七非謂語動詞

1、第七章 非謂語動詞一分類：不定式（to do），動名詞(doing)，現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)，過去分詞(done)二特征1.非謂語動詞并非不可以做謂語動詞，只是不可以單獨做謂語動詞，當做謂語動詞時須在前面加上相應的助動詞或情態(tài)動詞。I have told him the truth. I am listening to the radio.2.非謂語動詞在不做謂語動詞時詞性均發(fā)生了變化(名詞，形容詞，副詞)，但是卻保留了動詞的特征，可以帶有自己的賓語，表語，補語或狀語，還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式（名詞，形容詞，副詞）一 句法功能：主語，賓語，表語，定語狀語，賓語，補足語1. 主語：To th

2、ink of you makes me old.2. 表語：Her dream is to become a pop star.3.賓語：I wish to see you again. 只能接不定式做賓語的動詞：agree(同意),fail(失敗), promise（許諾）, plan（計劃）, pretend（假裝）, prepare（準備）, offer（提供）, offord（付得起）, wish（希望）, hope（希望）, expect（期望）, decide（決定）, manage（設法）4.定語：I have a lot of work to do.注意：不定式做定語須放在被修

3、飾詞之后，和它修飾的名詞有動賓關系，如果不定式是不及物動詞須在后面加上相應的介詞。There is nothing for us to think about.5.賓語補足語結構：VT+ somebody to do-Nobody foces you to do anything.注意：在動詞 make, have, let, see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at之后要接不帶to 的不定式做賓語補足語，但變成被動語態(tài)的時候要還原to。I noticed a tall man enter her house last night.A tall

4、man was noticed to enter her house last night.6.狀語1） 目的狀語We all rushed over to help the man whose car broke down.此時如果想強調目的狀語可以在不定式的前面加上 so as或in order I got up very early this morning so as to catch the first bus.In order to do 可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后，但 so as to do 只能位于主句之后。2）結果狀語*What have I said to make

5、you unhappy?so+adj/adv-as to-such+n.-as to- (太-以至于-)too-to-enough (for sb)to-only to -(出乎意料之外的結果)I am not so foolish as to believe him.I am not such a fool as to believe him.I went to see him only to find him out.3）原因狀語不定式做原因狀語時一般只放在表示情緒的形容詞之后，表示產生這種情緒的原因。Glad to meet you!I am sorry to hear that.7.在

6、一些特殊句型中常用不定式，也可以用that 句be likely to do, be said to do, be reported to do, seem to do, happen to doShe is likely to be in the office.It is likely that she is in the office.8.特殊疑問詞與不定式連用（what, which, who, when, where, how）He doesnt know how to get the loan.二不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式to doto be done進行式to be

7、doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成進行式to have been doing1. 一般式：不定式的動作晚于謂語動詞的動作，或幾乎同時發(fā)生We all rushed over to help the man.2. 進行式：當謂語動詞動作發(fā)生時不定式動作正在發(fā)生He is said to be living with his uncle.3. 完成式：不定式動作早于謂語動詞的動作This novel is said to have been translated into six languages.4. 完成進行式：不定式動作在謂語動詞的動作之前發(fā)生，

8、一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 強調動作在此時間的連續(xù)性（未間斷過）He is said to have been living here for 20 years.三. 邏輯主語獨立主格非謂語動詞在使用時其主被動形式的參考對象叫做邏輯主語This book is too difficult to be understood.不定式用被動形式，因為參考的對象是This book，因此This book就是不定式的邏輯主語，但不是獨立主格，因為This book是句子中的一部分主語。當非謂語動詞的邏輯主語脫離句子時（邏輯主語不在句子中做任何成分），這樣的邏輯主語就叫做獨立主格。This book is too

9、 difficult for me to understand. 不定式用的主動形式，因為參考的對象是me. me 不在句子里充當任何成分，因此是不定式的獨立主格。不定式的獨立主格有兩種情況：for sb to do-/ of sb to do-. Of sb to do 只用于一個句型中：It is +品質的形容詞+of sb to do -It is so kind of you to help me!其他情況用for sb to do動名詞（名詞）一 句法功能 （主語，賓語，表語，定語）1. 主語Respecting others means being respected.在以下句型中

10、要用動名詞1） It is no use / useless / no good/ a good pleasure doing sthIt is no use argueing with her.2) There is no doing sth = It is impossible to do sthThere is no saying what may happen.2. 表語My job is teaching English. He is teaching English.3. 定語 （表示被修飾名詞的用途）swimming pool （動名詞） swimming fish （分詞）fl

11、ying suit （動名詞） flying bird （分詞）4. 賓語1） 以下及物動詞后只能接動名詞做賓語: suggest(建議), advise（建議）, avoid（避免）, deny（否認）, mind（介意）, consider（考慮）, enjoy（喜歡）, imagine（想象）, delay（推遲）, appreciate（感激，欣賞）,stand（忍受）,keep（一直做）, admit（允許）, practise（練習）,finish （完成）Mary suggests having a picnic in the park.2） 介詞后 (短語)We should

12、prevent him from going there along.二 獨立主格1.當邏輯主語是有生命的名詞或代詞時要用屬格，當是無生命的名詞或代詞時用主格2.當邏輯主語是以S結尾的名詞或一個以上名詞時用主格3.當邏輯主語是數(shù)詞，指示代詞或不定代詞時用主格I am waiting for Toms coming.(有生命的名詞)I am waiting for the students coming.（以S結尾的名詞）He and the beauty getting married makes me crazy. （一個以上名詞）三時態(tài)主動被動一般式doingbeing done完成式ha

13、ving donehaving been done1.一般式：表示動名詞動作晚于謂語動詞，或與謂語動詞幾乎同時發(fā)生We should do something to protect her from being hurt.I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.2.完成式：表示動名詞動作早于謂語動詞He is proud of having won the first prize.分詞（形容詞，副詞）現(xiàn)在分詞：doing (主動，進行)過去分詞：done （被動，完成）一 句法功能（表語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語）1. 定語：單獨的分詞作前置定語，分詞

14、短語作后置定語a flying bird a bird flying in the skywritten English the novel written by Luxun現(xiàn)在分詞 修飾物 表示某物令人感到-interesting, disappointing, satisfying, puzzlinga disappointing news過去分詞修飾物表示感到-interested, disappointed, satisfied, puzzleda disappointed boy2. 表語現(xiàn)在分詞 修飾物 表示某物令人感到-interesting, disappointing, sa

15、tisfying, puzzlingI am very interested in the story.This story is very interesting.2. 賓語補足語Hes going to have his hair cut.Can you hear somebody singing in the next room?3. 狀語 （分詞的的選用要看與句子的主語的關系）1)原因狀語Being ill, she didnt go to school today.Inspired by his example, we worked even harder.2)時間狀語Seen fr

16、om the hill, this park looks more beautiful.Hearing the news, he jumped up with joy.Setting on a deck chair, he began to think of the reasons for taking the voyage.3)條件狀語Given more time, we can do it much better.Working hard, you will succeed.4)伴隨狀語Laughing and talking, they entered the room.He went

17、 into his room, exhausted.When it was dark these animals began to prowl about, looking for something to eat for their mates and their own young.5）讓步狀語Wounded, the brave soldiers continued to fight.Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.6）結果狀語(不可以放在句子的前面)He died all

18、of a sudden, leaving her wife two children to care.Mrs. Joe has been out a dozen times, looking for you. And shes out now, making it a bakers dozen.二 現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài) 主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1. 一般式：表示現(xiàn)在分詞的動作晚于謂語動詞的動作或幾乎同時發(fā) 生 Hearing the news, she jumped up with joy.2. 完成式：表

19、示分詞的動作早于謂語動詞的動作Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.三 分詞的獨立主格結構 （主格）Whether permiting, we will go fishing tomorrow.不定式與動名詞的區(qū)別1. 不定式與動名詞都可以做主語表語以及l(fā)ike和love 的賓語。他們的區(qū)別在于：動名詞一般表示的是抽象的泛指，而不定式則表示具體的特指。His work is to clean the hall. (特指，暫時的任務)His work is cleaning the hall. (泛指，他就是做衛(wèi)生的)2.

20、作賓語時的區(qū)別A：有些動詞只能接動名詞作賓語，有些動詞只能接不定式做賓語。B：以下句型中的to都是介詞，后面要加動名詞或名詞作賓語。be used to , be opposed to, object to, look forward to, get down toHe is used to getting up early.C: 在動詞 start, begin, continue, cease, intend后既可以接動名詞也可以接不定式，詞意無太大區(qū)別。如果表示有意識的“開始或停止做某事”，多用動名詞，不定式則表示情況突然發(fā)生了變化。The old man ceased driving.

21、 (有意識地不開車了)The old man ceased to breathing. (情況發(fā)生了變化)D：在remember, forget, go on, stop, cant help 之后接動名詞和不定式區(qū)別很大。remember to do (記得要做-) forget to do (忘記要做-) doing (記得做過-) doing (忘記做過-)go on to do (繼續(xù)做另一件事) stop to do (停止一件事去做另一件事) doing (繼續(xù)做同一件事) doing (停下-)cant help to do (不能幫助做-) doing (不禁-，忍不住-)He

22、 cant help laughing. 他忍不住大笑起來I cant help to steal the bike. 我不能幫著偷車。E：英語的里的絕大多數(shù)介詞都可以接動名詞做賓語，但是只有but和except后面可以接不定式做賓語。I have no choice but/except to wait/ wait/ waiting. 不定式與分詞的區(qū)別1. 做補語時的區(qū)別不定式做補語時與賓語是主動關系，用在感官動詞后表示動作的全過程，用在使役動詞之后表示一次性的動作。I noticed a tall man enter his house last night. (感官動詞后表示看見了進入房間的全過程。) I begged him to give it to me. (使役動詞后表示一次性的動作)現(xiàn)在分詞作補語時表示主動和進行，用在感官動詞后表示動作的一部分，用在使役動詞之后表示動作的反復發(fā)生或持續(xù)