to invoke ：(vt. 調(diào)用；祈求；引起；懇求)1) to call upon for aid or protection; 2) to r

32、efer to as support, proof or confirmation3) to call upon as relevant or mandatorye.g. to invoke ones rightse.g. The President invoked a veto. to dilute：to weaken or reduce the strength, force or purity of by adding another element(vt.稀釋;沖淡;削弱adj.稀釋的;淡的vi.變稀薄;變淡)Para 5with respect to：regarding; with

33、reference to(關(guān)于；至于)impetus ：( n. 動力；促進(jìn)；沖力)1) force that puts a body into motion;2) motive; incentivee.g. The impetus that produced the age of exploration was the increased need for trade.bargain：(n. 交易；契約；特價(jià)商品vt. 討價(jià)還價(jià)；拿做交易vi. 討價(jià)還價(jià)；成交)1) something bought or offered at a low price ; 2) agreement on th

34、e terms of a business or other arrangement; 3) terms of such an agreementto cash in (on)：(兌現(xiàn)；收到貨款)1) to make a profit from; 2) to turn to, or use to ones advantage; to exploit; to get the benefit of3) (in gambling) to exchange (chips) for moneyPara 6coincidental：done, occurring, or resulting by mere

35、 chance(adj. 巧合的；符合的；暗合的；一致的)auditory：of or relating to the sense or organ of hearing(n. 聽眾；禮堂adj. 聽覺的；耳朵的)revelatory：serving to make known, expose to view, display, or show(adj. 泄露的，啟示的)realm：(n. 領(lǐng)域，范圍；王國)1) kingdom; 2) sphere or province, as of knowledge, power, or influencee.g. the realm of scien

36、ceprovenance：the place of origin; source of supply(n. 出處，起源)Para 7obtuse：slow in understanding or perceiving; lacking in sensitivity(adj. 遲鈍的；圓頭的；不鋒利的)astute：keenly discerning; shrew(adj. 機(jī)敏的；狡猾的，詭計(jì)多端的)e.g. an astute observationmanifest：plainly apparent; obvious; evident(n.載貨單，貨單；旅客名單vt.證明，表明；顯示adj.

37、顯然的，明顯的；明白的vi.顯示,出現(xiàn))therein：in that particular point or respect; in that matter(adv. 在其中；在那里)to submit：to put forward as an opinion or proposition; to propose(vi. 提交；服從vt. 使服從；主張；呈遞)Para 8to acquiesce：to consent or agree silently; to comply passively(vi. 默許；勉強(qiáng)同意)e.g. They acquiesced to our proposal.

38、To drift：( n. 漂流，漂移；趨勢；漂流物vi. 漂流，漂移；漂泊vt. 使漂流；使受風(fēng)吹積)1) to be moved, driven, or borne along by or as by currents of water or air;2) to be carried along by the force of circumstances; move aimlessly and without any particular goal or purposee.g. Many young couples drift into parenthood.To espouse：(vt.

39、 支持；嫁娶；贊成；信奉)1) to (agree to) marry; 2) to take up, or adopt, as a cause; to advocate; to supporte.g. to espouse living outdoorsTo stretch：(n. 伸展，延伸vt. 伸展,張開adj. 可伸縮的vi. 伸展)1) to extend; hold out; put forth; e.g. to stretch ones legs/arms2) to extend beyond the proper, natural or legitimate limits;

40、e.g. to stretch a point in the argument；to stretch the rulese.g. You stretch the truth.e.g. Sometimes I like to play some songs in class. However, calling what I do music therapy is really stretching it.3) to use or exert to the utmostto stretch oneself ：to try ones best(伸懶腰；伸展身體;盡最大的努力)perchance：(a

41、rchaic) by chance; possibly; perhaps(adv. 偶然；可能)to alleviate：to make easier to bear; relieve; lessen ( vt. 減輕，緩和)e.g. to alleviate painUnit 4 Whose Self Is It, Anyway?Title pageto transgress：to go beyond(vt.違反;侵犯;犯罪vi.違反;違法;越界)injunction：a command or official order to do or not to do something(n. 管理

42、 禁令；命令；勸告)Para 1-2to embark on：to begin or set out, as on a venture or course of action(從事，著手；登上船)e.g. to embark (up)on a dangerous undertakingodds：probability; chances(n. 幾率；勝算；不平等；差別)to get hold of：(here) to learn about(把握；抓??；得到)agony：great pain, suffering, or anguish of mind or body(n. 苦惱；極大的痛苦；臨

43、死的掙扎)Para 3-4against all the odds：in spite of (all) the difficulties that would usually make sth impossible(盡管有極大的困難；盡管極為不利)e.g. It also forged the public image of Nobel prize winners as lone scientists wrenching secrets from Nature against terrible odds.e.g. Against all the odds, the boy in the “bu

44、bble” lived to the age of 12.elixir：a cure-all(n. 不老長壽藥；萬能藥)contemporaneous：belonging to or occurring during the same period of time(adj. 同時(shí)期的；同時(shí)代的，同時(shí)發(fā)生的)Para 5-6demented：mad; deranged(adj. 發(fā)狂的，瘋狂的；精神錯(cuò)亂的v. 精神錯(cuò)亂；變得癡呆（dement的過去分詞）)to taint：(n. 污點(diǎn)；感染vt. 污染；腐蝕；使感染vi. 敗壞；被污染)1) to touch or affect with so

45、mething that blemishes, spoils or sulliese.g. His reputation was tainted by scandal.e.g. Many AIDS patients get the disease from tainted blood. 2) to corrupt or weaken morallye.g. He was tainted by association with criminals. to garner：to gather; accumulate; reap(n. 谷倉vt. 獲得；儲存；把儲入谷倉)debut：first pub

46、lic appearance, as of a performer on stage(n. 初次登臺；開張vi. 初次登臺)cookie-cutter：a policeman or anyone who is supposed to be strong but isnt; weakling(千篇一律的：看起來是大量制造的；在外觀上一樣的)ginger-bread：cheap and showy(姜面包;華而不實(shí)的東西;廉價(jià)和引人矚目的)preordained：appointed beforehand; predestined(v. 預(yù)先注定；預(yù)定（preordain的過去式和過去分詞）adj.

47、 注定的；天命的)The ethical implications of cloning balance on a fine line. = The ethical implications of cloning are very subtle. Para 7fervent：having or showing great warmth or intensity of feeling; ardent(adj. 熱心的；強(qiáng)烈的；熾熱的；熱烈的)brouhaha：disorderly noise or activity(n.（法）吵鬧；騷動)to foment：to promote the grow

48、 of; incite(vt. 煽動；挑起；熱敷)potent brew：strong combination(強(qiáng)有力的釀造)sobering：not drunk; serious; solemn; rational; sensible(adj. 使清醒的；使冷靜的；嚴(yán)重的vt. 使清醒（sober的ing形式）)to preface：to start; introduce in a stated way(n. 前言；引語vt. 為加序言；以開始vi. 作序)Para 8glamorous：full of charm or alluring beauty(adj. 迷人的，富有魅力的)husb

49、andry：farming; agriculture(n. 飼養(yǎng)；務(wù)農(nóng)，耕種；家政)to conjecture：to form an opinion not based on definite proof; guess(n. 推測；猜想vt. 推測vi. 推測；揣摩)quiescent：in a state of inactivity(adj. 靜止的；不活動的；沉寂的)to give rise to：cause; originate; (here) produce(使發(fā)生，引起)ewe：female sheep(母羊)Para 10tentative：made, done, or propo

50、sed as a trial or experiment; not definite or final; provisional(n. 假設(shè)，試驗(yàn)adj. 試驗(yàn)性的，暫定的；躊躇的)e.g. a tentative plan/answer/agreement/solutiontrajectory：a curved path; (here) course or direction(n. 物 軌道，軌線；航軍 彈道)vulnerable：capable of being physically or emotionally wounded; open to criticism(adj. 易受攻擊的，

51、易受的攻擊；易受傷害的；有弱點(diǎn)的)contingency：event or occurrence that is dependent on an uncertain condition or occurrence(n. 偶然性;意外事故;可能性;意外開支)leaving aside：without considering(除了; 不考慮)Para 11mitochondrial：of or pertaining to mitochondria（線粒體的）cytoplasm：the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus (細(xì)胞

52、質(zhì))to accord：to grant, give, or concede(n. 符合；一致；協(xié)議；自愿vt. 使一致；給予vi. 符合；一致)e.g. He was accorded the praise due him.Para 12gestation：(n. 醞釀；懷孕；妊娠期)1) period from conception to birth during which the unborn young are carried in the uterus; pregnancy2) development or conception in the mind, as of a proje

53、ct, plan, or ideaPara 13intrauterine：within the uterus(adj. 子宮內(nèi)的)megalomaniac：person with mental disorder characterized by delusion of greatness, power, or wealth(adj.夸大狂的n.夸大狂患者;妄自尊大的人)intimation：act of making known indirectly, hinting or implying(n. 暗示；告知；諷示)to apply：(vi. 申請；涂，敷；適用；請求vt. 申請；涂，敷；應(yīng)用

54、)1) to make a request; ask (with for)e.g. to apply for a loan/job/position/scholarship2) to have relevance or reference; be suitable; fite.g. That principle doesnt apply here.e.g. This rule does not apply to you.Para 14mentor：wise and trusted counselor (n. 指導(dǎo)者，良師益友)Para 16to doom：to destine, esp.；to

55、 an adverse or terrible fate (n. 厄運(yùn)；死亡；判決；世界末日vt. 注定；判決；使失敗)to perpetuate：to preserve in fact or existence forever (vt. 使不朽；保持adj. 長存的)e.g. History perpetuates the deeds of our forefathers.amenable：modifiable or revisable (adj. 有責(zé)任的，應(yīng)服從的；有義務(wù)的；經(jīng)得起檢驗(yàn)的)manipulation：act of trying to influence, adapt, or

56、 manage to ones own advantage; act of changing, falsifying, or tampering with for ones own profit (n. 操縱；操作；處理；篡改)Para 17bewitching：charming; fascinating; enchanting (adj.迷人的;使人著迷的;使銷魂的v.施魔法于;使陶醉；使著迷（bewitch的ing形式）)Para 18But the chances are that= But it is very likely that. (但很有可能)attributes：charac

57、teristics (n. 屬性（attribute的復(fù)數(shù)）v. 認(rèn)為屬于；把歸咎于；確定產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間（attribute的第三人稱單數(shù)）)tangible：(n. 有形資產(chǎn)adj. 有形的；切實(shí)的；可觸摸的)1) capable of being touched; perceptible by touch2) capable of being measured or appraised for value3) capable of being grasped by the mind; definite; reale.g. tangible proofsubtle：(adj. 微妙的；精細(xì)的；敏感的；狡猾的；稀薄的)1) having a faint, del