英語(yǔ)句子成分及練習(xí)課件

1、語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)- 句子成分及練習(xí)句子成分及練習(xí)一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義：v構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；主要成分有主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)；v次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)次要成分有表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和足語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)插入語(yǔ)。二）主語(yǔ)：二）主語(yǔ)：v主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) (Subject) 表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或什么事. 是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在

2、但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問(wèn)句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助問(wèn)詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：容詞和主語(yǔ)從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the

3、 students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語(yǔ)從句）（it作形

4、式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（三）謂語(yǔ)（三）謂語(yǔ) v謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ) (Predicate) 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成如下：v1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如：成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.（三）謂語(yǔ)（三）謂語(yǔ) （四）表語(yǔ)（四）表語(yǔ) v表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)(Predicative)v用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)

5、、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。v表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、表語(yǔ)一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)及表語(yǔ)從句表示。例如：語(yǔ)從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）

6、（形容詞）4.The speech is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（介詞短語(yǔ)）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)

7、從句）（表語(yǔ)從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞（注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語(yǔ)和用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞表像系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示

8、用來(lái)表示“看起來(lái)像看起來(lái)像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系動(dòng)詞（注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語(yǔ)和表用于連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 4）感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有表示主語(yǔ)變成什么樣，主要有become, gr

9、ow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有表示主語(yǔ)已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)表達(dá)結(jié)果是結(jié)果是;證明是證明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. （五）賓語(yǔ)（五）賓語(yǔ) v賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)（Object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛(ài)者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例

10、如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fi

11、t for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語(yǔ)）（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）（賓語(yǔ)從句）v賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi)賓語(yǔ)種類(lèi)：v（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：直接賓語(yǔ)），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, dr

12、aw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.v（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如：賓補(bǔ)），例如：vThey elected him their monitor.v下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語(yǔ)下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語(yǔ) ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, r

13、efuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ) admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如賓語(yǔ)，但意義不同，如mean, t

14、ry, remember, forget, regret等。等。vforget to do表示表示“未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的動(dòng)作已完成的動(dòng)作”。如：。如：vDont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒(méi)來(lái)還沒(méi)來(lái))vI forgot returning the book to him.v(書(shū)已還給他了書(shū)已還給他了)v（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（六）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) v賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（Object Complement），），用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，一般位于賓語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

15、一起構(gòu)成復(fù)語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：合賓語(yǔ)。需接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等?！百e補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)”一般可由名一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：詞短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his mone

16、y to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語(yǔ)）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語(yǔ)）（從句）（七）定語(yǔ)（七）定語(yǔ) v修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)(Attribute)。v定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：定語(yǔ)可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2

17、.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）（不定式短語(yǔ)）6.The teaching plan for next term has been w

18、orked out.（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（介詞短語(yǔ)）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句)（八）狀語(yǔ)（八）狀語(yǔ) v修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)（Adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has live

19、d in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語(yǔ)）（不定式短語(yǔ)）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分詞短語(yǔ)）（名詞）（狀語(yǔ)從句）9種狀語(yǔ)種類(lèi)如下： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt g

20、o to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）（原因狀語(yǔ)）（條件狀語(yǔ)）（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）（方式狀語(yǔ)）v She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

21、 7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）（目的狀語(yǔ)）（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）（讓步狀語(yǔ)）（比較狀語(yǔ)） （九）同位語(yǔ)（九）同位語(yǔ)（Appositive）對(duì)前面的名）對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ擅~、詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ擅~、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入語(yǔ)（十）插入語(yǔ)（Parenthes

22、is）對(duì)一句話）對(duì)一句話做一些附加的解釋?zhuān)ǔＳ凶鲆恍└郊拥慕忉專(zhuān)ǔＳ衪o be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.練習(xí)練習(xí)一一.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beau

23、tiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai to

24、morrow.v10. His wish is to become a scientist.v11. He managed to finish the work in time.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be h

25、onest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please tell me your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.Predicativ

26、eO.C.O.C.Predicative劃分劃分句子成分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must

27、get the car ready by tomorrow .9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teacher .15.Tha

28、t president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .20.The telep

29、hone rang .21.We study hard .22.His father might have died .23.Will you leave the door open when going out .24.Can you make the dog stand still ?25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .28.I w

30、oke up at 6:00 in the morning .29.The book weighs five kilos .30.They will be flying to London .31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.33.Please pass a newly- published magazine to me .34.He lived in Guang Zhou .35.The father is

31、showing the boy how to plant trees .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next .40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .二

32、、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語(yǔ)（）、謂語(yǔ)（）、賓語(yǔ)（）：vI hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after

33、 dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. vAlthough the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes ca

34、re of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的定語(yǔ)（）、狀語(yǔ)（）、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（）： vMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even

35、 at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different are

36、as of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、選擇填空：v( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.vA

37、. Now there the man vB. The man here nowvC. The man who is here now vD. The man is here nowv( ) 2. The weather _.vA. wet and cold B. is wet and coldvC. not wet and coldD. were wet and coldv( ) 3. The apple tasted _.vA. sweets B. sweetly vC. nicely D. sweetv( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.vA. lately B. late vC. latest D. latterv( )5. The actor _at the age of 7