2010年中國人民大學(xué)考博英語真題

1、中國人民大學(xué)2010年考博英語真題Part I Vocabulary (20%)Directions: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine -scoring ANSWER SHEET.1. Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics

2、 and its role in organisms.A. live B. life C. living D. alive2. The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented does not water.A. have B. contain C. include D. hold3. Terrorists murder and kidnap people, bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes.A. lig

3、ht up B. set off C. plant in D. ignite4. Television has become quite a vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people down while watching television.A. lay B. lie C. lying D. lied5. If each of us does our part little by little, we can the lifespan of our planet and ourselves.A. enlarge B

4、. expand C. increase D. grow6. The role of American women significantly from the time the nation was born, to the modern era of the 1950s and 1960s.A. has changed B. has been changed C. changed D. had been changed7. Financial statement is a financial report or record usually on a quarterly and annua

5、lly basis which provides an individuals，an organizations，or bussinesss financial states.A. competed B. compiled C. collated D. contested8. Management operates through various ，often classified as planning, organ leading/ motivating and controlling.A. foundations B. functions C. roles D. relations9.

6、The Jatakana culture encompasses every of life from beliefs, superstitions, and practices to art, education and tourism.A. respect B. inspect C. aspect D. suspect10. Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and behaviors of i

7、ts members.A. guides B. indicates C. controls D. supervises11. Everyone in America these days seems to be with his or her physical fitness, and everyone is talking about getting in shape.A. concerned B. allured C. connected D. attracted12. The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of t

8、ime as most forms of media, but only recently a popular way of retrieving information.A. has it become B. it has became C. it becomes D. does it become13. Censorship，a word that seems to be quite controversy over certain people, may not be such a bad idea.A. arguing B. attacking C. causing D. discus

9、sing14. We are living in the midst of a great chemical experiment and some consequences are becoming apparent to scientists.A. cereal B. serial C. series D. serious15. For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has heated debate among the worlds brightest minds.A. spawned B. injected

10、C. modeled D. moved16. In todays modern society alcohol addiction and alcohol has become one of the most complex life-threatening issues.A. infuse B. abuse C. reduce D. refuse17. He argued that the of firearms in America is an illegal act, and degrades the values this country was founded on.A. banni

11、ng B. prohibit C. vote D. forbid18. Advocates of private school argue that education in one of these facilities is more valuable and than any other educational opportunity.A. awarded B. awarding C. rewarded D. rewarding19. Children are often sports at an early age. As they get older and start school

12、 they participate in sports as a way both to make new friends and be active.A. exposed to B. spoiled by C. indulged in D. worried about20. Although the study of genetics is an entirely new field, it mankind for many years.A. has combined B. has interested in C. has involved D. has fascinatedPart II

13、Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Choose the best answer from A, B，C and D) to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1987，H. I. V/AIDS joined a list of diseases that could keep a

14、 person out of the United States. The government later tried to cancel, its decision，but congress made the travel ban a part of immigration law. People with H. I. V.，the virus that causes AIDS, could seek an exception, but that meant extra work. Last year, Congress and President George W. Bush began

15、 the process of ending the travel ban. Now President Obama is finishing the process.BARACK OBAMA : “We talk about reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we have treated a visitor living with it as a threat. We lead the world when it comes to helping the AIDS pandemic, yet we are only a dozen count

16、ries that still bar people H. I. V. from entering our country. ” A final rule published Monday will end the travel ban effective January fourth. H. I. V. will no longer be a condition that can exclude people. And H. I. V. testing will no longer for those who need a medical examination for immigratio

17、n purposes. AIDS has killed more than twenty-five people since the early 1980s.In September, there was news that a vaccine showed some ability to prevent H. I. V. infection in humans for the first time. The full results of the vaccine study were presented in later October at an international confere

18、nce in Paris. They were also reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmed that the study in Thailand produced only “modest” results. The United States Army sponsored the vaccine trial. The study combined two vaccines, using versions of H. I. V. common in Thailand. Neith

19、er vaccine alone had shown success in earlier studies. Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16, 000 volunteers. Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactive substance. All were given condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years. The study

20、 found 31 percent fewer cases of infection in the vaccine group than in the placebo group.But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted from chance. The announcement in September was based on all 16, 000 volunteers. Almost one-third of them, however didnt follow all the required steps i

21、n the study. Results just from those who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chance is way more of a possibility. Still, the researchers said the study produced enough valuable information to offer new hopes for AIDS research.21. According to the article, did not want people w

22、ith H. I. V. virus to seek entry to America twenty years ago.A. George Bush B. Obama C. the Congress D. the Senate22. According to this article, it was who sponsored that medical experiment to find vaccine for H. I. V. carriers.A. the Thai Government B. the French GovernmentC. the scientist from New

23、 England D. the United States Army23. From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in were given the vaccine.A. Thailand B. the United States of AmericaC. France D. Canada24. According to the article, which one of the following statements is true?A. America was the only country that prevented

24、 people with H. I. V. from entering the country.B. Only a few countries refused to issue entry visa to people with H. I. V.C. The conference held in Paris was on AIDS prevention.D. The vaccine test conducted in Thailand produced important results.25. According to the critics, the findings of the tes

25、t .A. has produced enough valuable informationB. should not be taken seriouslyC. has produced reliable statisticsD. has paved a solid foundation for further researchPassage Two“ Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million.” That is the sound of solid waste hitting th

26、e bottom of garbage cans all over United States in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away after use by consumers and businesses. This does not include fluid materials. During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons ( about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per person daily)

27、 of garbage. We throw away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts (in tons) of food scraps, yard wastes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That is almost a mountain of garbage.Even though we ma

28、ke an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste, the amount of waste keeps increasing each year. Our biggest problem is where to put the solid waste and how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contaminate our surface and underground water

29、supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Today, about 85% of our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building their home in the landfills. The treat also preve

30、nts the growth of bacteria and other organism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle thismountain of garbage? Scientists have come up with different methods for handling our waste problem.One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in Fresno California, in 1937. In sanitary

31、 landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layers that compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensive method, but it takes away the hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed the land to be used for building or recreation. The negative of the landfills is that its

32、 tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land also needs its water sources protected so that the water will not pollute the water supply. Landfill (water dumps) and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradability of the solid wastes. Solid wastes are biodegradable if

33、they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certain materials take longer to decay than others, and some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal. Incineration and recycling are method

34、s that are currently in use today.26. This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste .A. by consumers B. in CaliforniaC. by municipal government D. in America27. From the article we can infer that .A. treatment of the solid is a hard nut to crackB. solution for proper disposal will be found s

35、oonC. California set a good example in solid waste in 1930sD. the government remains confident about the solid waste28. According to the article, about is dumped to landfills.A. 12. 4 million tons of garbage B. 80 million tons of garbageC. 85% of the garbage D. 92. 4 tons of garbage29. The word “rec

36、ycle”( Line 1, Paragraph 2) means .A. to send something far away B. to throw something away to the right placeC. to convert waste into reusable material D. to turn into fertilizers30. According to the article, which one of the following is NOT true?A. Solid waste does not include fluid materials.B.

37、Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California.C. Burning is not a method that is used today.D. Composting is still one of the ways to handle the mountain of garbage.Passage ThreeWho would have thought we would become a planet of “ologies”？ Theres biology, psychology, h

38、erpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology” truly helps us to understand the most part of our planet, our environment. Ecology (which is filled with ecologists) is the study of ecosystems and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condi

39、tion of bees, deer and other organisms, you are important to ecologists. Ecosystems are communities that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many varieties of plants and animals that exist in our planet ecosystems are important

40、 to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provide oxygen and nutrients all organisms need to survive. These producers have the ability to use the suns energy to produce food(think photosynthesis). This is where the animals and consumers become important. The animals get their energy by eating the pla

41、nts and other organisms within the ecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job. As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organic materials are absorbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process

42、is ready to start again through the Earths natural cycles. There has to be a balance of producers, consumers, decomposers in order to remain a balanced ecosystem.Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive. An ecosystem is balanced when matter and energy move efficiently through those

43、ecosystems. Just as your backpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any given time, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacity is the largest population an ecosystem can support at any particular time. The support of this population

44、depends on the amount of resources (matter and energy) that are available and the movement of those resources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the current population of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystems the ecosystem

45、s carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populations increase dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able to support those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems: ecological responses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs

46、.31. The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology” ( Line 1, Paragraph 1) isA. to trace the origin of “ology”B. to give an example for the meaning of “ology”C. to introduce the term “ecology”D. to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems32. According to this article,

47、the ecosystems .A. are in danger of being destroyed B. are very small in sizeC. refer only to the entire biosphere D. vary greatly in size and location33. According to the article, the word “producers”(Line 4，Paragraph 2) refers to A. plants B. animals C. ecologists D. consumers34. We can infer from

48、 the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer”( Lines 7-8, Paragraph 2) is to A. absorb the suns energyB. produce oxygen and nutrientsC. break down the dung and the remains of dead organD. eat the plants and animals35. According to the article, has three ways to control the balance

49、of the ecosystems.A. human beings B. the environment C. animals and plants D. naturePassage FourIn modem days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city called QaFat Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the

50、time, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians.Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into three per

51、iods even though they cannot reach a consensus over the exact dates of each era. The three periods was the Old Assyrian Period (circa 2000 B. C. 一1400 B. C. )，the Middle Assyrian Period (circa 1365 B. C. 1100 B. C. ) and the Neo- Assyrian Empire ( circa 934 B. C. 609 B. C.).Archaeological evidence s

52、howed that people began to settle in Ashur as early as 2500 B. C. But it did not attain any political significance until the third dynasty of Ur collapsed in 2004 B. C. After that fiasco, the Assyrians transformed the Ashur into a bustling commercial center, controlling trade routes to and from Anat

53、olia. In 1813 B. C. , the first great Assyrian king, Shamshi-Adad I, ascended the throne and began a series of military expansions. At the height of his reign, his kingdom owned the entire northern Mesopotamia. Its growing influence gave its neighbor plenty of reasons to be wary.While things were go

54、ing splendidly for this Assyrian upstart, Shamshi-Adad passed away in 1791 B. C. Soon after his death, the kingdom began to fall apart. Knowing that the Shamshi-Adad5s empire was on the verge of collapse, Hammurabi of the 1st dynasty of Babylon jumped at the chance and invaded northern Mesopotamia.

55、He conquered Ashur in 1760 B. C. From that point on to the middle of 1300s B. C. , Assyria was reduced to a mere vassal state. At first, it had to answer to the 1st dynasty of Babylon. After that empire was eradicated, it turned to submit to a Human kingdom called Mitanni. It was not until 1365 B. C

56、. that Assayria, then ruled by Ashur-uballit I, was able to regain its independence. For the next couple hundred years, Assyria grew increasingly powerful. It eventually defeated Babylonia and even occupied Egypt.36. According to the article, the Assyrian lived in part of modern-day .A. Egypt B. Ind

57、ia C. China D. Iraq37. According to the historians, the history of Assyria has lasted for about .A. 4, 000 years B. 3, 800 years C. 3, 100 years D. 1，400 years38. It was during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I，the first great Assyrian King, when the AssyriansA. began to expand their empire with military

58、forcesB. began to open new trade routesC. began to encourage commercial activitiesD. began to establish diplomatic relations with other countries39. During the reign of Shamshi-Adad I, the neighboring countries of Assyrian Empire A. all showed their respectB. all admired the achievements of Shamshi-Adad IC. all became vigilant and anxiousD. all paid tribute to Shamshi-Adad I