第三章 英漢句式結(jié)構(gòu)對比

1、漢語的意合手段語序意義例1：(因為)他不老實,我不能信任他。 Because he is not honest, I cant trust him.例2：說是說了,沒有結(jié)果。(=我雖然說了但沒有結(jié)果)Ive made proposals, but they proved futile.英語英語漢語漢語形合形合意合意合轉(zhuǎn)換，省略，增譯和調(diào)整語序例1：All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little co

2、pper ball fell. 過了一些時候，從遠(yuǎn)方傳來了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)天，確實發(fā)生了 地震。這一切終于得到了澄清。例2： If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天來了，春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎？例3：他不來，我不去。 If he wont come here, Ill not go there.例4：不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？ If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?英語英語漢語漢語靜態(tài)靜態(tài)動態(tài)動態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換例1：

3、In the cities, there were strict curfews, empty hotels, abandoned streets and office buildings, looters, trigger-happy patrols, and all the rest. 各城市都嚴(yán)格實行宵禁，飯店旅社都已人去樓空，大街小巷行人絕跡，辦公大樓門可羅雀，歹徒趁火打劫，巡邏隊動輒開槍殺人，完全是一片兵荒馬亂的景象。例2： Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 讀書可以怡情養(yǎng)性，可以摭拾文采，可以增長才干

4、。例3：火箭已經(jīng)用來探索用來探索宇宙。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.例4：他帶帶學(xué)生到到工廠去參觀去參觀。He took his students to the factory for a visit.3.英語的英語的“物稱表達(dá)法物稱表達(dá)法”和漢語的和漢語的“人稱表人稱表達(dá)法達(dá)法”英語：句子常用物稱表達(dá)法，讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來，使敘述顯得客觀公正，語氣委婉間接。英語物稱表達(dá)法分三大類：英語物稱表達(dá)法分三大類：（1）使用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱做主語，同時使用表示人的動作或 行為的動詞

5、作謂語，此句式常常帶有擬人化的修辭色彩。如： Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 我興奮得什么話也說不出來。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點聲音也沒有。 (2) 使用“it”、“there be”和不定代詞”one”做主語。 It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. 我從來也沒有想到她這么不老實。 There broke out a war between England an

6、d France in 1066. 1066年，英國和法國爆發(fā)了一場戰(zhàn)爭。 One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一門外語，非下苦功不可。（3）英語常用被動態(tài)，表示物稱表達(dá)法；漢人的思維重“事在人為”，人的動作和行為必然是由人做的，事或物不可能自己去完成這些動作和行為，因而表達(dá)時常常說出施動者，采用人稱表達(dá)法；如無人稱，則采用泛稱，如“有人”、“人們”、“大家”、“人家”等；當(dāng)主語不言自喻時，漢語又常常采用無主語句， 即在句中常常隱含人稱或省略人

7、稱。例1：又要馬兒跑的快，又要馬兒不吃草，簡直可笑！You want the horse to run fast and yet you dont let it graze. Isnt it ridiculous!例2：沒有調(diào)查，就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)。He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. 漢語：常用主動式，采用人稱、泛稱或隱稱表達(dá)法。英語英語漢語漢語物稱表達(dá)物稱表達(dá)人稱表達(dá)人稱表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)換、添加主語轉(zhuǎn)換、添加主語 例1：His passion carried him astray. 他因感情沖動而誤入歧途。例2： An idea sudd

8、enly struck me. 我突然想到了一個注意。例3 ： Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. 我發(fā)一陣怒之后，并不難過，也不后悔。例4：我一時記不起他的名字。 His name escapes me for the moment.例5：他們違反國際法，侵犯基本人權(quán)，受到世界人民廣泛的譴責(zé)。 Their violation of international laws and abuse of basic human rights earned them the broad condemnation of th

9、e people in the world.例6：生了兒子，吃啥有啥；生了女兒，有啥吃啥。 If a woman gives birth to a boy, she eats what she wants； if to a girl, she just eats what there is.話題主語：話題主語：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)與謂語的關(guān)系為表示與事、受事、工具、材料、時間、地點、方式等關(guān)系，翻譯時譯為英語的狀語。v與事主語：與事主語：與事主語占句首，但不與句中某個具體成分發(fā)生關(guān)系，只在與事主語占句首，但不與句中某個具體成分發(fā)生關(guān)系，只在總體意義上與句子有關(guān)，具有某種參與意義。與事主語前大多有話題提總體

10、意義上與句子有關(guān)，具有某種參與意義。與事主語前大多有話題提示語如示語如“關(guān)于關(guān)于”、“至于至于”、“說到說到”、“講到講到”等，翻譯時，可加等，翻譯時，可加about ,as fo, as far asconcerned。如：v這套衣服媽媽有個故事。About the suit of clothes Mother has a story.v打老虎我有經(jīng)驗。I am much experienced in killing the tiger.v這本小說我讀過一半。 As for this novel, I have read half of it.v教高年級的翻譯課，他還不是很有經(jīng)驗。 As f

11、ar as teaching translation to the senior students is concerned, he is not experienced yet.v婚姻的事，年輕人都自己做主了。As for the marriage, the young people would make their own decision.有些與事話題主語可以處理為句子。寶地，這就是寶地，這幾年越來越多的人搬到這里來干什么？What is the lucky place? Here it is, you see, why more and more people move to live

12、 here these years?洋派作風(fēng)，你只要看看他，說洋話，信洋教，吃洋飯。 What is the foreign style? Just look at him. He speaks foreign language, follows foreign religion and eats foreign meal.受事主語：受事主語：話題主語是小謂語的受事，句子處理方法有三類1. 直接按英語的語序，將漢語的大主語譯為英語的主位化前置的賓語。 說話的天賦，只有人類才有。The gift of speech man only has. 對外貿(mào)易，我們一定要采取有力措施進(jìn)一步搞活。 The

13、 foreign trade, we should adopt effective measure to further enliven.2. 將話題主語移到后面作賓語，選小主語作為英語主語。 老虎老虎獵人打死了。The hunter has killed the tiger. 交通規(guī)則人人要遵守。 Everyone should observe the rules of the road . 別人家里雞零狗碎的事情你都知道，真是個順風(fēng)耳呀！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are reall

14、y well informed.3. 將漢語話題主語置于句首作英語的主語，即譯為英語的被動句。 我軍的素質(zhì)、軍政都要提高。 Both the military and political quality of our army must be raised. 這筆錢，在收據(jù)沒有簽字前你們絕對不能付。 The money absolutely must not be paid before the receipt has been signed.責(zé)任制度，我們在條件成熟時就實行，條件不成熟時就不實行。The system of job reasonability can be adopted w

15、here the conditions are ripe and not otherwise.地點主語：地點主語：洗衣盆里堆著一大堆臟衣服。There were heaped dirty clothes in the washing tub.全市到處都在興建新工廠。New factories are being built all over the city.門口站著兩個衛(wèi)兵，嚴(yán)峻冷漠。 Two guards ,cold and aloof, stand beside in front of the gate.天上掛著一輪明月。A bright round moon hangs in the

16、sky.時間主語時間主語僅僅1個小時就洗好了衣服。Only for an hour were all family members clothes washed.北宋時，蘇東坡在詠湖的詩篇中，首次把西湖比作古代美女西施。Su Dongpo, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, in his poem compared the West Lake to an ancient Chinese Beauty named Xishi.從前海邊的一個村子里住著個老漁民。Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by

17、 the sea. 方式主語方式主語：一步一步，慢慢地，他們終于登上了山頂。Gradually ,step by step, they climbed to the top of mountain at last.這么快媽媽就洗好了衣服。Mama finished washing at admirable speed.工具主語：工具主語：這把刀我切肉。With the knife I slice meat.三條長繩，他們把個小伙子捆得像只粽子。With the three long ropes they trussed the young man up like a fowl.一塊洗衣板養(yǎng)活一

18、家人。The whole family was kept alive with a washing board. 這把槍他打死五只老虎了。He killed five tigers with this gun.材料主語：材料主語：這些磚頭，他們可以蓋一座房。With these bricks they can build a house.零位主語，即無主語的句子零位主語，即無主語的句子1）表示自然現(xiàn)象和人類自身感受的句子）表示自然現(xiàn)象和人類自身感受的句子,常常增補常常增補it。看樣子要變天了。It seems the weather is changing.刮風(fēng)了，下雨了。Its blowin

19、g, its raining.出太陽了。The sun is rising.熱得他們?nèi)砻昂埂ts so hot that they are sweating like a pig.The heat makes them sweat like a pig.2) 人身體上或心理上的感受在“把”字句和“得”字句中用無主句。it 或其他詞餓得他話都說不出來了。把他餓得說不出話來了。It makes him so hungry that he cant speak.He is too hungry to speak.嚇得小女孩哭起來了。把小女孩嚇得哭起來了。It scared the little

20、girl to tears.The little girl was scared to tears.搞得我心亂如麻。把我搞得心亂如麻。It made me completely upset. I was made completely upset.3) 類似于祈使句的泛指人稱句。好像是說話人對讀者或聽著發(fā)出的一種勸告、警告、命令、行為指示，或是對一種社會現(xiàn)象的描述和評論。這類無主句英譯時，需補充出具有泛指意義的人稱代詞或名詞 只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的錯誤。 Being very careful, you(we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes

21、. 不能做官當(dāng)老爺，脫離群眾，脫離下面的干部。 You(we) should not act like overlords, nor divorce yourselves (ourselves) from the masses and lower-ranking cadres. 過河拆橋，忘恩負(fù)義絕沒有好下場。 Those who kick the ladder will certainly come to no good end. 熱烈歡迎亞太地區(qū)的客商來上海浦東投資、建立和發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。 Customers from Asian and Pacific regions are welcom

22、e to Pudong of Shanghai to invest, establish and develop business contacts. 打得贏就打，打不贏就走。 Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot win （中國外文出版社譯文） We can win and run away when we cannot . （英國勞倫斯出版社譯文） 4) 成語、警句、格言等是人類在生產(chǎn)和社會生活中積累的經(jīng)驗總結(jié)，繁殖性很強，大多不用主語。這些成語除了可用意義相同或相似的英語成語來翻譯，有時也只能意譯，需補上主語。 活到老，學(xué)到老

23、。 Its never too old to learn. 三思而后行。 Look before you leap. 不到黃河心不死。 Dont stop until you reach the Yellow River. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。 Do as the local people. Do as the Roman do. 不經(jīng)一事，不長一智。 You cant gain knowledge without practice. Wisdom comes from experience. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If one does not enter the tigers den, how can

24、 he get a tigers cub.5) 大量的無主句是省略主語。在上下文提到情況下，主語不言自明，不必說出。翻譯時，不出主語即可。 我從來沒有忍過？越忍越不得安然！ Havent I been patient and tolerant? Yet, the more tolerant I was, the more I had英語英語漢語漢語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)話題結(jié)構(gòu)話題結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換例1：He was canny, openhanded, brisk, candid, and modest. 他為人聰明，生氣勃勃，忠厚耿直，謙虛謹(jǐn)慎。例2： I am 78 years old; I hav

25、e been confined to my room with a paralytic stroke for the past 14 months. 我78歲了，由于患了癱瘓性的中風(fēng)，14個月來一直出不了門。例3：這些新型汽車速度快，效率高，行動靈活。 These cars of new types are fast, efficient and handy.例4：你昨天買的水果，一半的味道都不好。 Half of the apples you bought yesterday do not taste well.例5：總共十個人，五個病了干不了活。 Five of ten persons i

26、n all are not able to work because of illness.漢譯英過程中主語轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇1）由主語的詞性而引起的主語轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇）由主語的詞性而引起的主語轉(zhuǎn)換和選擇采訪這位演員,是在他公成名就得獎以后 。The interview with the actor was conducted after he had achieved a great success and got a prize. (動詞短語轉(zhuǎn)名詞短語)使用細(xì)菌武器意味著違反國際法。The use of bacteriological weapons means the violation of in

27、ternational law.能吃能睡不見得健康。Good eaters and sleepers are never good workers.他們派來的工程師迅速到達(dá)，并檢查了所有的設(shè)備，工廠很快恢復(fù)了生產(chǎn)。譯文譯文a: The engineers sent by them arrived quickly and examined all facilities carefully, thus, the factory restored its production very speedily.譯文譯文b: The quick arrival of the engineers sent b

28、y them and their careful examination of all facilities brought about the very speedy restoration of the factorys production . 他們違反國際法，侵犯基本人權(quán)，受到世界人民廣泛的譴責(zé)。譯文譯文a: They are condemned broadly by the people in the world because they violate international laws and abuse basic human rights.譯文譯文b: Their viol

29、ation of international laws and abuse of basic human rights earned them the broad condemnation of the people in the world.語言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同引起的。原主語的轉(zhuǎn)換原主語的轉(zhuǎn)換我們開了一個勝利的大會，一個團(tuán)結(jié)的大會。譯文A: We have had a congress of victory, a congress of unity.譯文B: Ours has been a congress of victory, a congress of unity.我們宣傳大會的路線就是

30、要使全黨和全國人民建立起一個信心，即革命一定要勝利。譯文A: We propagate the line of the congress in order to build up the confidence of the whole party and the entire people in the certain triumph of the revolution.譯文B: Our aim in propagating the line of the congress is to build up the confidence of the whole party and the entire people in the ce