高考英語閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上高考英語閱讀理解推理判斷題的解題技巧推理判斷題這類題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的設(shè)題。它包括判斷和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即對原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜

2、合。常見的題干有：1) It can be inferred from the text that.2) We can conclude that.3) When the writer talks about., what he really means is that.4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?判斷題考查學(xué)生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對不同觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評價(jià)和判斷的能力。推理題考查學(xué)生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力。1) 判斷有據(jù), 推論有理, 忠實(shí)原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。2) 全面分

3、析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論。3) 善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接選取文中的原句。例1： Annealing Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping (浸) it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle-

4、that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as it is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool

5、slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other material, such as glass.（1990NMET）Why do people put hot metal in water?A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. D. To make it brittle.分析答案為A，此題屬推斷歸納題。文中第二句說如果把金屬加熱，然后迅速放到水里冷卻，也就會(huì)變得非常硬，但也變得脆。hard 是工藝的主觀目的。brittle是伴隨

6、的客觀結(jié)果，故選A而不選D。B項(xiàng)明顯錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)是手段不是目的，因此，都可排除。In annealing, the required hardness of metal depends on _. A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of the metalC. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation分析答案為D,此題屬概括歸納題。timing 是時(shí)間的選擇。本答案的依據(jù)是5和6兩句，The metal is heated,length of time.,The

7、 longerthe softer it becomes.cool 的時(shí)間是可以控制的，時(shí)間越長越 soft,即硬度就越低。由此我們可得出結(jié)論：在退火過程中，金屬的硬度是受到冷卻的時(shí)間長短影響的。As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly. B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly. D. It can

8、 be cooled and then heated quickly. 分析答案為C此題屬推理判斷題。文中提到metal。最后一句說退火工藝同樣可用于象玻璃一類的其他材料。文中我們已知annealing就是先heat后cool slowly。由此推斷C是正確的。例2：At one time, computers were expected largely to remove the need for paper copies of documents (文件) because they could be stored electronically. But for all the texts

9、that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the pr

10、inters start working overtime. I feel in my bones this revolution is causing more trees to be cut down, says Ted Smith of the Earth Village Organisation.Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as

11、one of its most promising new markets. Several Internet companies have been set upto help small businesses print quality documents from a computer. Earlier this week Hewlett-Packard Co. announced a plan to develop new technologies that will enable people to print even more so they can get a hard cop

12、y of a business document, a medical record or just a one-line e-mail, even if they are nowhere near a computer. As the company sees it, the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers.Does all this mean environmental concerns(環(huán)境問題) have been forgotten? Some activists suggest people have

13、 been led to believe that a lot of dangers to the environment have gone away. I guess people believe that the problem is taken care of, because of recycling(回收利用), said Kelly Quirke, director of the Rainforest Action Network in San Francisco. Yet Quirke is hopeful that high-tech may also prove helpf

14、ul. He says printers that print on both sides are growing in popularity. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.（2003年全國卷）The growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to_Athe rapid development of small businesse

15、s Bthe opening up of new marketsCthe printing of high quality copies Dthe increased use of the Internet分析本文話題為辦公用紙與環(huán)保，講述了計(jì)算機(jī)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展并沒有如人們先前所預(yù)料的那樣幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)無紙化辦公，相反地，隨著打印技術(shù)的發(fā)展，用紙量日益增大于是還得依靠科技，尋找雙面打印與開拓農(nóng)業(yè)廢料提供造紙?jiān)系瘸雎妨宋闹猩婕翱萍及l(fā)展、生產(chǎn)需求與環(huán)保之間的關(guān)系，內(nèi)涵十分深刻，平時(shí)“兩耳不聞窗外事”的人是很難一下讀明白的本題考查對于文中提供的事實(shí)與線索進(jìn)行邏輯推理的能力近年來紙張用量增加的原因何在?

16、第2段中做出解釋：It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-con-nected computers，when e-mail is introduced， the printers start working overtimeThe growing demand for paper看來正是a result of use of Internet-connected computers本題答案為D其余3個(gè)選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容雖然也都在短文不同地方有所涉及，但均非題干所問紙張用量增長的

17、直接原因，可逐一排除中，C項(xiàng)干擾性最大，第3段中所提及的Several Internet companies have been set up to help small businesses print quality documents from a computer 與選項(xiàng)C十分接近，因而對他們構(gòu)成迷惑，這是因?yàn)榭忌鷽]有能夠認(rèn)識到這一事實(shí)出現(xiàn)在本段中，只是為了說明how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself，然而the printing o

18、f high quality copies本身并非紙張需求增長的原因“閱讀理解”解題過程中，需要在通篇理解大意的基礎(chǔ)上找到與本題相關(guān)的線索，弄清各項(xiàng)事實(shí)之間的聯(lián)系，辨別選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容之間的細(xì)微差別，排除干擾，找準(zhǔn)最佳答案答案 DEnvironmentalists believe one possible way of dealing with the paper situation is_Ato encourage printing more quality documents Bto develop new printers using recycled paperCto find new mat

19、erials for making paper Dto plant more fast-growing trees分析本題問及環(huán)保人士(environmentalists)對于用紙所引起的環(huán)保問題的解決途徑所持看法結(jié)尾段中談到：The action group (= the environmentalists) has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood， such as agricultural waste，也就是本題選項(xiàng)中的C項(xiàng)to find new materials for making pap

20、er通過查讀可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)D在文中根本沒有涉及，選項(xiàng)B將文中細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容做了一點(diǎn)改變，形成干擾考慮B項(xiàng)，文中為：the problem is taken care of， because of recycling；printers that prin to on both sides are growing in popularity(結(jié)尾段)；兩處內(nèi)容綜合衍生而成選項(xiàng)B但并未說有使用recycled paper的new printers，本項(xiàng)應(yīng)排除D項(xiàng)所說的plant more fast-growing trees則在文中完全沒有提到答案 cHewlett-Packard Co has deci

21、ded to develop new technologies because _Apeople are concerned about the environment Bprinters in many offices are working overtimeCsmall companies need more hard copies Dthey see a growing market for printers分析題干中的HP Company(這家公司在打印機(jī)和電腦廠商里也可算是聞名遐邇了)是對我們尋找答案極為有用的線索，循此很快可以找到第3段里，該公司develop new techno

22、logies的原因(也是目的)在于：enable people to print even more本段結(jié)尾則一語道破：As the company sees it，the more use of the Internet the greater demand for printers顯然只是要讓人們更多地打印，牟利之心昭然若揭，其技術(shù)發(fā)展的原因與環(huán)保無關(guān)(排除A項(xiàng))；與超時(shí)辦公也無直接邏輯聯(lián)系(排除B項(xiàng))；對于hard copies有需求的也不僅僅是small companies(排除C項(xiàng))；本題正確答案為D例3：A visitor visits an island where two tr

23、ibes live. One tribe always tells the truth and the other always lies. The truth tellers live on the western side of the island, and those who lie live on the eastern side. The visitor wants to determine whether the native beside him is a truth teller or not by asking only one question. He asks the

24、native,” Go and ask the native in the distance which side of the island he lives on.” When the messenger returns, he says, He said he lives on the western side of the island.Is the messenger a truth teller or not? How can the visitor be sure?According to the messengers answer, the visitor can conclu

25、de that_A. The messenger lives on the western side of the island because he tells the truth.B. the messenger lives on the eastern side of the island because his answer may be a lie.C. its hard to determine whether the messenger is a truth teller or not.D. the messenger probably lives in the western

26、side of the island because his answer may be true. 分析推測有關(guān)信使（近處的當(dāng)?shù)厝耍┣闆r的。我們知道，講真話的部落住在島的西部，撒謊的部落住在島的東部。這個(gè)信使去問遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡趰u的哪一邊（東部還是西部）。遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝酥荒苡袃煞N情況，要么住在島的西部，要么住在島的東部。如果他住在島的西部，他就是一個(gè)講真話的人，他就會(huì)如實(shí)回答他住在西部。如果他住在島的東部，他就是一個(gè)撒謊的人。他本來住在東部，但在回答時(shí)，必須要說謊，他只能回答他住在西部。所以遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬还苁亲≡跂|部還是西部，他的回答只有一個(gè)：“我住在西部”。如果信使告訴參觀者遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡?/p>

27、西部，信使無疑是說了真話，那么信使一定是住在島的西部。反之，如果信使告訴參觀者遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝俗≡跂|部，那么信使就說了假話，信使肯定住在東部。故此題答案是A。The native in the distance says he lives on the western side of the island. According to his answer, which conclusion of the following is wrong?A. He may live on the eastern side of the island. B. He may live on the western

28、 side of the island.C. He may be telling the truth.D. He cant be telling the truth.分析推測遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝说那闆r。從短文提供的信息來看，我們無法判定遠(yuǎn)方的當(dāng)?shù)厝耸亲≡趰u的東部還是島的西部，兩種情況都是可能存在的。此題要注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語氣。A.“他可能住在島的西部”;B.“他可能住在島的東部”;C.“他可能講了真話”。上述A、B、C三種情況都是可能的。D.“他不可能講真話”，語氣太絕對。推測錯(cuò)誤。故答案為D。例4：When the young waitress near my house started saying

29、 hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,” Are you single? “Why, yes. I answered, smiling at her happily.“So is my mother. she said, “Would you like to meet her?The writer talked about t

30、he waitress age because he thought_.A. she was young B. it a pleasure to make friends with herC. she was beautiful D. it strange for her to fall in love with himThe waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A. she lived near his house B. he often went to visit her motherC. she wanted to b

31、e friendly with him D. she loved him very much分析這是兩道推測原因的題目。女服務(wù)員每天向作者示好，作者產(chǎn)生誤解，以為女孩對他有意。考慮到他們年齡相差懸殊，作者認(rèn)為女孩愛上他有點(diǎn)奇怪。故第題答案是D。女孩問作者是否單身，并提到她母親也是單身，并邀請他與她母親見面，可見，女孩每天向他問好，目的是想取得他的好感，進(jìn)而搓和他和她母親。第題答案是C。高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解專題指導(dǎo)（事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題）事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題所謂細(xì)節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when,

32、 where, why和how等提問或用與此相類似的詞填空。說明文和敘述文的思考題有相當(dāng)于部分是此類題）及語義轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論。）抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵，也是做好其它類型問題的基礎(chǔ)。這類題型的題干常為：1) When/Where did the story happen?2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?3) Which of the following statements is (not) mention

33、ed in the passage?4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?5) All the statements are true except.該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時(shí)使用的具體事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細(xì)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細(xì)節(jié)。做這類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對比，找出答案。弄清細(xì)節(jié)、準(zhǔn)確獲取信息，也是

34、把握文章中心思想的前提。細(xì)節(jié)專題一：排序題此類試題的考查形式是在選項(xiàng)中列舉一些具體的事實(shí)，然后對上面的事實(shí)進(jìn)行排序。要求考生根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序、時(shí)間順序以及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序。考生可以先找出最早的一個(gè)時(shí)間和事件，把它作為事件發(fā)生的具體點(diǎn)，然后使用排除法將范圍一一縮小，從而快速地選出正確答案。例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing s

35、uits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙灘)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back

36、steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pull

37、ed her in.（1996NMET）In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machinec. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machinee. Being taken down the beach

38、f. Getting into the waterA. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c分析答案B 題目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，顯然，租用一個(gè)bathing machine是要先付錢的，所以 c就是第一個(gè)動(dòng)作，下水 f 應(yīng)該是最后一個(gè)動(dòng)作了。這樣用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 項(xiàng)。再看 B和C項(xiàng)，從第一段倒數(shù)第三句可知先a后e，故選 B。細(xì)節(jié)專題二：計(jì)算題計(jì)算題也是近幾年高考中?？嫉膬?nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)算

39、才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計(jì)算題可以是對年代的計(jì)算、月份的計(jì)算或比例的計(jì)算等。文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案了。例2：Degree We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees (學(xué)位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of E

40、ducation are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition Fees(學(xué)費(fèi))Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz. Accommodation(住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat

41、, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: accwaikato. ac.nzHealthThe Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holid

42、ays with four doctors and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.ac.nz. SportsThe Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and in

43、door football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000分析B此題為計(jì)算題。我們從所選的這些事實(shí)來看，

44、文章中所說的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person經(jīng)過計(jì)算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起來一年至少需要$8000。細(xì)節(jié)專題三：圖形題在有圖形試題的閱讀理解中，有的圖形出現(xiàn)在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中，這些圖片的出現(xiàn)增加了試題的直觀性，同時(shí)也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關(guān)的信息。在解答此類試題的時(shí)候，一

45、定要把握圖形中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實(shí)是通過圖片來敘述的，我們可以采用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峽), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total p

46、opulation of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品種)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them. In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Norm

47、andy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years. Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs ar

48、e more French than English.（2000年北京春季）Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands? Br = Britain Fr = France Ch = Channel Islands 分析C這是一道識圖題。從第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峽), 10 to 30 miles off the French co

49、ast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast.可以推斷選項(xiàng)C正確地表達(dá)了The Channel Islands的位置細(xì)節(jié)專題四：其它類型例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,95

50、0miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海軍上將）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a close second - and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land is Easter Island, which lies 1

51、,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving t

52、hem plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利領(lǐng)土）. They share on street, a small airp

53、ort, and a few hours of television per day.（2003年全國）It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _. Awas named after its discoverer Bgot its name from Holland settlers Cwas named by the British government Dgot its name from the Guinness Book of Records分析本篇選材涉及地理，為我們介紹了兩座最為偏遠(yuǎn)的小

54、島(farthestmost distant inhabited islands)，一為吉尼斯大全(Guinness Book of Records)所認(rèn)定的Tristan da Cunha；另一為復(fù)活島(Easter lsland)文中出現(xiàn)了比較多的專有名詞本題問及Tristan da Cunha小島的命名如能通過瀏覽把握本文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，則可看出，關(guān)于該島的內(nèi)容都在第1段：運(yùn)用尋讀(SCANNING)技巧可以找到與本題相關(guān)的線索(關(guān)鍵詞name)出現(xiàn)在該段結(jié)尾句里，通讀全句可以得出答案：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name

55、(as the island)，與選項(xiàng)A一致答案 AWhich of the following is most famous for moai? ATristan da Cunha. BPitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. DSt. Helena.分析本題涉及關(guān)于moai( = stone figures)的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)問題：其所在地4個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為島名，因此不能依此線索查找要按題干中所問，從第3段里找到moai所在的島；但這里僅提到the island，循此線索往上追尋：(3段結(jié)尾)the island = (3段開頭)the mountainous 64-squa

56、remile sland = (2段中)Easter lsland，即為答案答案 CWhich country does Easter Island belong to?ABritain. BHolland. CPortugal. DChile.分析本題考查復(fù)活島今日的歸屬問題題干提問中使用的現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)也是不容忽視的問的是“現(xiàn)在”情況，不是過去第4段中間提到Today，Chilean territory，與答案D吻合另外3個(gè)國家中，有的與此島并不相干(ABritain；CPortugal)；有的則只是歷史上的過客(BHolland)最大干擾項(xiàng)為B項(xiàng)這些誤選者顯然只注意了短文結(jié)尾段中的On Eas

57、ter Sunday，1722，however，settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name，卻忽略了其中的時(shí)間因素，同樣，也沒能對于緊接此后的Today，2，000 people live on the Chilean territory予以足夠關(guān)注，對于時(shí)態(tài)變化所傳遞的信息差異意識不夠?qū)е铝诉@些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失誤答案D例5：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the firs