高考英語(yǔ)閱讀訓(xùn)練掌握主旨大意(好課件)

1、 閱讀理解能力提高技巧（二）閱讀理解能力提高技巧（二）Improving your reading ability（2） 這類題目要求對(duì)文章的整體或局部（如段落）這類題目要求對(duì)文章的整體或局部（如段落）進(jìn)行分析、概括，歸納相關(guān)部分的中心大意進(jìn)行分析、概括，歸納相關(guān)部分的中心大意(main idea)(main idea)，選擇標(biāo)題（，選擇標(biāo)題（titletitle），判斷作者的），判斷作者的寫作目的（寫作目的（purposepurpose）等，主旨大意題經(jīng)常是）等，主旨大意題經(jīng)常是用記敘文、議論文用記敘文、議論文 。要作好主旨大意題首先要。要作好主旨大意題首先要能迅速找到文章的主題句。記敘文和

2、議論文的能迅速找到文章的主題句。記敘文和議論文的主題句常出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭，但有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在主題句常出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭，但有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在結(jié)尾，甚至出現(xiàn)在段中。要準(zhǔn)確找到主題句更結(jié)尾，甚至出現(xiàn)在段中。要準(zhǔn)確找到主題句更重要的是從全文去把握。重要的是從全文去把握。II.II.如何做主旨大意題如何做主旨大意題 做此類題目時(shí)，首先要搞清是問某一段還是做此類題目時(shí)，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來(lái)把握文脈，全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來(lái)把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往

3、是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 主旨大意題主旨大意題考查對(duì)一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的考查對(duì)一個(gè)段落或一篇文章的主題思想的理解。一個(gè)段落或一篇文章通常是主題思想的理解。一個(gè)段落或一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)主題展開的。圍繞一個(gè)主題展開的。 理解一個(gè)段落的主題思想首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找理解一個(gè)段落的主題思想首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。一般說(shuō)

4、來(lái)，在英語(yǔ)篇章中，主題句。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在英語(yǔ)篇章中，主題句在主題句在段落中的位置是有規(guī)律可循的段落中的位置是有規(guī)律可循的。 III.突破方法突破方法在閱讀中，盡量運(yùn)用有關(guān)信息詞確定主題句的位置，在閱讀中，盡量運(yùn)用有關(guān)信息詞確定主題句的位置，如：在如：在for example, first, second,to begin with等之前等之前的句子或在的句子或在all in all, above all，in a word，in short , sum up, therefore,thus,clearly等之后的句子中尋找并等之后的句子中尋找并確定。確定。2. 3. 對(duì)于主題隱含的段落，要先弄清

5、句子的意思，對(duì)于主題隱含的段落，要先弄清句子的意思，然后快速通讀文章，逐項(xiàng)排除，最終確定答然后快速通讀文章，逐項(xiàng)排除，最終確定答案。案。 如何尋找主題句如何尋找主題句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer ve

6、getables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主題句在段首）主題句在段首 一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論一個(gè)主題句常常是一個(gè)段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在議論文，科技文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這證性細(xì)節(jié)。在議論文，科技

7、文獻(xiàn)和新聞報(bào)道中多采用這種格式。種格式。 開門見山開門見山 提出主題, 隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方式. Nowadays the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time w

8、e are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.分清分清main idea 和和supporting sentences Sample 3 Insects come in many sizesSome are big and some are smallThe smallest ones are so smal1 that it takes one hundred of them to form on

9、e inchThe biggest insects are not big，but they are one thousand times as big as the smallestThey are about ten inches in length！ 第一句即為主題句，概述本段的主題思想第一句即為主題句，概述本段的主題思想“”。接著，在主題句后面的句子里，作者為闡述。接著，在主題句后面的句子里，作者為闡述這個(gè)主題，指出昆蟲有大有小，并對(duì)最小的昆蟲和最大這個(gè)主題，指出昆蟲有大有小，并對(duì)最小的昆蟲和最大的昆蟲分別加以陳述。的昆蟲分別加以陳述。 Sample 4 Smoking cigaret

10、tes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for

11、cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.主題句在句首的文章結(jié)構(gòu)是先點(diǎn)出主題，然后圍主題句在句首的文章結(jié)構(gòu)是先點(diǎn)出主題，然后圍繞這一主題進(jìn)行分析用演繹法闡述觀點(diǎn)，呈現(xiàn)出一繞這一主題進(jìn)行分析用演繹法闡述觀點(diǎn)，呈現(xiàn)出一個(gè)正三角形的模式。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)英語(yǔ)議論文和說(shuō)明文大個(gè)正三角形的模式。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)英語(yǔ)

12、議論文和說(shuō)明文大約有約有80%是這樣寫的。是這樣寫的。Sample 5 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主題

13、句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)）主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù)依據(jù), , 層層推理論證層層推理論證, , 最后自然得出結(jié)論最后自然得出結(jié)論, , 即段落即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn), ,它它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。 先陳述細(xì)節(jié)先陳述細(xì)節(jié), ,后歸納要點(diǎn)后歸納要點(diǎn), , 印象印象, , 結(jié)論結(jié)論, ,建議或結(jié)果建議或結(jié)果, , 以概括主題以概括主題. . 這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式 。 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, c

14、ompared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can

15、 control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore， man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. S

16、ample 6Sample7. One of the most important uses of gold is for moneyGold can be used to make rings，earrings，and other things，Gold is also used to make a gold leaf, a very flat ribbon of gold that is often used on picture framesCups and dishes can also be made from gold. Gold has many uses. 本段共有五句。前四句

17、主要列舉了金子的一本段共有五句。前四句主要列舉了金子的一些用途。根據(jù)上述細(xì)節(jié)，段落的最后一句給出結(jié)些用途。根據(jù)上述細(xì)節(jié)，段落的最后一句給出結(jié)論，即金子有多種用途。這種論，即金子有多種用途。這種帶結(jié)論性的句子應(yīng)帶結(jié)論性的句子應(yīng)視為主題句視為主題句。 Often no one looks more guilty than t he innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professi- -onal criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may real

18、ly only be trying to hide his own weakness. 這種以先陳述細(xì)節(jié)這種以先陳述細(xì)節(jié),后歸納要點(diǎn)后歸納要點(diǎn), 印象印象, 結(jié)論結(jié)論,建議或結(jié)果建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題以概括主題. 這是最常見的歸納這是最常見的歸納法寫作方式法寫作方式 。這種寫作模式呈倒三角形。這種寫作模式呈倒三角形。 Sample 9 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid o

19、f the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中間）在短文中間當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí)當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時(shí), , 通常前面只提出問題，通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨

20、之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出導(dǎo)出, , 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, , 支撐或發(fā)展支撐或發(fā)展. . People who live in countries with many doctors and modern hospitals are worlds healthiest people - right？Not necessarily. Some groups of people who have no doctors or hospitals at all are among the worlds healthie

21、st. For example，people who live on small, faraway islands get very few diseases because there are no outsiders to bring in germs or new illness. Sample 10本段的三個(gè)層次比較明顯。 第一句以設(shè)問的方式提出該文段要討論的主題：生活在有許多醫(yī)生和現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)院的國(guó)家中的人是世界上最健康的人嗎？此句起到了引出主題的作用。 第三句對(duì)前面的提問做出籠統(tǒng)的回答：許多生活在沒有大夫和醫(yī)院環(huán)境中的人也是世界上最健康的人。此句起到了陳述主題思想的作用，應(yīng)枧為主題句。

22、 段落的最后則舉例對(duì)主題做進(jìn)一步的解釋。 If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to t

23、ell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales trick is called “bait and switch”. (誘售誘售法法 )Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consider

24、ation of the goods and the reason for the sale. The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buyer BewareB. Closeout(出清存貨出清存貨) Sale C. Crime Pays D. Buying a TV Set 4.主題句在段首和段尾主題句在段首和段尾 Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Am

25、ericans eat with knives and forks；Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “Hi” when they meet；Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not. On the surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true. But in any count

26、ry，the manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country. 本段主要說(shuō)明本段主要說(shuō)明“禮貌在所有國(guó)家都很重禮貌在

27、所有國(guó)家都很重要，然而各國(guó)表達(dá)禮貌的方式卻不同要，然而各國(guó)表達(dá)禮貌的方式卻不同”。文段的文段的第一句明確陳述了這一看法第一句明確陳述了這一看法。在段。在段尾作者再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一看法。尾作者再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)了這一看法。 首尾呼應(yīng)首尾呼應(yīng) 為突出主題為突出主題, 作者先提出主題作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題點(diǎn)出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見. 但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù), 后面后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。5主題句暗含在段落中主題句暗含在段落中 An ant

28、can pick up an object more than fifty times its own weight. A bee can pull a load more than one hundred and fifty times its weight. If we were as strong in proportion to our size，we could pull a five-ton truck？If we had the jumping ability of a grasshopper，we could leap a third the length of a footb

29、all field！ 此段文章無(wú)主題句。所陳述的都是細(xì)節(jié)。一只螞蟻可搬此段文章無(wú)主題句。所陳述的都是細(xì)節(jié)。一只螞蟻可搬起比自身重量重起比自身重量重5050倍的東西。一只蜜蜂可拉動(dòng)比自身重倍的東西。一只蜜蜂可拉動(dòng)比自身重量重量重150150倍的重物。如果我們的力氣與身材成比例的話，倍的重物。如果我們的力氣與身材成比例的話，我們可能拉動(dòng)我們可能拉動(dòng)5 5噸的卡車。如果我們具有蚱蜢的彈跳力，噸的卡車。如果我們具有蚱蜢的彈跳力，我們可能躍過(guò)三分之一的足球場(chǎng)。根據(jù)以上事實(shí)，我們即我們可能躍過(guò)三分之一的足球場(chǎng)。根據(jù)以上事實(shí)，我們即可概括出本段落的主題思想是可概括出本段落的主題思想是: : 動(dòng)物的力量動(dòng)物的

30、力量”。 6無(wú)主題句 即主題句隱含在全文中即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于寬泛，要恰如其分。能在概括時(shí)過(guò)于寬泛，要恰如其分。 Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduat

31、ion. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a law

32、yer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解題思路】 此文沒有主題句。全篇共四句，只陳述了四個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)(detail)性的事實(shí)。因此就答案本身看，個(gè)個(gè)都對(duì)。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來(lái)，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個(gè)沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bin

33、gham接受過(guò)良好的教育，所以答案是 4 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a co

34、rporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student whe

35、n he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetailtypeThe position of the topic At the beginning At the end In the middle At the beginning and end No clear topic sentenceTypes Of Paragraph Structures（NMET 2002） 1.Underground systems are already in placeMany c

36、ities have underground car parksIn some cities，such as Tokyo，Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas，The “Chunnel”，a tunnel（隧（隧道）道）connecting England and France；is now completed 第一句為主題句第一句為主題句. 本段中的其他句子都是用來(lái)本段中的其他句子都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明說(shuō)明“地下設(shè)施地下設(shè)施”是以何種形式在地球上是以何種形式在地球上“已經(jīng)已經(jīng)存在存在”的具體實(shí)例。的具體實(shí)例。3.

37、Joe is happy about being on a bowling team that bowls once a week. He also enjoys playing basketball twice a month. During the summer，he tries to play baseball on weekends. Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. He goes swimming as often as he can. Whenever he cant participate directly，he love

38、s to watch a football game or a golf or tennis match. 本段的本段的主題句為第四句主題句為第四句Joe really does enjoy all sports activities. 前三句引述了他喜歡的幾種體育前三句引述了他喜歡的幾種體育活動(dòng)，主題句后面的兩句對(duì)中心思想做了進(jìn)一步活動(dòng)，主題句后面的兩句對(duì)中心思想做了進(jìn)一步的解釋和支撐。段落結(jié)構(gòu)包括三個(gè)層次：引出主的解釋和支撐。段落結(jié)構(gòu)包括三個(gè)層次：引出主題題-呈現(xiàn)主題呈現(xiàn)主題-解釋主題。解釋主題。（NMET 1998）4. On the night of the party Merlin

39、rolled into the room playing his violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller-skates. He rolled on and on. Suddenly，he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins

40、grand entrance for a long time!此段落也無(wú)明確的主題句。本段說(shuō)此段落也無(wú)明確的主題句。本段說(shuō)MerlinMerlin按計(jì)劃拉著小按計(jì)劃拉著小提琴，穿著自制的旱冰鞋，滑進(jìn)化裝舞會(huì)，令在場(chǎng)的人提琴，穿著自制的旱冰鞋，滑進(jìn)化裝舞會(huì)，令在場(chǎng)的人大吃一驚，由于停不住竟然將墻上的巨大鏡子撞碎，則大吃一驚，由于停不住竟然將墻上的巨大鏡子撞碎，則更使人久久不能忘懷。根據(jù)上文及本段的描述，可概括更使人久久不能忘懷。根據(jù)上文及本段的描述，可概括出本段的主題思想是出本段的主題思想是“MerlinMerlin的閃亮登場(chǎng)取得意料之外的閃亮登場(chǎng)取得意料之外的成功的成功”。 三三. 專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練專

41、項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練 閱讀下面短文，從各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（閱讀下面短文，從各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和和D）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A Wouldnt it be terrible if we didnt have grass？We would have to walk on bare soil. Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like？On a rainy day, we would get all muddy. On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.The short te

42、xt mainly deals with . A. why we need rain B. how grass is kept greenC. how grass helps usD. why we breathe dustCB The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster. Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to

43、Napoleon Bonapartes French Army. At stake were the whole continent of Europe and Napoleons dream of an empire. In a few days, over forty thousand French soldiers died. With their deaths a new word for disaster was born - Waterloo.The subject of the text is . A. where Waterloo is B. who named Waterloo C. why Napoleon was defeated D. how Waterloo came to mean defeatDRats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago. They still spread disease and eat crops. Much of the hunger we have today is