英語句子成分簡單版

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)語法復(fù)習(xí)- 句子成分及練習(xí)句子成分及練習(xí)一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義：v構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。v句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；v主要成分有主語和謂語；主要成分有主語和謂語；v次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和足語、同位語和插入語插入語。二）主語：二）主語：v主語主語 (Subject) 表示句子說的是什么人或什么事表示句子說的是什么人或什么事. 是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在

2、但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the

3、 students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語從句）（it作形

4、式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語（三）謂語 v謂語謂語 (Predicate) 說明主語所做的動作或說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：v1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.（三）謂語（三）謂語 （四）表語（四）表語 v表語表語(Predicative)v用以說明主語的性質(zhì)

5、、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞（如它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。等）之后。v表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、 副副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：語從句表示。例如： 1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）（名詞）2.Is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）

6、（形容詞）4.The speech is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（動名詞）（動名詞）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語

7、從句）（表語從句）注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動詞狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如： He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動詞持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動詞表像系動詞用來表示

8、用來表示“看起來像看起來像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 注意：系動詞（注意：系動詞（Linking verb)用于連接主語和表用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 4）感官系動詞感官系動詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動詞變化系動詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, gr

9、ow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）終止系動詞終止系動詞表示主語已終止動作，主要有表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)表達(dá)結(jié)果是結(jié)果是;證明是證明是 ，之意，之意，例如：例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success. （五）賓語（五）賓語 v賓語（賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一）表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例

10、如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞）（代詞、動名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fi

11、t for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動名詞短語）（賓語從句）v賓語種類賓語種類：v（1）雙賓語（間接賓語）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday.for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, dr

12、aw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.v（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：賓補），例如：vThey elected him their monitor.v下列動詞只能接下列動詞只能接不定式不定式做賓語做賓語 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, r

13、efuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： He refused to lend me his bike.v下列動詞只能接下列動詞只能接動名詞動名詞做賓語做賓語 admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： John has admitted breaking the window .v下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但賓語，但意義不同意義不同，如，如mean, t

14、ry, remember, forget, regret等。等。vforget to do表示表示“未發(fā)生的動作未發(fā)生的動作”，forget doing表示表示“已完成的動作已完成的動作”。如：。如：vDont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(還沒來還沒來)vI forgot returning the book to him. (書已還給他了書已還給他了)（六）賓語補足語（六）賓語補足語 v賓語補足語（賓語補足語（Object Complement），），用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓用于補充說明賓語的動作，一般位于賓語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一

15、起構(gòu)成復(fù)語之后，賓語與賓語補足語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：合賓語。需接復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。等?！百e補賓補”一般可由名一般可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money

16、 to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）（七）定語（七）定語 v修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。v定語可由以下等成分表示：定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2.

17、China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名詞）（名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）（不定式短語）6.The teaching plan for next term has been w

18、orked out.（動名詞）（動名詞）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定語從句定語從句)（八）狀語（八）狀語 v修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆??？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has live

19、d in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）（不定式短語）4. He is in the room making a model plane.5. Wait a minute.6. Once you begin, you must continue.（分詞短語）（分詞短語）（名詞）（名詞）（狀語從句）（狀語從句）9種狀語種類如下： 1. How about mee

20、ting again at six?2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時間狀語）（時間狀語）（原因狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（條件狀語）（地點狀語）（地點狀語）（方式狀語）（方式狀語）v She came in with a dictio

21、nary in her hand.6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8. She works very hard though she is old.9. I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）（比較狀語） （九）同位語（九）同位語（Appositive）對前面的名）對前面的名詞或代詞做進(jìn)一

22、步的解釋，通常由名詞、詞或代詞做進(jìn)一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)任，如：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.（十）插入語（十）插入語（Parenthesis）對一句話）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。及其擴大、組合、省

23、略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。1 1： （主謂）（主謂）2 2： （主系表）（主系表）3 3： （主謂賓）（主謂賓）4 4： （主謂間賓直賓）（主謂間賓直賓）5 5： （主謂賓賓補）（主謂賓賓補）英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。1 1： （主謂）（主謂）2 2： （主系表）（主系表）3 3： （主謂賓）（主謂賓）4

24、 4： （主謂間賓直賓）（主謂間賓直賓）5 5： （主謂賓賓補）（主謂賓賓補） （不及物動詞）（不及物動詞）1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個此句型的句子有一個共同特點共同特點，即句子的謂語，即句子的謂語動詞動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從

25、句等。 （是系動詞）（是系動詞） （表語）（表語） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. 基本句型基本句型 三：三： （主謂賓）（主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具都具有實義有實義，都是主

26、語產(chǎn)生的動作都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語必須跟有一個賓語，即動，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。叫做及物動詞。 （及物動詞）（及物動詞） （賓語）（賓語）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四：四： （主謂間賓直賓）（主謂間賓直

27、賓）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語。這兩個賓語通常一有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語。這兩個賓語通常一個指人個指人(間接賓語間接賓語)；一個指物；一個指物(直接賓語直接賓語)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. （及物）（及物） （多指人）（多指人） （多指物）（多指物） She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I tol

28、d him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五：五： （主謂賓賓補）（主謂賓賓補）此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是：動詞雖然是及物是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。使意思完整。 （及物）（及物） （賓語）（賓語） （賓補）（賓補） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them th

29、inking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec練

30、習(xí)練習(xí)（一）（一）.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbial

31、Adverbialv6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10. His wish is to become a scientist.v11. He managed to finish the work in time.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.

32、v13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please tell me your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v1

33、8. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列諸句中畫線部分是什么成分： On the left of my house is an old church. Why could the boiling point of water be lowe

34、r at the top of a mountain?3. I am not going to work today.4. This thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What time will you arrive?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.7. What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8. I couldnt understa

35、nd why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information.10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is

36、 obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.O.C.O.O.C.S.O.練習(xí)練習(xí)一一.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：v1. The students got on the school bus.v2. He handed me the newspaper.v3. I shall answer your question after class.v4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5. They went hunting together early i

37、n the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbialv6. His job is to train swimmers.v7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8. There is going to be an American film tonight.v9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10. His wish is to become a scientist.v11. He managed

38、 to finish the work in time.v12. Tom came to ask me for advice.v13. He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.PredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14. Do you have anything else to say?v15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16. Would you please

39、 tell me your address?v17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.v18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.v19. He noticed a man enter the room.v20. The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：vI hope you

40、 are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We

41、grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. vAlthough the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt of

42、ten rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、補語（）： vMost Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often ma

43、ke us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five differe

44、nt time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、選擇填空：v( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.vA. Now there the man vB. The man here nowvC. The man who is here now vD. The man is here nowv( ) 2. The weather _.vA. wet and cold