物理實(shí)驗(yàn)的器材選取及其加工

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16、V.Section1page: Section1我們都知道，實(shí)驗(yàn)器材是限制物理實(shí)驗(yàn)課教學(xué)的瓶頸，要表達(dá)物理是有趣的，而且是有用的，就離不開(kāi)實(shí)驗(yàn)；要驗(yàn)證某個(gè)規(guī)律或得到某個(gè)結(jié)論，也需要進(jìn)展實(shí)驗(yàn)，而實(shí)驗(yàn)就必然需要相應(yīng)的器材。在偏遠(yuǎn)的鄉(xiāng)村中學(xué)，由于受編制配置、教學(xué)內(nèi)容調(diào)整等影響，實(shí)驗(yàn)器材往往比較貧乏，我們就要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造條件做實(shí)驗(yàn)，因地制宜地開(kāi)展“造器材的活動(dòng)，而如何選取恰當(dāng)?shù)钠鞑?，就顯得非常重要。下面我就舉兩個(gè)例子加以說(shuō)明。在探究氣體的壓強(qiáng)與流速的關(guān)系實(shí)驗(yàn)中，假如由老師用現(xiàn)成的玻璃漏斗來(lái)演示“用漏斗吹球不掉的實(shí)驗(yàn)，學(xué)生在觀察到球不掉的同時(shí)，也看到球在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)！于是，同學(xué)們私下可能會(huì)想：球不掉可能還與旋轉(zhuǎn)有關(guān)！事

17、實(shí)上，我們確實(shí)無(wú)法在課堂上實(shí)現(xiàn)直接把乒乓球給吹起來(lái)，特別是程度方向一吹，球便跑掉了。要是用管斜向上對(duì)乒乓球持續(xù)吹氣，球會(huì)在空中旋轉(zhuǎn)，且球不會(huì)掉下來(lái)圖1，同學(xué)們就會(huì)更加相信前面的觀點(diǎn)與旋轉(zhuǎn)有關(guān)！假如由學(xué)生自己來(lái)探究，一方面器材缺乏，另一方面也不是很平安要把玻璃管含在口中。所以我們就把塑料瓶加工成“漏斗，既可以保證學(xué)生人手一個(gè)，又可以按照我們的需要進(jìn)展加工圖2，做起實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)就比較順手了：由于我們使用了瓶底做“斗圖2中的A，乒乓球與斗壁不能充分接觸，吹氣時(shí)球就不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)了；假如做向上吹球的實(shí)驗(yàn)圖3，球也不易吹起來(lái)。當(dāng)然，這樣做不是進(jìn)展掩蓋，而是盡量排除干擾因素！當(dāng)我們用圖2中的B做程度吹球時(shí)，球不會(huì)一吹就

18、跑，而是被“吸回來(lái)圖4，從左右兩個(gè)方向吹都可以！假如我們沒(méi)有漏斗，還可以用紙板或卡甚至筆筒來(lái)做：把乒乓球放在程度桌面上，在其程度方向任何一方斜放一張紙板或卡，然后沿著紙板或卡上面邊緣對(duì)球吹氣圖5，球會(huì)迎著吹氣的方向向紙板或卡運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)來(lái)！假如用后端有孔的圓珠筆來(lái)吹球，只需去掉前端部分和中間的筆芯，就可以做向下吹球而球不掉的實(shí)驗(yàn)圖6，而且排除了“斗這種形的影響，讓同學(xué)們更加明晰地得出氣體壓強(qiáng)與流速的關(guān)系的結(jié)論。又如，在證明有大氣壓強(qiáng)存在的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，我們可能沒(méi)有圖7中的器材，但我們可以用塑料瓶、竹筒或筆筒來(lái)做實(shí)驗(yàn)：把塑料瓶裝滿水，并把蓋旋緊，然后用釘子在瓶壁上同一高度的地方鉆幾個(gè)洞，水并不會(huì)流出來(lái)如圖8所示，只要洞的直徑不超過(guò)1厘米都行！假如把塑料瓶裝滿水后用瓶蓋反面把瓶口擋住，然后漸漸地把瓶倒立，瓶蓋不會(huì)掉，水也不會(huì)流出來(lái)圖9。假如我們用筆筒來(lái)做實(shí)驗(yàn)，可以把筆帽裝滿水并倒立過(guò)來(lái)，水是不會(huì)流出來(lái)的，然后把無(wú)孔的筆尾反過(guò)來(lái)去接觸筆帽中的