地理英語詞匯

1、中文英文地理學(xué)統(tǒng)一地理學(xué)普通地理學(xué)系統(tǒng)地理學(xué)區(qū)域地理學(xué)理論地理學(xué)應(yīng)用地理學(xué)元地理學(xué)地文學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)古地理學(xué)地理學(xué)體系地理環(huán)境geographyunified geographygeneral geographysystematic geographyregional geographytheoretical geographyapplied geographymetageographyphysiographychorographypaleogeogpraphygeographical systemgeographical environment01 地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué) 總總 論論中文英文地理因子地理

2、過程地理分布地理界線地理綜合地理考察綜合考察區(qū)域分析區(qū)域分異生存空間生存承載能力環(huán)境決定論災(zāi)變論地球地球表面geographical factorsgeographical processgeographical distributiongeographical boundarygeographical synthesisgeographical surveyintegrated surveyregional analysisregional differentiationliving spacelife-carrying capacityenvironmental determinismca

3、tastrophe theoryearthearth surface中文英文地球表層地理系統(tǒng)地理圈景觀圈巖石圈水圈大氣圈土壤圈生物圈地圈智能圈技術(shù)圈北半球南半球地球體epigeospheregeosystemgeographical spherelandscape spherelithospherehydrosphereatmospherepedospherebiospheregeospherenoonspheretechnospherenorthern hemispheresouthern hemispheregeoid中文英文地理緯度地理經(jīng)度北極南極極圈北回歸線南回歸線赤道時區(qū)日界線極晝極

4、夜洲大陸洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic CircleTropic of CancerTropic of Capricornequatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar nightcontinentoceansea中文英文內(nèi)陸地理單元區(qū)劃帶地帶區(qū)域地區(qū)小區(qū)inlandgeographical unitregionalizationbeltzoneregionareadistrict中文英文自然地理學(xué)綜合自然地理學(xué)普通自然地理學(xué)自然綜合體地域自然綜合體自然地理過程自然生產(chǎn)潛力進展因素殘留因素三維地帶性水平地

5、帶垂直地帶地帶性physical geographyintegrated physical geographygeneral physical geographynatural complexterritorial natural complexphysical geographic processnatural potential productivityprogressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonalityhorizontal zonevertical zonezonality02 自自 然然 地地 理學(xué)理學(xué)中文英文非地帶性水平地帶性垂

6、直地帶性地方性坡向陽坡陰坡山體效應(yīng)綜合自然區(qū)劃雪帶亞雪帶高山亞高山山地azonalityhorizontal zonalityvertical zonalitylocalityexposureadret, sunny slopeubac, shady slopeMassenerhebungseffekt(德） ,integrated physicogeographicalregionalizationnival beltsubnival beltalpinesubalpinemountains中文英文荒漠荒漠化沙漠巖漠礫漠泥漠鹽漠戈壁綠洲景觀學(xué)景觀相自然景觀土地desertdesertific

7、ationsandy desertrocky desertgravel desertargillaceous desertsalt desertgobioasislandscape sciencelandscapefaciesnatural landscapeland中文英文土地系統(tǒng)土地分類土地類型土地單元土地要素土地刻面刻面聯(lián)合體土地屬性生態(tài)地理學(xué)地生態(tài)學(xué)景觀生態(tài)學(xué)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)平衡生態(tài)區(qū)域生態(tài)小區(qū)land systemland classificationland type land unitland elementland facetfacet combinationterrain cha

8、racteristicsecogeographygeoecologylandscape ecologyecosystemecological balanceecoregionecodistict中文英文生態(tài)地段生態(tài)區(qū)生態(tài)點自然資源可再生資源非可再生資源災(zāi)害地理學(xué)自然災(zāi)害ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resourcesrenewable resourcesnonrenewable resourceshazard geographynatural hazard中文英文地貌學(xué)地貌地貌年代學(xué)地貌成因地貌形成作用氣候地貌學(xué)動力地貌學(xué)地貌量計學(xué)人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵ge

9、omorphologylandformgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis, landform genesislandform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhill 03 03 地地 貌貌 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文山山脈嶺峰山麓半島島嶼群島海峽地峽海拔（高度）相對高度山嘴盆地山間盆地mountainmountain range, mountain chainrange, r

10、idgepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislandarchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude, height above sea levelrelative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin中文英文山間盆地山峰崖山麓平原高原峽谷谷溝谷沖溝山形山志階地臺地洼地坡地intermountain basinmountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorography

11、terracetableland, platformdepressionslope中文英文坡度基巖地貌過程侵蝕作用雨滴侵蝕剝蝕作用刻蝕溶蝕沖刷片蝕溯源侵蝕下切侵蝕側(cè)向侵slope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosionlateral erosion中文英文掏蝕侵蝕基準面總侵蝕基準面局部侵蝕基準

12、面裂點沉積作用堆積作用堆積物加積作用沉積相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌組合正地貌undercuttingbase level of erosiongeneral base levellocal base levelknick pointsedimentation, depositiondeposition, accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentary faciesgeneration of landformslandforms seriesbase levellandform assemblagepositive landform中文英文負地貌正常地貌倒

13、置地貌地貌倒置刻蝕地貌夷平作用夷平面準平面剝蝕面山麓侵蝕面山麓侵蝕平面山頂面侵蝕循環(huán)回春作用negative landformnormal landforminverted landforminversion of landformerosional landformplanation surfacepeneplaindenudation sufaceerosion surfacepedimentpediplainsummit planeerosion cyclerejuvenation中文英文相關(guān)沉積地殼均衡新構(gòu)造運動構(gòu)造地貌學(xué)丹霞地貌構(gòu)造高原構(gòu)造階地單面山方山豬背脊線形現(xiàn)象斷層崖斷層線崖斷

14、層三角面correlated sedimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology“Danxia” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta(西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facet中文英文斷層谷斷塊山火山火山作用風(fēng)化作用物理風(fēng)化作用化學(xué)風(fēng)化作用生物風(fēng)化作用機械風(fēng)化作用差異風(fēng)化作用風(fēng)化層殘積土殘積物殘積層風(fēng)化殼tria

15、ngular facetfault valleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiological weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumeluviumweathered crust中文英文正殘積風(fēng)化殼碎屑型風(fēng)化殼硅鋁粘土型風(fēng)化殼硅鋁碳酸鹽型風(fēng)化殼硅鋁氧化物硫酸鹽風(fēng)化殼硅鋁鐵質(zhì)和富鋁型風(fēng)化殼剝落頁狀剝落塊狀崩落結(jié)殼作用塊狀崩落結(jié)殼作用鹽屑堆鹽屑錐orthoeluv

16、ial weathered crustclastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crustsiallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crustexfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone中文英文山麓堆積坡積物坡水堆積

17、物土體蠕動滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流巖崩流水地貌學(xué)流水地貌沖積物沖積層沖積錐沖積扇talusslope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphologyfluvial landformalluvium，alluvial depositalluviumalluvial conealluvial fan中文英文洪積物洪積層洪積扇河床河漫灘匯水區(qū)流域分水嶺辮狀河曲流天然堤濱河床沙壩凸岸壩牛軛湖離堆山proluvium，proluvial depositpro

18、luviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershedbraided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar，sand barpoint barox-bow lakemeander core，meander spur中文英文河流階地河流襲奪河流錯位河流偏移風(fēng)口縱谷橫谷風(fēng)蝕吹蝕沙丘新月形沙丘流動沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘縱向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver defl

19、ectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune，wandering dunefixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal dune中文英文橫向沙丘拋物線沙丘蜂窩狀沙丘沙垅風(fēng)棱石風(fēng)蝕脊沙暴風(fēng)蝕坑風(fēng)蝕洼地干鹽湖基巖扇島山漠漆巖漆漠蓋層transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones，ventifactyardan

20、gsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavement中文英文黃土黃土地貌黃土塬黃土梁黃土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯特地貌學(xué)咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蝕谷溶蝕盆落水洞溶溝loessloess landform“yuan”，loess tableland“l(fā)iang”，loess ridge“mao”，loess hillbadland karstkarst geomorphologykarst landformkarstificationdolinepoljeu

21、valasinkholekarren中文英文干谷豎井潛蝕作用洞穴堆積咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴學(xué)假咯斯特類咯斯特泉華沉積石灰華海岸濱海岸地貌學(xué)dry valleyshaft underground erosioncave depositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinaclesspeleologypseudokarstparakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology中文英文海蝕作用海蝕龕海蝕洞海蝕臺海蝕崖海蝕柱岬角巖灘潮灘潮汐通道潮溝舄湖三角洲河口灣海灘marine erosionwav

22、e-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel， tidal inlettidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach中文英文灘脊灘脊型潮灘灘脊型潮灘平原沙嘴障壁壩濱外壩尖形灘尖形壩連島壩陸連島沿濱泥沙流海岸階地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁beach ridgechenierchenier plainsand spitbarrieroff-shore barcuspate forelandtuspate bartombolotombol

23、o islandlongshore driftcoastal terrace，marine terraceeustatic movementcoral reeffringing reef中文英文堡礁環(huán)礁大陸架大陸坡洋盆海隆海嶺平頂海山海溝海淵barrier reefatollcontinental shelfcontinental slopeoceanic basinriseoceanic ridgeguyottrenchabyssal deep中文英文氣候?qū)W氣候氣候資源太陽輻射反照射積溫?zé)o霜期降水蒸發(fā)干燥度熱水平衡風(fēng)向風(fēng)速氣候災(zāi)害climatologyclimateclimate resou

24、rcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage，climatic hazard04 04 氣氣 候候 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文旱災(zāi)水災(zāi)風(fēng)災(zāi)雹災(zāi)濕害熱害凍害冷害氣候分類氣候區(qū)劃氣候帶氣候區(qū)氣候型赤道帶熱帶drought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezin

25、g damagecold damageclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone中文英文亞熱帶溫帶寒帶濕潤氣候干燥氣候熱帶雨林氣候薩瓦納氣候森林氣候草原氣候荒漠氣候苔原氣候極地氣候高原氣候山地氣候大陸度subtropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climatesavanna clim

26、ateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climatemountain climatecontinentality中文英文大陸性氣候海洋性氣候地中海氣候地形氣候?qū)W區(qū)域氣候地方氣候小氣候氣候系統(tǒng)行星風(fēng)系信風(fēng)季風(fēng)梅雨臺風(fēng)寒潮海陸風(fēng)continental climatemaritime climateMediterranean climatetopoclimatologyregional climatelocal climatemicroclimateclimatic system

27、planetary wind systemtrade wind，tradesmonsoonMeiyu,，plum raintyphooncold wavesea-land breeze中文英文山谷風(fēng)干熱風(fēng)焚風(fēng)雨影氣候變遷古氣候歷史氣候年輪氣候?qū)W物候?qū)W自然歷城市氣候城市熱島氣候志mountain-valley breezedry-hot windfoehn rain shadowclimatic changepalaeoclimatehistorical climatedendroclimatologyphenologynatural calendarurban climateurban hea

28、t islandclimatography中文英文水文地理學(xué)水文學(xué)水體水團河流學(xué)水利學(xué)水利經(jīng)濟學(xué)水化學(xué)森林水文學(xué)都市水文學(xué)水文物理學(xué)古水文學(xué)土壤水文學(xué)hydrogeographyhydrologywater bodywater masspotamologyhydraulicshydroeconomicshydrochemistryforest hydrologyurban hydrologyhydrophysicspalaeohydrologypedohydrology05 05 水水 文文 地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文水文情勢水文過程水文測驗流域形態(tài)流域分水線河道坡降河道等級閉合盆地河網(wǎng)密度總蒸

29、發(fā)水平衡陸面蒸發(fā)水面蒸發(fā)分岔系數(shù)河源hydrological regimehydrological processhydrometrywatershed morphologybasin dividechannel gradientchannel orderclosed basindrainage densityevapotranspirationwater budget，water balanceland evaporationwater surface evaporationfork factorheadwaters中文英文水道網(wǎng)支流過程線流量過程線分割瀑布水平降水水循環(huán)水量交換徑流徑流系數(shù)

30、年正常徑流量基流河床變形河流補給暴發(fā)洪水hydrographic nettributaryhydrographseparation of hydrographwaterfallhorizontal precipitationwater cyclewater exchangerunoffrunoff coefficientannual normal runoffbase flowriver bed deformationriver feedingflash flood中文英文洪水流水過程層間流壤中流河流數(shù)目定律疊加定律流量坡面流洪峰流量產(chǎn)流匯流產(chǎn)沙率退水曲線徑流模數(shù)產(chǎn)水量floodfluvial

31、 processesinteraquifer flowinterflowlaw of stream numberslaw of superpositiondischargeoverland flowpeak dischargerunoff generationflow concentrationrate of sediment productionrecession curverunoff moduluswater yield中文英文懸移質(zhì)泥沙運動產(chǎn)沙量水位洪水位警戒水位水土流失水土保持澇暴雨徑流輸沙能力徑流變率地下水文學(xué)承壓地下水水力傳導(dǎo)度suspended loadsediment mov

32、ementsediment yieldwater stageflood levelwarning stagewater and soil losswater and soil conservationwaterloggingstorm flowtransportability of sedimentsvariability of runoffgroundwater hydrologyconfined groundwaterhydraulic conductivity中文英文入滲土壤水含水層自流水盆地深層地下水裂隙水地下水位礦泉地下河飽和帶湖沼學(xué)湖泊水文學(xué)湖流水質(zhì)湖泊富營養(yǎng)化infiltrati

33、onsoil water aquiferartesian basindeep phreatic waterfissured waterwater tablemineral springunderground riversaturation zonelimnologylake hydrologylake currentwater qualitylake eutrophication中文英文人工湖鹽湖咸水湖淡水湖構(gòu)造湖層結(jié)湖季節(jié)性湖泊火山湖高山湖游移湖熱湖微咸湖干涸湖完全混和湖湖盆man-made lakesalt lakesalt-water lakefresh water laketecton

34、ic lake，structural lake stratified lake seasonal lake volcanic lakealpine lakewandering lake warm lakebrackish-water lake extinct lake holomixed lake lake circulation中文英文湖水環(huán)流湖泊蓄水量冰川補給積雪水文學(xué)融雪水文學(xué)融雪徑流有潮河口無潮海波浪侵蝕地下水庫水資源供水水能lake circulationlake storagealimentation of glacieralimentation of glaciersnow hy

35、drologysnow runofftidal estuarytideless seawave erosiongroundwater reservoirwater resourcesWater supplyhydropower中文英文生物地理學(xué)生物分布學(xué)生物分布分布區(qū)分布區(qū)中心分布區(qū)間斷分布區(qū)型擴散中心殘遺種區(qū)種群生物群生物地理群落生境biogeographychorologybiochoresarealareak centerareal disjunctionareal typedispersal centerrefugiumpopulationbiotabiogeocoenosishabi

36、tat06 06 生生 物物 地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文小生境群落生境植物地理學(xué)植物區(qū)系生活型生活型譜水生植物濕生植物中生植物旱生植物指示植物指示群落植被植物群落群叢niche，microhabitatbiotopephytogeographyfloralife formlife form spectrumhydrophytehygrophytemesophytexerophyteindicator plantindicator communityvegetationplant communityassociation中文英文群系植被型頂級群落演替針葉林泰加林落葉林常綠闊葉林硬葉林照葉林季風(fēng)雨林

37、雨林紅樹林苔原森林草原formationvegetation typeclimaxsuccessionconiferous foresttaigadeciduous forestevergreen broad-leaved forestsclerophyllous forestlaurel forestmonsoon forestrainforestmangrovetundraforest steppe中文英文草原高草草原薩瓦納普那高原草甸高山矮曲林森林上限樹線動物地理學(xué)動物區(qū)系地理阻障動物傳布華萊士線動物群落泛北極steppeprairiesavannapunameadowalpine kr

38、ummholzupper forest limittimberlinezoogeographyfaunageographical barrierssynzoochorywallaces lineanimal communityHolarctic中文英文古北界新北界舊熱帶界新熱帶界東洋界 澳洲界PalaearcticNeoarcticPalaeotropicNeotropicOrientalAustralasian中文英文土壤地理學(xué)土被土鏈土壤組合土壤復(fù)區(qū)土壤氣候土壤資源土壤退化土壤侵蝕古土壤森林土壤草原土壤荒漠土壤pedogeographysoil mantlesoil catenasoil

39、associationsoil complexsoil climatesoil resourcessoil degradationsoil erosionpaleosoilforest soildesert soildesert soil07 土土 壤壤 地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文高山土壤幼年土壤成熟土壤頂級土壤灰化土棕壤褐土黃壤紅壤磚紅壤黑鈣土栗鈣土棕鈣土 灰漠土棕漠土high mountain soilyoung soilmature soilclimax soilpodzolic soilbrown earthcinnamon soilyellow earthred earthlateri

40、techernozemchestnut soilbrown soilgray desert soilbrown desert soil中文英文鹽土堿土solonchaksolonertz中文英文化學(xué)地理學(xué)景觀地球化學(xué)地球化學(xué)景觀自成景觀從屬景觀殘積景觀水上景觀水下景觀chemical geographylandscape geochemistrygeochemical landscapeautonomic landscapeauxiliary landscapeeluvial landscapesuperaqual landscapesubaqual landscape08 08 化化 學(xué)學(xué)

41、地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文水成景觀單元景觀生源景觀非生源景觀大氣遷移水遷移生物遷移機械遷移化學(xué)遷移標型元素標型化合物標型離子化學(xué)剝蝕aqueous landscape，aqual landscapeelementary landscapebiogenic landscapeabiogenic landscapeaerial migrationaqueous migrationbiological migrationmechanical migrationchemical migration，physico-chemical migrationtypomorphic elementtypomorp

42、hic compoundtypomorphic ionchemical denudation中文英文醫(yī)學(xué)地理學(xué)地方病自然疫源地高山病克山病大骨節(jié)病medical geographyendemic diseasenatural epidemic focusmountain sicknessKeshan diseaseKaschin-Beck disease 09 09 醫(yī)醫(yī) 學(xué)學(xué) 地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文環(huán)境地理學(xué)環(huán)境地球化學(xué)自然環(huán)境社會環(huán)境區(qū)域環(huán)境海洋環(huán)境環(huán)境系統(tǒng)環(huán)境結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境要素環(huán)境演化環(huán)境背景值環(huán)境異常環(huán)境自凈environmental geographyenvironmental geoc

43、hemistrynatural environmentsocial environmentregional environmentmarine environmentenvironmental system environmental structureenvironmental elementenvironmental evolutionenvironmental background valueenvironmental abnormalityenvironmental self-purification10 10 環(huán)環(huán) 境境 地地 理理 學(xué)學(xué)中文英文環(huán)境容量景觀損害環(huán)境退化環(huán)境效應(yīng)環(huán)境污

44、染大氣污染水污染土壤污染海洋污染環(huán)境經(jīng)濟環(huán)境管理環(huán)境標準environmental capacitylandscape damageenvironmental degradationenvironmental effectenvironmental pollutionatmospheric pollutionwater pollutionsoil pollutionmarine pollutionenvironmental economyenvironmental managementenvironmental standard中文英文環(huán)境質(zhì)量環(huán)境質(zhì)量參數(shù)環(huán)境質(zhì)量指數(shù)環(huán)境質(zhì)量評價環(huán)境影響評價環(huán)

45、境質(zhì)量綜合評價環(huán)境保護環(huán)境規(guī)劃環(huán)境區(qū)劃環(huán)境設(shè)計自然保護自然保護區(qū)自然資源保護生物資源保護environmental qualityenvironmental quality parameterenvironmental quality indexenvironmental quality evaluationenvironmental impact assessmentenvironmental quality comprehensive evaluationenvironmental protectionenvironmental planningenvironmental regional

46、izationenvironmental designconservation of naturenature reserveconservation of natural resourcesliving resources conservation中文英文水資源保護國家公園地面沉降公害公害病水悮病痛痛病protection of water resourcesnational parkland subsidencepublic nuisancepublic nuisance diseaseminamata diseaseitai-itai disease中文英文冰川學(xué)積雪粒雪粒雪化作用粒雪盆

47、雪線吹雪雪崩雪蝕陸冰冰山冰川冰蓋glaciologysnow coverfirnfirnificationfirn basinsnow linesnow driftavalanchenivationland iceicebergglacierice sheet11 冰川學(xué)冰川學(xué)中文英文冰原冰川化冰川作用冰川物質(zhì)平衡消融區(qū)積累區(qū)冰川隙冰川地質(zhì)學(xué)角峰冰斗U形谷鼓丘羊背石冰擦痕冰川河流ice fieldglacierizationglaciationglacier mass-balanceablation areaaccumulation areacrevasseglacial geologyhor

48、ncirqueU-shape valleydrumlinroche moutonneeglacial striaglacial stream中文英文冰下河道漂礫紋泥海洋性冰川大陸性冰川極地冰川山岳冰川冰斗冰川懸冰川冰川變化冰川退縮冰期小冰期新冰期冰期后subglacial channelbouldervarvemaritime glaciercontinental glacierpolar glaciermountain glaciercirque glacierhanging glacierglacial fluctuationdeglaciationice agelittle ice ag

49、eneoglaciationpost-glacial中文英文間冰期冷圈冷圈學(xué)interglacial periodcryospherecryology中文英文凍土學(xué)凍土融土季節(jié)凍土多年凍土高山凍土凍土動力學(xué)凍土退化凍土進化geocryology,cryopedologyfrozen groundmelted soilseasonal frozen groundpermafrostalpine permafrostpermafrost dynamicspermafrost degradationpermafrost aggradation12 凍土學(xué)凍土學(xué)中文英文富冰凍土凍結(jié)層中水凍土相分析凍融

50、循環(huán)凍結(jié)指數(shù)融化指數(shù)零點幕成冰作用冰膠結(jié)冰分凝地下水冰透鏡體冰含量凍脹凍脹力ice permafrostinterpermafrost waterpermafrost phase-analysesfreeze-thaw cyclesfreezing indexthawing indexzero curtainice formationcement icesegregated iceground iceice lensice contentfrost heavingfrost heaving force中文英文冰緣寒凍風(fēng)化熱喀斯特?zé)峥λ固睾浄瓭{periglacialcryogenic wea

51、thering, frost weatheringthermokarstthermokarst lakeice wedgefrost boil中文英文沼澤學(xué)沼澤鹽沼草甸沼澤苔蘚沼澤蘆葦沼澤mire sciencemire, swampsalt marshmeadow marshsedge marsh,reed marsh, phragmites marsh13 沼澤學(xué)沼澤學(xué)中文英文蘚類沼澤顫沼林地沼澤紅樹林沼澤海濱沼澤灘地沼澤階地沼澤平原沼澤高山沼澤山地沼澤沼澤形成過程沼澤水文沼澤植物低位沼澤中位沼澤mass bogquaking mire, floating mireforest marsh

52、mangrove swampcoastal marshfluvial marshterrace marshplain marshplateau marshmountain mire, upland miremire formation processmire hydrology, peatland hydrologymire plantfentransitional mire中文英文高位沼澤富營養(yǎng)沼澤中營養(yǎng)化沼澤貧營養(yǎng)化沼澤沼澤化沼澤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)沼澤率泥炭濕地raised bogeutrophic miremesotrophic mireoligotrophic bogpaludification

53、mire ecosystemmire areapeatwetland中文英文人文地理學(xué)人類地理學(xué)人種地理學(xué)human geographyanthropogeographygeography of race14人文地理學(xué)人文地理學(xué)中文英文人口地理學(xué)民族地理學(xué)民族志聚落地理學(xué)城市地理學(xué)鄉(xiāng)村地理學(xué)社會地理學(xué)文化地理學(xué)行為地理學(xué)感應(yīng)地理學(xué)政治地理學(xué)行政地理學(xué)軍事地理學(xué)選舉地理學(xué)犯罪地理學(xué)population geography, ethnic geographyethnographysettlement geographyurban geographyrural geographysocial geo

54、graphycultural geographybehavioural geographyperception geographypolitical geographyadministrative geographymilitary geographyelectral geographygeography of crime中文英文激進地理學(xué)人本主義地理學(xué)福利地理學(xué)旅游地理學(xué)游憩地理學(xué)閑暇地理學(xué)宗教地理學(xué)語言地理學(xué)地緣政治學(xué)人類生態(tài)學(xué)聚落城市鎮(zhèn)城市化城市化區(qū)域radical geographyhumanistic geographywelfare geographygeography of to

55、urismgeography of recreationgeography of leisuregeography of religionlinguistic geographygeopoliticshuman ecologysettlementcitytownurbanizationurbanized area中文英文逆城市化城市連綿區(qū)城市集群大都市圈大都市市區(qū)城市等級系列城市體系城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)標準化大都市統(tǒng)計區(qū)都市集聚城市輻集郊區(qū)化城市引力引力模式斷裂點counter urbanizationmegalopolitan regionmegalopolismetropolitan region

56、metropolitan areaurban hierarchyurban systemcity ecological systemstandard metropolitan statistical areaurban agglomerationcity agglomerationsuburbanizationcity attractiongravity modelbreak point中文英文潛能模式城市場樞紐區(qū)樞紐城市蔓生中心城市田園城市綠帶城市分散城市首位城市首位度要沖城市母城衛(wèi)星城臥城potential modelurban fieldnodal regionnodal pointur

57、ban sprawlcenter citygarden citygreen belt citydispersed cityprimate cityprimacy ratiogateway citymother citysatellite towndormitory town中文英文城市形態(tài)城市邊緣同心圓地帶論扇形論多核心論核心-邊緣論郊區(qū)城鄉(xiāng)交錯帶鄉(xiāng)村規(guī)劃農(nóng)業(yè)村鎮(zhèn)城市化村地域系統(tǒng)區(qū)域系統(tǒng)建成區(qū)城市衰落區(qū)urban morphologyurban fringeconcentric zone theorysector theorymultiple nuclei theorycore-periphe

58、ry theorysuburbrural-urban fringerural planningagricultural townurbanize villageareal systemregional systembuilt-up areadeclined urban area中文英文城市生長極市中心通勤帶聚落類型氏族聚落短期聚落礦業(yè)聚落棚戶區(qū)貧民區(qū)社區(qū)街坊鄰里隔坨區(qū)城市更新城市再開發(fā)urban growth polecity centercommute zonesettlement patternclan settlementcamp settlementmining settlements

59、quatter settlementslumcommunityblockneighbourhoodghettourban renewalurban redevelopment中文英文城市人口鄉(xiāng)村人口人口平衡閥限人口人口壓力人口組成人口總出生率人口總死亡率人口零增長人口結(jié)構(gòu)年齡性別金字塔人口密度流動人口勞動力勞動市場urban populationrural populationpopulation balancethreshold populationpopulation pressurepopulation compositioncrude birth ratecrude death rat

60、ezero population growthpopulation structureage-sex pyramidpopulation densityfloating populationwork force, labour forcelabour market中文英文就業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)人地關(guān)系文化區(qū)文化邊界文化匯合文化景觀擴展擴散遷移擴散刺激擴散傳染擴散等級擴散等距原則距離衰減原則空間相互作用行為環(huán)境structure of employmentman-land relationshipcultural regioncultural boundarycultural conwergencecultu