分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義英語(yǔ)論文

1、XXXX大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）任務(wù)書(shū)編 號(hào)：論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目： 分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義 學(xué)院： XXX學(xué)院 專業(yè)： XXXX 班級(jí)： XXX級(jí)XXXX 學(xué)生： XXX 學(xué)號(hào)： XXXXXX 指導(dǎo)教師：XXXX 職稱： XXX 1、 論文（設(shè)計(jì)）研究目標(biāo)與主要任務(wù)本論文的研究目標(biāo)是分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義。其主要任務(wù)是通過(guò)分析文中三個(gè)主要人物對(duì)虛無(wú)的認(rèn)識(shí)與態(tài)度總結(jié)出海明威對(duì)虛無(wú)世界的探索和態(tài)度。2、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要容 本論文分為三章，第一章介紹年輕侍者的成長(zhǎng)背景與其對(duì)虛無(wú)的態(tài)度，第二章介紹老人的人生經(jīng)歷與對(duì)虛無(wú)的逃避，最后一章介紹年長(zhǎng)使者對(duì)人生中虛無(wú)的洞察以

2、與他的積極態(tài)度。3、論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的基礎(chǔ)條件與研究路線 本論文的基礎(chǔ)條件是國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)海明威與一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中虛無(wú)主義的研究成果。 研究路線是通過(guò)分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中三個(gè)主要人物對(duì)人生中虛無(wú)的認(rèn)識(shí)與態(tài)度，反映出海明威對(duì)虛無(wú)主義的認(rèn)識(shí)與態(tài)度。4、主要參考文獻(xiàn)Carlos, Baker. Hemingway: the Writer as an Artist. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1972.Chang Yaoxin. A Survey of American Literature. : 南開(kāi)大學(xué).Nietzsche, Friedric

3、h. The Will To Power. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011.白鳳欣、梅、姬生雷、正栓. Best Short Stories of The world. 河北教育.華田，盧敏，燦.厄斯特海明威作品導(dǎo)讀，大學(xué)，2007。5、計(jì)劃進(jìn)度階段起止日期1確定初步論文題目3月16日前2與導(dǎo)師見(jiàn)面，確定大致圍，填開(kāi)題報(bào)告和任務(wù)書(shū)，導(dǎo)師簽字3月23日前3提交論文提綱3月30日前4交初稿和文獻(xiàn)綜述4月20日前5交終稿和評(píng)議書(shū)5月8日前指 導(dǎo) 教師：年月日教研室主任：年月XXXX大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū)XXX學(xué)院 XXXX 專業(yè) XXXX

4、屆學(xué)生XXX論文（設(shè)計(jì)）題目分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義指導(dǎo)教師XXX專業(yè)職稱 XXX所屬教研室翻譯系研究方向 英美文學(xué)和翻譯課題論證：分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義方案設(shè)計(jì)：第一章介紹年輕侍者的成長(zhǎng)背景與其對(duì)虛無(wú)的態(tài)度，第二章介紹老人的人生經(jīng)歷與對(duì)虛無(wú)的逃避， 第三章年長(zhǎng)使者對(duì)人生中虛無(wú)的洞察以與他的積極態(tài)度。進(jìn)度計(jì)劃：3月16日前確定初步論文題目 3月23日前寫(xiě)開(kāi)題報(bào)告、任務(wù)書(shū)3月30日前提交論文提綱4月20日前提交初稿和文獻(xiàn)綜述5月8日前交終稿和評(píng)議書(shū)指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)：指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日教研室意見(jiàn)：教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日XXXX大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）評(píng)

5、議書(shū)姓 名XXX學(xué)院XXX學(xué)院專業(yè)XXXX年級(jí)（班）XX級(jí)英語(yǔ)XX班論文題目分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義完成時(shí)間XXXX/5/8論文容摘要 厄斯特海明威是美國(guó)最偉大的現(xiàn)代作家之一，也是一名短篇小說(shuō)大師。他生活的年代正值舊的西方文化傳統(tǒng)覆滅，除了信仰缺失和道德淪喪，什么也沒(méi)有留下。海明威自己參加過(guò)多次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，也經(jīng)歷過(guò)家庭悲劇（他父親的自殺）。“海明威的世界極其混亂，毫無(wú)意義，生存在這個(gè)世界的人孤獨(dú)地與一種他自己也無(wú)法理解的巨大力量抗?fàn)帯?。而虛無(wú)主義也一直是海明威作品的主題。 本論文旨在分析一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義。這是一篇典型的以虛無(wú)主義（生命的空虛）為主題的短篇小說(shuō)。文中共出現(xiàn)

6、了六個(gè)人物，其中三個(gè)是主要的，即老人和兩個(gè)侍者。他們都生活在虛無(wú)之中，但是他們面對(duì)生活中巨大的虛無(wú)的態(tài)度卻各不一樣。年輕侍者人生閱歷尚淺，年輕又天真。他意識(shí)不到自己生活在虛無(wú)之中。老人已經(jīng)八十多歲，經(jīng)歷過(guò)人生的起伏后，認(rèn)識(shí)到在混亂的世界中生命毫無(wú)意義。為了逃避虛無(wú)，他先是自殺，后又每天喝得酩酊大醉。但是即便醉了，他也依然保持著做人的尊嚴(yán)。老侍者也生活在虛無(wú)之中。他深刻地理解虛無(wú)并與之抗?fàn)?。他還主動(dòng)為那些有需要的人提供一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方。通過(guò)對(duì)三種不同的面對(duì)虛無(wú)的態(tài)度的分析，我們可以很清楚地看到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)對(duì)人們身心的雙重傷害，并探究海明威在人生的困難和絕望面前采取怎樣的態(tài)度。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ) 年

7、 月日指導(dǎo)教師職稱初評(píng)成績(jī)答辯小組職稱教研室組長(zhǎng)成員答辯記錄：記錄人簽字：年月日答辯小組意見(jiàn)：組長(zhǎng)簽字：年月日學(xué)院意見(jiàn)：評(píng)定成績(jī)：簽章年月日XXXX大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文獻(xiàn)綜述Literature ReviewNihilism, coming from the Latin word nihil, or nothing, can be understood in several different levels, such as political nihilism, ethical nihilism, and existential nihilism. What is commonly

8、used and understood of nihilism today is the sense of existential nihilism, which argues that life is meaningless, without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Under such circumstances, existence itself, like actions, sufferings and feelings, is senseless and empty. Suicide is sometimes e

9、ncouraged. Nihilism is first used by Friedrich H. Jacobi to negatively characterize transcendental idealism. Then Ivan Turgenev popularized it in his novel Fathers and Sons to describe the crude scientism espoused by his character Bazarov who preaches a creed of total negation. Friedrich Nietzsche i

10、s most frequently associated with nihilism. He perceives that there is no objective order or structure in the world except what we give it. He wrote in his Will to Power that “the highest values devalue themselves. The aim is lacking and why finds no answer”. Convinced of Nietzsches analysis, Oswald

11、 Spengler studied several cultures and confirmed that patterns of nihilism were indeed a conspicuous feature of collapsing civilizations. Existential Nihilism thinks that all the things around us is nihilistic except what we can perceive with our sensual organs, that is what we experienced is the re

12、al and exists. Existential nihilism has been part of the Western Intellectual tradition from the beginning. Nihilism has also been reflected the literary works.Based on this theory and his notion and understandings of the world, Hemingway wrote many stories that create a series of nada heroes. A Cle

13、an, Well-lighted Place is his prime work concerning nihilism. Earnest Hemingway has long been regarded as one of the greatest writers in twentieth century. He is a master of short stories, to which he has contributed a lot and he was awarded Nobel Prize for his contribution to the creation of modern

14、 fiction. He insisted on writing with the “true staff”, which is things and people he knows. Some of his early works established him as one of the world famous writers. And his writings, language and style have a great influence on those of his age and those of the following years.Many writers and r

15、esearchers have done a great deal of studies on both Hemingway and his works. Some papers and books are about Hemingways life experience, such his childhood, youth, middle age, his experience in wars and his fathers suicide. Hemingway himself has also written about his feelings and understandings ab

16、out wars, human life and the world. His war experiences had a lifelong influence on him and war was his main theme of his writings. Henry Louis Gates believes that Hemingways style was fundamentally shaped “in reaction to (his) experience of world war”. The Sun Also Rises, Farewell to Arms, and For

17、Whom the Bell Tolls are all about wars, in which Hemingway made clear about his anti-war ideas. His works painted the image and revealed the spiritual desolation of the after-war generation, the “Lost Generation”.Mao Jianfang, a professor in ZhejiangUniversity, had a study about nihilism in A Clean,

18、 Well-lighted Place. He analyzed the interior world of the characters, especially the old man in the story. He believes that the old man is alone and lonely. Living in a chaotic world, the deaf old man realized his life was meaningless and tried t escape from the great nothingness in life. The autho

19、r Mao thinks that in an economic-broken society, one needs a clean and well lighted place to place his soul. People in that decade found it hard to hold on to a belief after the claim of the death of God. Hemingway regarded loneliness and nothingness as the tragedy of modern world. He believes that

20、in a world full of nada light and order are the keys to establish mans dignity, which is the courage to live and to fight against the terrible spiritual crisis.Others study Hemingways Iceberg Technique in writing this story. Hemingway once said in his work Death in the Afternoon that “If a writer of

21、 prose knows enough about what his works is about, he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail

22、 of a character or action”. In the story, Hemingway mainly described the three characters: the old man and the two waiters. The story mainly unfolds by the conversations between the two waiters. Hemingway used simple and condensed words to indicate his sharp observations and contemplations on the me

23、aning of life and intrinsic value of living. Some researches focus on the use of contrast and symbolism in the story. The café, the light and the darkness in the street, the two waiters and the old man, all contrast with each other and have symbolic meanings of themselves. All the methods and t

24、echniques serve the theme of the story: nada.This thesis will analyze nihilism from the three main characters life experiences and their understandings of themselves and attitudes towards life. In the chaotic society, the three characters have different experiences in their lives. Thus, they hold di

25、fferent views towards nada. The younger waiter is young and naïve and he has a superficial understanding of the world and himself. He cant realize that he lives in the great nada. The old man has gone through an eventful life and he knows about all human joys and sorrows. He knows he lives in n

26、ada, but he has no means to reconcile himself to it. So he first kills himself and then kills time in the café to escape from nada. The older waiter has some experience and relates the old man as his future. He deeply understands nada and fights against it bravely. He sort of speaks Hemingways

27、attitude towards nada, or hardships and frustrations in life. Through the three characters, to explore Hemingways ideas of nihilism and his attitude towards it.本科生畢業(yè)論文題目： 分析海明威一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義 XXX 指導(dǎo)教師： XXX 所在學(xué)院： XXX學(xué)院 專業(yè)（系）： XXXX 班級(jí)（屆）： XXXX屆 完成日期 XXXX 年 5 月 8 日33 / 51Analysis of Nihilism in A Clean

28、, Well-lighted Place by Earnest HemingwayBYXXX XXXX, TutorA Thesis Submitted to Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishAt XXXXUniversityMay 8th, XXXX摘要 厄斯特海明威是美國(guó)最偉大的現(xiàn)代作家之一，也是一名短篇小說(shuō)大師。他生活的年代正值舊的西方文化傳統(tǒng)覆滅，除了信仰缺失和道德淪喪，什么也沒(méi)

29、有留下。海明威自己參加過(guò)多次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，也經(jīng)歷過(guò)家庭悲劇（他父親的自殺）?！昂Ｃ魍氖澜鐦O其混亂，毫無(wú)意義，生存在這個(gè)世界的人孤獨(dú)地與一種他自己也無(wú)法理解的巨大力量抗?fàn)帯薄６摕o(wú)主義也一直是海明威作品的主題。 本論文旨在分析一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方中的虛無(wú)主義。這是一篇典型的以虛無(wú)主義（生命的空虛）為主題的短篇小說(shuō)。文中共出現(xiàn)了六個(gè)人物，其中三個(gè)是主要的，即老人和兩個(gè)侍者。他們都生活在虛無(wú)之中，但是他們面對(duì)生活中巨大的虛無(wú)的態(tài)度卻各不一樣。年輕侍者人生閱歷尚淺，年輕又天真。他意識(shí)不到自己生活在虛無(wú)之中。老人已經(jīng)八十多歲，經(jīng)歷過(guò)人生的起伏后，認(rèn)識(shí)到在混亂的世界中生命毫無(wú)意義。為了逃避虛無(wú)，他先是自殺，后又每

30、天喝得酩酊大醉。但是即便醉了，他也依然保持著做人的尊嚴(yán)。老侍者也生活在虛無(wú)之中。他深刻地理解虛無(wú)并與之抗?fàn)?。他還主動(dòng)為那些有需要的人提供一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方。 通過(guò)對(duì)三種不同的面對(duì)虛無(wú)的態(tài)度的分析，我們可以很清楚地看到戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)對(duì)人們身心的雙重傷害，并探究海明威在人生的困難和絕望面前采取怎樣的態(tài)度。關(guān)鍵詞：海明威，一個(gè)干凈明亮的地方，虛無(wú)主義Abstract Earnest Hemingway is one of the most famous modern American writers and also is a master of short fictions. He lives i

31、n a period when all the old traditions are smashed and nothing left but a loss of faith and morality. He had sufficient experiences of wars and has gone through family tragedy (his fathers suicide). “Hemingways world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitary stru

32、ggle against a force he does not even understand”.1 And nihilism has always been the theme of Hemingways works.This thesis aims at analyzing the thought of nihilism in A Clean, Well-lighted Place. It is a typical story dealing with nada, the nothingness of life. There are six people that appeared in

33、 the story. While only three of them are important: the old man and two waiters. They all live in nada, but they react differently in face of the great nada in life. The younger waiter, who has little experience in life, is young and naive. He cant realize the nothingness of his life. The old man, w

34、ho has experienced a lot in his more than eighty years of life, knows that his life is meaningless in this chaotic world. He tries to escape from it by first killing himself and then getting drunk every night. But he tried his best to keep dignity even when he is drunk. The older waiter lives in nad

35、a, too. He has a deep understanding of the great nada of life and tries his best to fight against it and he is willing to help others by providing a clean and well lighted place. Through the analysis of three main characters different attitudes towards nada, it is clear to us how great the influence

36、 of war and economic depression is on both peoples body and mind and what kind of attitude Hemingway holds when confronted with hardships and despair in life.Key Words: Hemingway, A Clean, Well-lighted Place, NihilismTable of ContentsIntroduction.1Chapter I Analysis of The Younger Waiters Nihilism.6

37、 A The Background of The Younger Waiters Growing.6 B The Younger Waiters Attitude Towards Nada.8 Chapter II Analysis of Nihilism of the Old Man.11 A The Eventful Life of the Old Man .11B The Old Mans Attitude towards Nada .14Chapter III Analysis of the Older Waiters Nihilism .18 A The Older Waiters

38、Understandings of Nada .18 B The Active Attitude of the Older Waiter towards Nada .20Conclusion.23Notes.25Bibliography .27IntroductionEarnest Hemingway has been regarded as one of the most famous modern American writers for a long time. Most of his works concern on themes of love, war, wilderness an

39、d loss and reflect the social conditions of the early decades of the 20th century on both physical and spiritual level. He wrote many works that reveal the spiritual conditions of that generation who lost their faith and belief. Therefore, people regard him as the spokesman of the “Lost Generation”.

40、 A Clean, Well-lighted Place is one of his best short stories, which tells about a world full of nada and peoples searching for the meaning of living. A Clean, Well-lighted Place is a short story written by the modern American author Earnest Hemingway and has long been regarded as his prime novel. I

41、t is first published in Scribners Magazine in 1933 and collected in Hemingways 1933 collection Winner Take Nothing.A Clean, Well-lighted Place is one of the most extraordinary short stories which were written in Hemingways early times. The story takes place in a Spanish cafe. It is very late in the

42、night. There is nobody left in the cafe except two waiters and an old deaf man, who is a regular customer that likes to stay late. From the two waiters conversation, we know that the old man is lonely and desperate, and he committed suicide last week but was rescued by his niece. Then he kills time

43、by getting drunk every night in this clean, well-lighted cafe. The younger waiter, who is eager to get home to his wife, complains over the old mans overstay and impatiently kicks the old man out by cheating him that the cafe is closing. The older waiter understands the old mans feelings and relates

44、 himself to the old man as his future. He is sympathetic and friendly to the old man, wanting to offer the old man a place to escape from the chaotic world. He penetrates the upsetting nothingness in life and chooses to face it bravely and actively. His “toughness” is sort of “grace under pressure”,

45、 thus he is one of the Hemingway code heroes.This story is short, simple but it vividly shows the great influence that wars have on people. Whats more, the economic crisis started in 1929 disillusioned the blindly optimistic Americans and shattered the American Dream. People in the 1930s are kind of

46、 mentally waste. T. S. Elliot wrote a novel calledWasteLand that reveals the spiritual crisis of the postwar decades. Through the story, Hemingway evokes an atmosphere of despair and loneliness almost wholly by dialogue and interior monologue. A Clean, Well-lighted Place is a typical Hemingway story

47、 written by his famous “Iceberg Technique”. Hemingway wrote this story not to teach people a lesson, but to show his attitude towards loneliness and hardship, towards frustration and desperation in life.Earnest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois on July 21, 1889. He was the second of the six c

48、hildren in the family. His father was a physician, who often took Hemingway on his trips of fishing and hunting. As a boy, Hemingway loved football, boxing and reading. After he graduated from high school, he worked as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star. In 1917, he volunteered and was recruite

49、d as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross and went to Europe. In 1918 he was severely wounded in Italy. This wound had a lifelong influence on him. Then, he participated in the Spanish Civil War, the Second World War. During the WWII, he was accompanied with heavy alcohol, diseases and dep

50、ression. His fathers suicide also has a lifelong influence on him. All his childhood and war experiences provide sufficient materials for his later writing and the wars become the theme of his writing. As a great novelist, short story writer, an essayist and a journalist, he wrote many a novel which

51、 creates lots of Hemingway Heroes with “grace under pressure” and “despairing courage”. His works described the image of a whole generation, generally known as the Lost Generation. He was the spokesman of the “Lost Generation”. He was awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 for “his powerful styl

52、e-forming mastery of the art” in the creation of modern fiction. In his later years, he behaved oddly and looked older than his age. He ended his life with a gunshot in 1961, which symbolized that an era had come to an end.Most of Hemingways books are based on his life experiences or people that he

53、knows. Sometimes, even Hemingway himself cant tell what he imagined from what was real. The Sun Also Rises is among his first important novels. Jake Barnes, the protagonist, was wounded and left sexually impotent during the war. He finds himself living in a world where “all is vanity and vexation of

54、 spirit”. His physical impotence is a symbol of the spiritual impotence of modern man. Then his next important novel is A Farewell to Arms, in which Lieutenant Henry quited the war and went back to his wife, Catherine, with the hope to live a happy life. But his wife died in childbirth. This novel reflected the mood of the after war generation and brought Hemingway international fame. Other books, such as Death in the Afternoon, Green Hills of Africa, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea, and so on, reflected the