當代研究生英語讀寫教程(下)課件 U2_Text A

1、Reading and Writing外語教學與研究出版社Book OneUnit 2外語教學與研究出版社Book One AIDS IN THE THIRD WORLDAIDS IN THE THIRD WORLDA GLOBAL DISASTER A GLOBAL DISASTER Harare Pietermaritzburg 外語教學與研究出版社The Third WorldnThe term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either N

2、ATO, or the Communist Bloc. The United States, Western European nations and their allies represented the First World, while the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies represented the Second World. Book One外語教學與研究出版社nThis terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Eart

3、h into three groups based on social, political, cultural and economic divisions. nThe Third World was normally seen to include many countries with colonial pasts in Africa, Latin America, Oceania and Asia. It was also sometimes taken as synonymous with countries in the Non-Aligned Movement.nIn the d

4、ependency theory of thinkers like Raul Prebisch, Walter Rodney, Theotonio dos Santos, and Andre Gunder Frank, the Third World has also been connected to the world economic division as periphery (邊緣) countries in the world system that is dominated by the core countries.Book One外語教學與研究出版社nOver the las

5、t few decades since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the term Third World has been used interchangeably with the least developed countries, the Global South, and developing countries to describe poorer countries that have struggled to attain steady economic development, a te

6、rm that often includes Second World countries like Laos. This usage, however, has become less preferred in recent years. (source: /wiki/Third_World)Book One外語教學與研究出版社Book One外語教學與研究出版社Book OneThis article mainly deals with the spread of AIDS virus in the third world countries,

7、 the sufferings people there are afflicted with, the obstacles they meet in their fighting against AIDS, and the possibilities for them to win in the fighting.外語教學與研究出版社Book One Para. 10-11 Para. 1-9 Para. 13-20Main idea: Main idea: Main idea:The situation that developing countries face in AIDS prob

8、lem:approximate numbers of victims, worst infected areas, and the disaster it causes. The cost of AIDS:for a country as the whole and for a family. How to fight the virus:3 successful stories with the call that the third world should take this task as priority. Para. 12Main idea: Obstacle to prevent

9、ion:due to peoples concept, or the unfavorable economic and political situation.外語教學與研究出版社Book OneText StudyText Study外語教學與研究出版社Book OneSentence AnalysisSentence Analysis外語教學與研究出版社Practice:Translate the following sentences.1.1.聲勢浩大的群眾運動使得美國、日本及西歐國家，艾滋聲勢浩大的群眾運動使得美國、日本及西歐國家，艾滋病感染人數(shù)維持在相對較低的水平。病感染人數(shù)維持在相

10、對較低的水平。 2.2.每年死于每年死于HIVHIV病毒的人數(shù)超過威脅性日益增長的瘧疾，病毒的人數(shù)超過威脅性日益增長的瘧疾，并且無法估計何時會達到頂峰。并且無法估計何時會達到頂峰。 3.3.現(xiàn)在還無法預測這種傳染病的發(fā)展趨勢?，F(xiàn)在還無法預測這種傳染病的發(fā)展趨勢。 4.4.在生活條件較好的發(fā)展中國家，人們可以依賴較多的存在生活條件較好的發(fā)展中國家，人們可以依賴較多的存款來支付醫(yī)療費?？顏碇Ц夺t(yī)療費。 5.5.泰國政府認為沒有必有像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走旅行泰國政府認為沒有必有像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走旅行者而淡化者而淡化HIVHIV傳播的嚴重性。傳播的嚴重性。 6.6.因此他給予許多非政府組織自主

11、權(quán)。因此他給予許多非政府組織自主權(quán)。 Book One外語教學與研究出版社Book One1. (Para. 1, Line 2-3) Loud public-awareness campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. campaign: an operation or series of operations energetically pursued to accomplish a purpose 運動; 計劃loud pub

12、lic-awareness campaigns: large-scale operations that aim at arousing peoples full awareness of AIDS disease 聲勢浩大的艾滋病宣傳運動relatively: in a relative manner; in comparison with something else 相對地；相對地 譯文：譯文：聲勢浩大的群眾運動使得美國、日本及西歐國家，艾滋病感染人數(shù)維聲勢浩大的群眾運動使得美國、日本及西歐國家，艾滋病感染人數(shù)維持在相對較低的水平。持在相對較低的水平。 外語教學與研究出版社Book On

13、e2. (Para. 3, Line 4-5) It now claims many more lives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. claim: to take in a violent manner as if by right 索取，奪走malaria: 瘧疾menace: a possible danger; a threat 威脅peak: the point of greatest development 頂峰 譯文：譯文：每年死于每年死于HIVHIV病

14、毒的人數(shù)超過威脅性日益增長的瘧疾，并且無法估計何病毒的人數(shù)超過威脅性日益增長的瘧疾，并且無法估計何時會達到頂峰。時會達到頂峰。 外語教學與研究出版社Book One3. (Para. 8, Line 1-2) .for nowhere has the epidemic run its course. epidemic: an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely 流行；傳染病run/take its course: develop in the usual way; proceed to the usu

15、al end 順其自然地發(fā)展譯文：譯文：現(xiàn)在還無法預測這種傳染病的發(fā)展趨勢?，F(xiàn)在還無法預測這種傳染病的發(fā)展趨勢。 外語教學與研究出版社Book One4. (Para. 10, Line 3-4) In better-off developing countries, people have more savings to fall back on when they need to pay medical bills . better-off：having more moneyfall back on sb./sth.: go to sb.for support or have sth.to

16、 use when in difficulty 依賴于，求助于 譯文：譯文：在生活條件較好的發(fā)展中國家，人們可以依賴較多的存款來支付醫(yī)療費。在生活條件較好的發(fā)展中國家，人們可以依賴較多的存款來支付醫(yī)療費。 外語教學與研究出版社Book One5. (Para. 16, Line 2-3) There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. play sth. down: try to make sth. appear less impor

17、tant than it isscare off: cause sb. to go away by frightening him 把嚇跑 譯文：譯文： 泰國政府認為沒有必有像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走旅行者而淡化泰國政府認為沒有必有像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走旅行者而淡化HIVHIV傳傳播的嚴重性。播的嚴重性。 外語教學與研究出版社Book One6. (Para. 18, Line 4-5) .so he gave free rein to scores of non-governmental organizations (NGOS). give free/full rein to sb./sth

18、.: give complete freedom of action or expression to sb./sth. 不加約束；不加限制 scores of: many 譯文：譯文： 因此他給予許多非政府組織自主權(quán)。因此他給予許多非政府組織自主權(quán)。 外語教學與研究出版社Book OneLanguage PointsLanguage Points外語教學與研究出版社Practice1. The frost has _ my potatoes. 我的馬鈴薯被霜凍枯萎了。2. The strike _ the factory.罷工使工廠陷于癱瘓。3. He was _by the rude re

19、mark. 他被粗魯?shù)难哉摂嚮枇祟^。4.We are in _ need of help. 我們迫切需要幫助。5. we are not _ to the influences around us. 我們不能不受周圍環(huán)境的影響。 6. Her family was _ by a fire. 她的家庭因一場火一貧如洗。 7. One cannot _ oneself altogether to such malicious criticism. 誰也不能總是忍受這種惡意批評。8.Computer viruses often _. 計算機病毒經(jīng)常發(fā)生變異。Book Oneblightedcripp

20、leddevastateddireimmuneimpoverishedinuremutate外語教學與研究出版社Book Oneblight v. spoil or ruin 毀壞e.g. Her life was blighted by an unhappy marriage. 她的一生被不幸的婚姻所毀。 v. to cause (a plant, for example) to undergo sudden conspicuous wilting and dying of affected parts, especially young, growing tissues 使枯萎e.g. T

21、he dry spell blighted the crops. 干旱導致農(nóng)作物枯萎。外語教學與研究出版社Book One v. make unable to walk or move properly; weaken, or damage 致殘；削弱e.g. The traffic was entirely crippled for the day. 這一天交通完全癱瘓。 v. to cause to lose the use of a limb or limbs 使成跛子;使殘廢e.g. The accident crippled him for life. 這一事故使他終身殘廢。 n.

22、one that is partially disabled or unable to use a limb or limbs 跛子 cripple 外語教學與研究出版社Book One v. destroy completely 毀滅；破壞e.g. The earthquake devastated a large part of the city. 地震毀壞了大半個城市。 to overwhelm; confound 使垮掉；壓倒e.g. The teachers criticism devastated him. 老師的批評弄得他一蹶不振。devastate 外語教學與研究出版社Book

23、 Onedire dar adj. Warning of or having dreadful or terrible consequences 可悲的, 可怕的e.g. dire warnings 可怕的預兆 dire threats 嚴重威脅 a dire economic forecast 緊急經(jīng)濟預報urgent; desperate 極度的；緊迫的e.g. dire poverty 極端貧困 外語教學與研究出版社Book One adj. that can not be harmed by a disease or an illness 免疫的e.g. be immune to fl

24、u 對流感有免疫力adj. not subject to an obligation imposed on other 豁免的，免除的e.g. Nobody is immune from criticism. 誰都難免受批評。adj. not affected by a given influence; unresponsive 不受影響的；沒有反應的：e.g. immune to persuasion 不能被說服的 immune 外語教學與研究出版社Book One vt. make sb./sth. poor 使貧窮e.g. They are impoverished by heavy t

25、axes. 苛捐雜稅使他們一貧如洗。 vt. to deprive of natural richness or strength 使貧瘠；耗盡的力氣：e.g. Bad farming impoverished good soil. 耕作不善會使沃土貧瘠。 He musical experience is impoverished. 他的音樂活動已呈枯竭。 impoverish 外語教學與研究出版社Book Oneinure njr v. make sb. able to tolerate sth. unpleasant so that one is hardly affected by it

26、 any more 鍛煉；使習慣（特指經(jīng)過較長時間的適應而習慣于曾經(jīng)厭煩的東西） e.g. to inure oneself to hardships 使自己習慣于艱苦生活 They are inured to cold and hunger. 他們習慣于挨餓受凍。常用結(jié)構(gòu)常用結(jié)構(gòu) be inured to do sth.外語教學與研究出版社Book One mutate mju:tet v. change or make sth. change in form or structure 使改變；使變異e.g. Some viruses mutate very fast. 有些病毒突變十分快速

27、。 organisms that mutate into new forms 變成新種的生物 外語教學與研究出版社Book OneUseful ExpressionsUseful Expressions外語教學與研究出版社Book OnePractice 1.Formal negotiations _. 正式談判正在進行。2.At least we can _ candles if the electricity fails. 停電時我們至少可以使用蠟燭. 3. The whole nation _. 舉國上下一致行動。4. The company is trying to _ their i

28、nvolvement in the affair. 該公司極力淡化與該事的瓜葛。5.At first he decided to let the mild illness _. 剛開始他任這個小病聽其自然。are under wayfall back on acted in concertplay down run its course外語教學與研究出版社Book Onebe under way (of a ship) starting on a voyage 航海在航行中e.g. The ship was under way. 船正在航行。 (of any project or acting

29、) in progress 項目或活動在進行中e.g. Preparation for a big celebration were under way. 盛大慶典正在準備中。 The movement is fully under way. 運動已經(jīng)全面展開。外語教學與研究出版社Book Onefall back on Move backwards, falling onto sth 仰倒在上e.g. The tired traveler fell back on the bed and at once fell asleep. 疲倦的旅客仰倒在床上，很快就睡著了。 Use (sth) wh

30、en nothing better is available, have recourse to （在沒有更好辦法時）求助于，轉(zhuǎn)而依靠e.g. At least we can fall back on candles if the electricity fails. 停電時我們至少可以使用蠟燭. At least you have your mother to fall back on. 至少你可以依靠你的母親。 go back to 回過來再談,重提e.g. Lets fall back on the topic again. 讓我們再談一談這個問題。 外語教學與研究出版社Book One

31、in concert withWorking together; in agreement 一齊；一致e.g. I am in concert with his view. 我和他意見一致。 They did not act in concert with one another. 他們的行動不協(xié)調(diào)。外語教學與研究出版社Book Oneplay downtry to make sth appear less serious or less important than it actually is 設法對某事輕描淡寫，降低其重要性e.g. He tried to play down my pa

32、rt in the work and play up his own. 他極力貶低我在這工作中的作用,而拼命抬高他自己的份量。 They tried to play down their defeat. 他們設法把他們的失敗說得輕微一些。 外語教學與研究出版社Book Oneterminate its normal period 正常的時間終了 e.g. The year ran its course. 到了年底了。 This flowering had run its course. 這種好時光到了頭。develop naturally, start in its normal proces

33、s 順其自然地發(fā)展，按照正常程序進行e.g. Things must run their course. 事物必定按照其自然規(guī)律發(fā)展。 Let nature take its course. 順其自然。 run/take its course外語教學與研究出版社Book One1 In rich countries AIDS is no longer a death sentence. Expensive drugs keep HIV-positive patients alive and healthy, perhaps indefinitely. Loud public-awareness

34、 campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. The sense of crisis is past.2 In developing countries, by contrast, the disease is spreading like nerve gas in a gentle breeze. The poor cannot afford to spend $10,000 a year on wonder pills. Mill

35、ions of Africans are dying. In the longer term, even greater numbers of Asians are at risk. For many poor countries, there is no greater or more immediate threat to public health and economic growth. Yet few political leaders treat it as a priority.3 Since HIV was first identified in the 1970s, over

36、 47 million people have been infected, of whom 14 million have died. Last year saw the biggest annual death toll yet: 2.5 million. The disease Para. 1-3Audio外語教學與研究出版社Book OnePara. 3-4 now ranks fourth among the worlds big killers, after respiratory infections, diarrhea disorders and tuberculosis. I

37、t now claims many more lives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. If India and other Asian countries do not take it seriously, the number of infections could reach “a new order of magnitude”, says Peter Piot, head of the UNs AIDS programme.4 The human immunod

38、eficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is thought to have crossed from chimpanzees to humans in the late 1940s or early 1950s in Congo. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congos dense and sparsely populated jungles but, once it did, it marche

39、d with rebel armies through the continents numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s. As American homosexuals and drug infectors started to wake up to the dan

40、gers of bath-houses and needle-sharing, AIDS was already devastating Africa. 外語教學與研究出版社Book OnePara. 5-75 So far, the worst-hit areas are east and southern Africa. In Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, between a fifth and a quarter of people aged 15-49 are afflicted with HIV or AIDS. In Bots

41、wana, children born early in the next decade will have a life expectancy of 40; without AIDS it would have been near 70. Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%. At the remaining 23 sites, 20-50% of women were infec

42、ted. About a third of these women will pass the virus on to their babies.6 The regions giant, South Africa, was largely protected by its isolation from the rest of the world during the apartheid years. Now it is host to one in ten of the worlds new infectionsmore than any other country. In the count

43、rys most populous province, KwaZulu-Natal, perhaps a third of sexually active adults are HIV-positive.7 Asia is the next disaster-in-waiting. Already, 7 million Asians are infected. Indias 930 million people look increasingly vulnerable. The Indian countryside, which most people imagined relatively

44、AIDS-free, 外語教學與研究出版社Book OnePara. 7-8 turns out not to be. A recent study in Tamil Nadu found over 2% of rural people to be HIV-positive: 500,000 people in one of Indias smallest states. Since 10% had other sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), the avenue for further infections is clearly open. A s

45、urvey of female STD patients in Poona, in Maharashtra, found that over 90% had never had sex with anyone but their husband; and yet 13.6% had HIV.8 No one knows what AIDS will do to poor countries economies, for nowhere has the epidemic . An optimistic assessment, by Alan Whiteside of the University

46、 of Natal, suggests that the effect of AIDS on measurable GDP will be slight. Even at high prevalence, Mr. Whiteside thinks it will slow growth by no more than 0.6% a year. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, whe

47、re there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced. 外語教學與研究出版社Book OnePara. 9-10 9 Other researchers are more pessimistic. AIDS takes longer to kill than did the plague, so the cost of caring for the sick will be more crippling. Modern governments, unlike medieval one

48、s, tax the healthy to help look after the ailing, so the burden will fall on everyone. And AIDS, because it is sexually transmitted, tends to hit the most energetic and productive members of society. A recent study in Namibia estimated that AIDS cost the country almost 8% of GNP in 1996. Another ana

49、lysis predicts that Kenyas GDP will be 14.5% smaller in 2005 than it would have been without AIDS, and that income per person will be 10% lower. The cost of the disease10 In general, the more advanced the economy, the worse it will be affected by a large number of AIDS deaths. South Africa, with its

50、 advanced industries, already suffers a shortage of skilled manpower, and cannot afford to lose more. In better-off developing countries, people have more savings to when they need to pay medical bills. Where people have health and life外語教學與研究出版社Book One insurance, those industries will be hit by bi

51、gger claims. Insurers protect themselves by charging more or refusing policies to HIV-positive customers. In Zimbabwe, life-insurance premiums quadrupled in two years because of AIDS. Higher premiums force more people to seek treatment in public hospitals: in South Africa, HIV and AIDS could account

52、 for between 35% and 84% of public-health expenditure by 2005, according to one projection.11 At a macro level, the impact of AIDS is felt gradually. But at a household level, the blow is sudden and catastrophic. When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his i

53、ncome vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him. Daughters are often forced to drop out of school to help. Worse, HIV tends not to strike just one member of a family. Husbands give it to wives, mothers to babies.Para. 10-11外語教學與研究出版社Book One Obstacles to prevention12 The

54、best hope for halting the epidemic is a cheap vaccine. Efforts are under way, but a vaccine for a virus that mutates as rapidly as HIV will be hugely difficult and expensive to invent. For poor countries, the only practical course is to concentrate on prevention. But this, too, will be hard, for a p

55、lethora of reasons. Sex is fun. Many feel that condoms make it less so. Zimbabweans ask: “Would you eat a sweet with its wrapper on?”. and discussion of it is often taboo. In Kenya, Christian and Islamic groups have publicly burned anti-AIDS leaflets and condoms, as a protest against what they see a

56、s the encouragement of promiscuity.Poverty. Those who cannot afford television find other ways of passing the evening. People cannot afford antibiotics, so the untreated sores from STDS provide easy openings for HIV. Para. 12外語教學與研究出版社Book One Migrant labour. Since wages are much higher in South Afr

57、ica than in the surrounding region, outsiders flock in to find work. Migrant miners (including South Africans forced to live far from their homes) spend most of the year in single-sex dormitories surrounded by prostitutes. Living with a one-in-40 chance of being killed by a rockfall, they are inured

58、 to risk. When they go home, they often infect their wives.War. Refugees, whether from genocide in Rwanda or state persecution in Myanmar, spread HIV as they flee. Soldiers, with their regular pay and disdain for risk, are more likely than civilians to contract HIV from prostitutes. When they go to

59、war, they infect others. In Africa the problem is dire. In Congo, where no fewer than seven armies are embroiled, the government has accused Ugandan troops (which are helping the Congolese rebels) of deliberately spreading AIDS. Unlikely, but with estimated HIV prevalence in the seven armies ranging

60、 from 50% for the Angolans to an incredible 80% for the Zimbabweans, the effect is much the same. Para. 12外語教學與研究出版社Book OneSexism. In most poor countries, it is hard for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom. Wives who insist risk being beaten up. Rape is common, especially where wars rage. Fo