紐約城市規(guī)劃—水路

1、編輯課件Waterways（水路）編輯課件Water surrounds New York City, and the story of our harbor in many ways reflects the history of our city. The Hudson, East, Harlem, and Bronx Rivers, Jamaica Bay, and the Upper and Lower New York Bays have physically defined the city and supported trade, industry, diverse ecolog

2、ical communities, and recreation. Our water- ways, as much as any other element of the city, distinguish our people and neighborhoods. When Henry Hudson arrived over 400 years ago in what is now New York City, he encountered a land filled with forests, wetlands, and an abundance of nature. During st

3、orms, this undeveloped land naturally filtered rainwater into pristine waterways teeming with aquatic life. 【紐約是一個被水環(huán)繞的城市，海港上發(fā)生的很多故事都能反映出紐約的歷史。哈德遜河、東哈萊姆河和朗克斯河，牙買加灣、上下紐約港灣構(gòu)成了紐約城的輪廓線，為紐約的貿(mào)易、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供了方便， 也使紐約形成了多種多樣的生態(tài)社區(qū)。 城市中的水路就像是城市中的道路一樣，是劃分出城市居民與鄰里的重要手段。在400多年前，當(dāng)亨利來到了現(xiàn)在的紐約所處的位置上時，他所見到的是一片郁郁蔥蔥的森林和水草豐茂的

4、濕地，肥妹富饒而又充滿著生機(jī)與活力。在暴風(fēng)雨中,這片未開發(fā)的土地自然過濾雨水進(jìn)入到充滿水生生物的原始水道中?！?編輯課件New York Citys transformation into a global center of industry and commerce dramatically and irrevocably altered this natural environment. People drained coastal marshes, ponds, and streams to make room for development. After a series of ch

5、olera outbreaks in the 1840s, city leaders invested in sewers to remove sanitary sewage and discharge it directly into waterways. Their vision proved to be a wise expenditure, and by the late 1860s, the threat of cholera from wastewater in the streets subsided. Nonetheless, the quality of our water-

6、 ways became progressively worse. Eventually, wastewater treatment plants were built near bathing beaches, but construction didnt keep up with need in every waterway. 【紐約在成為全球工業(yè)和商業(yè)中心的轉(zhuǎn)型過程中，顯著的改變了自然環(huán)境體系，對環(huán)境造成了不可挽回的破壞。為了給城市的提供更多的發(fā)展空間，人們開始大量的開墾濕地、圍湖造田。1840年，紐約市爆發(fā)了大規(guī)?；魜y疫情，在那之后，為了讓生活污水可以直接排放到排水溝中，政府開始投資建

7、設(shè)下水道。而事實(shí)也證明這是一個明智的決策，到1860年代末，霍亂的威脅開始隨著街道上的污水的消失而消失了。盡管如此，城市內(nèi)的水資源的質(zhì)量正變得越來越差。政府最后也不得不在沙灘浴場附近建立污水處理廠來治理污水，但是治理的速度卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)都趕不上污染的速度?！烤庉嬚n件Industrialization also degraded our waterways. Wetlands were filled, and many waterways were deepened and their edges hardened with bulk- heads and piers to support naviga

8、tion and manufacturing. Oil refineries, factories, and shipyards clustered along our tributaries, and their waste products were often dumped into the water. While manufacturing declined after World War II, the health of the waterfront continued to suffer. For decades, stretches of waterfront sat lar

9、gely abandoned while historic pollution seeped deeper into the soils and surrounding waters. 【伴隨著紐約工業(yè)化的實(shí)現(xiàn)，城市內(nèi)的水路功能卻在一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的退化。濕地被填充、水道被深化，河岸的邊緣也用散裝頭進(jìn)行了硬化，與此同時，碼頭也開始發(fā)展航海業(yè)與制造業(yè)。煉油廠、工廠和造船廠沿河而建,出廠的廢品往往被倒入河流中，到了二戰(zhàn)以后，城市的制造產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展開始下滑,但濱水區(qū)的人們的健康仍然遭受著威脅。幾十年來,綿延的碼頭大部分都被拋棄了，工業(yè)殘留的污染卻已經(jīng)滲透到更深層的土壤和水域中?！烤庉嬚n件A lot has cha

10、nged since then. Throughout the 20th century, the City built 14 plants that today are capable of treating 100% of the 1.1 billion gallons of sanitary waste that New Yorkers generate every day in dry weather. The Citys efforts were helped by landmark federal legislation that included the 1972 Clean W

11、ater Act, which for the first time established pollution discharge standards and made grants available to meet them. The Citys efforts have continued even after federal grants ended in the 1990s. We have invested more than $6 billion in harbor water quality improvements since 2002 alone. 【自那以來發(fā)生了很多變

12、化。貫穿整個20世紀(jì),紐約建立了14個污水處理廠，能100%處理紐約人每天在干燥的天氣中產(chǎn)生的11億加侖的污物。這個城市通過努力所取得的成果都是益于紐約的的法律,在1972年制定的清潔水法案,首次建立了污染排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并為其提供相應(yīng)的治理資金，具有里程碑意義。雖然這一政策在1990年便停止實(shí)施了，但對于城市的治理我們一刻都不曾停歇。僅2002年以來，我們對水質(zhì)的治理的投資就已經(jīng)超過了60億美元?！烤庉嬚n件 In 2011, we are poised to certify system-wide attainment of Clean Water Act secondary wastewater

13、 treatment standards for the first time ever. And water quality in New York Harbor is cleaner now than at any time in the last century. Over 130 square miles, or 95%, of New York Harbor is available for boating. New Yorkers also have access to swimmable waters adjacent to the citys 14 miles of publi

14、c beaches in the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. More than 116 square miles, or 75%, of the New York side of the harbor meets pathogen standards for swimming. 【在2011年,我們正有史以來第一次準(zhǔn)備通過在全國范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施的清潔水法案二級污水處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?，F(xiàn)在紐約市水的質(zhì)量已經(jīng)變得比上個世紀(jì)任何時期都要高。95%的紐約港口，大約超過130平方英里,都可供劃船適用。紐約人也在布朗克斯、布魯克林、皇后區(qū)和斯塔頓島，在毗鄰城市

15、14英里的公共海灘周圍擁有了適合游泳的水域。紐約一側(cè)的港口中，有75%的港口,超過116平方英里海域達(dá)到了適于人類游泳水域的細(xì)菌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。】編輯課件 Despite these major improvements, we continue to face four primary challenges to the quality of our waterways. First, while our wastewater treatment plants can handle all of the volume the city generates on a dry day, the treat

16、ed water released from our plants still contains comparatively high levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen. These dont pose a public health risk, but they can impair water quality by depleting the dissolved oxygen that fish and other aquatic life need to survive. 【盡管有這些重大改進(jìn),但我們?nèi)匀还餐媾R著四個主要的威脅著我們水路質(zhì)量的挑

17、戰(zhàn)。首先,雖然我們的污水處理廠可以處理城市在一天中所產(chǎn)生的所有污水,從工廠中經(jīng)過處理而釋放出去的水仍然含有較高水平的營養(yǎng)成分,如氮。這些成分雖然對公共衛(wèi)生不造成任何風(fēng)險,但他們卻消耗溶解在水中的氧氣從而影響水質(zhì),而這寫氧氣卻是魚類和其他水生生物生存所需要的?！烤庉嬚n件 Second, the majority of our sewer system accepts both sanitary and stormwater flows. There are design limits on the amount of stormwater flows the plants can handle

18、without threatening the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment process. To protect treatment plants, the system has safety valves, known as combined sewer outfalls. Similarly, combined sewer outfalls are necessary in some locations because of limited capacity in the sewer system itself. These dis

19、charge excess sanitary and stormwater flowotherwise known as Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs)into the citys surrounding waterways during heavy rains. 【第二,我們大多數(shù)的下水道系統(tǒng)主要收集廁所污水和雨水兩個方面。如果我們根據(jù)預(yù)計的暴雨流水量的波動范圍，就能讓污水處理廠更安全更有效的處理污水。為了保護(hù)污水處理廠，污水處理系統(tǒng)都安有安全閥門,稱為聯(lián)合污水排放口。同樣,結(jié)合下水道系統(tǒng)本身能力的局限性，就得考慮在一些必要的地方安置安全閥門。這些在暴風(fēng)雨期間

20、一起匯入城市周圍的下水道中而又溢出的雨水和廁所污水還有其他的污水都被成為合流污水溢流，簡稱CSOs?！?編輯課件While CSOs are the largest source of pollution entering our waterways, the number and potency of these events has dropped dramatically over the last 30 years, limiting water quality impairments to our smaller tributaries. Since 1980, we have in

21、creased our rate of CSO capture from 30% to over 72%. The portion composed of sewage has continued to decrease from 30% by volume in the 1980s to 12% in 2010. However, we still discharge an estimated 30 billion gallons of CSOs each year.【當(dāng)合流污水溢流成為污染我們水質(zhì)的最大污染源的時候,在過去的30年里，通過預(yù)防支流水質(zhì)的污染，使得溢流發(fā)生的數(shù)量和及效力都顯著

22、下降了。自1980年以來,我們成功的提高了控制合流污水溢流的比率，真正的從30%提高到72%以上。污水量與總水量的體積比已經(jīng)由1980年的30%持續(xù)降低到2010年的12%。然而,我們估計每年由于合流污水溢流而排放的的污水仍然會達(dá)到30億加侖。】Third, some of our waterways are severely impaired by contaminated sediments that leach pollutants deposited decades ago. These legacy contaminants continue to degrade coastal e

23、cosystems that never fully recovered from the levels of pollution and development that occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries.【第三,我們的一些水道因幾十年前的污染物沉積而嚴(yán)重堵塞。這些遺留的污染物將一直污染沿海生態(tài)系統(tǒng),并且永遠(yuǎn)無法完全的恢復(fù)到像出現(xiàn)在19世紀(jì)和20世紀(jì)時的污染和發(fā)展的水平。】編輯課件Fourth, we also face challenges to our remaining natural areas within our waterw

24、ays. The construction of bulkheads and hardened shore- lines and the dredging of channels have significantly altered tidal wetlands, aquatic habitats, and hydrology. For the Hudson-Raritan Estuary as a whole, including New York City, only 14 square miles of coastal wetlands remain from an estimated

25、100 square miles when Henry Hudson arrived 400 years ago. We must protect remaining wetlands and restore them where they can make the greatest long-term contribution to water quality and the ecosystems necessary for the harbor to thrive. 【 第四,我們在我們的水域之內(nèi)的其他自然區(qū)域也面臨著挑戰(zhàn)。認(rèn)為建設(shè)的防水壁、堅硬的河岸和疏浚渠道都顯著的改變了潮汐濕地,水生棲息地,和水文條件。把包括紐約在內(nèi)的哈得遜美國力登河口作為一個整體,從400年前估計有100平方英里的面積縮小到現(xiàn)在的只有14平方英里的沿海濕地。我們必須保護(hù)剩余的濕地 ，還原它們，使它們成為能夠長期地為繁