英語詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)大綱整理

1、1 Basic Concepts 基本概念1.1 the definition of a word （The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given

2、sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1. No enough letters: alphabet

3、from Latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling 1.3 sound and form ：all national character 全民性stability 穩(wěn)定性productivity 多產(chǎn)性polysemy 一詞多義collocability 搭配性obvious characteristics明顯的特點(diǎn)basi

4、c word stock 基本詞匯 nonbasic vocabulary非基本詞匯 1.4 vocabularyby use frequency 按使用頻率分：basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本詞匯和非基本詞匯by notion 按概念分：content words and functional words實(shí)義詞和功能詞by origin 按起源分：native words and borrowed words本地詞和外來詞1.5 classification of wordsterminology術(shù)語jargon 行話slang 俚語ar

5、gon 黑話dialectal words 方言詞archaism 古語詞neologism 新詞neutral in style 文體上中性frequent in use 使用頻繁denizens 同化詞aliens 異形詞translation-loans 譯借詞semantic-loans 借義詞詞匯分類(Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)native words本

6、地詞borrowed words外來詞2 DevelopmentPrussian 普魯士語Lithuanian 立陶宛語Polish 波蘭語Czech 捷克語Bulgarian 保加利亞語Slovenian 斯洛文尼亞語Russian 俄語Eastern set：東部諸語族 Western set：西部諸語族It is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on

7、 the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.Balto-Slavic 波羅的海-斯拉夫語Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗語Armenian 亞美尼亞語Albanian 阿爾巴尼亞語Persian 波斯語Bengali 孟加拉國(guó)語Hindi 印地語Romany 普吉賽語Scottish 蘇格蘭語Irish 愛爾蘭語Welsh 威爾士語Breton 布里多尼語Celtic 凱爾特語Italic 意大利語Hellenic 希臘語GreekGermanic 日耳曼語2.1 Indo-European 印歐語Por

8、tuguese 葡萄牙語Spanish 西班牙語French 法語Italian 意大利語Roumanian 羅馬尼亞語Latin 拉丁語言Norwegian 挪威語Icelandic 冰島語Danish 丹麥語Swedish 瑞典語German 德語Dutch 荷蘭語Flemish 佛蘭德語English 英語Yiddish 依地語Scandinavian languages斯堪的納維亞語50000-60000 words 5萬6萬間詞匯Highly inflected 高度曲折complex endings 復(fù)雜的結(jié)尾vowel changes 元音變化Old English (450-1

9、150) Anglo-Saxon古英語 盎格魯-撒克遜語Middle English (1150-1500)中古英語Modern English (1500-up to now)現(xiàn)代英語French words 法語詞匯leveled endings 水平結(jié)尾2.2 Historical reviewBorrow 借詞new words 新詞 no endings 無結(jié)尾 歷史概述Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期現(xiàn)代英語Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期現(xiàn)代英語（from a synthetic la

10、nguage (Old English) to the present analytic language。從古英語的綜合型語言發(fā)展成了現(xiàn)在的分析型語言。）the rapid development of modern science and technology （45 ）現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展（ 45 ）social, economic and political changes（11 ）社會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治的變化（ 11 ）the influence of other cultures and languages（ 24 ）其它文化和語言的影響（ 24 ）three main source

11、s三種主要來源2.3 Growth of Present-day English VocabularyCreation 創(chuàng)詞 formation of new words, most importantsemantic change 舊詞新義 old form with new meaning, new usagesborrowing 借詞 vital role2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development3 Word Formation3.1 Morphemes 詞素 Definition: These minimal meaningful units are kno

12、wn as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.詞素是“構(gòu)詞中最小功能單位”。3.2 Allomorphs 語素變體 Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.The morpheme

13、 is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 詞素是一個(gè)音素發(fā)音的語素。詞素是真正能發(fā)音的最小的意義載體。monomorphemic words：can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.單語素詞 在句子中獨(dú)立起作用allomorphs：the alternative morphs of the same morpheme詞素變體 可替換語素（音標(biāo)）的相同詞素 morphemeIndependent 獨(dú)立free grammatical units 自由的語法單位compl

14、ete meanings 完整的意義free morpheme free root自由語素 自由詞根bound morpheme粘著語素3.3 Types of Morphemesbound root ：fundamental meaning粘著詞根 基本意義affix詞綴（附加物）attach, modify 附著，修飾Inflectional affix attached to the end of words 附在詞尾曲折詞綴 Grammatical relationships 文法關(guān)系derivational affix派生詞綴prefix前綴Suffix后綴affix詞綴root o

15、r stem詞根或詞干3.4 Root and StemThe affixation and compounding involve different word-forming elements詞綴法和混合涉及不同的詞語構(gòu)成因素affixation (30%-40%) 詞綴法（30%-40% ）compounding (28%-30%) 復(fù)合法(28% -30% ）conversion (26%) 轉(zhuǎn)化法（26% ）shortening (8%-10%) 縮略法（8% -10%）blending and other means (1%-5%) 拼綴法和其他方法（ 1 -5% ）4 Word-

16、formationclipping 刪節(jié)acronymy 首字母縮略法Word formation 構(gòu)詞的方式prefixation 前綴法 before the word, modify the meaning 前置，改詞意suffixation 后綴法 after the word, change word class 后置，改詞性4.1 Affixation 詞綴法 falls into two subclasses（子類）:Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming o

17、r derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives. 詞綴法可定義為通過給詞干加結(jié)構(gòu)詞詞綴或派生詞綴構(gòu)成新詞的一種構(gòu)詞方法。用這種方法構(gòu)成的詞叫派生構(gòu)詞。因?yàn)橥ㄟ^這種方式創(chuàng)造的新詞是從舊詞派生而來。通過這種方式造出的詞叫做“派生詞”。Negative prefixes 否定

18、前綴(a-, an-, dis-, in-, non-, un-)Reversative prefixes 逆反前綴(de-, dis-, un-)Pejorative prefixes 貶義前綴(mal-, mis-, pseudo-)Prefixes of degree or size程度大小前綴(arch-, co-, hyper-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-, under-, ultra-, super-, sur-)Prefixes of orientation and attitude 傾向態(tài)度前綴(anti-, contra-, counter-)Loca

19、tive prefixes 方位前綴(fore-, inter-, sub-, super-, trans-)Prefixes of time and order 時(shí)間順序前綴(ex-, fore-, pre-, post-, re-)Number prefixes 數(shù)字前綴(bi-, di-, multi-, poly-, semi-, demi-, tri-, uni-, mono-)Miscellaneous prefixes 多種前綴(auto-, extra-, neo-, paleo-, pan-, proto-, tele-, vice-)4.1.1 Prefixation 前綴

20、法 （we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups 我們可以在語義基礎(chǔ)上將前綴分為九類）Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. 前綴法是在詞干上加上前綴構(gòu)詞的一種方法，前綴一般不改變?cè)~干的詞類，只對(duì)詞干的意義進(jìn)行修飾。a. Concret

21、e 具體名詞 eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-terb.Abstract 抽象名詞 age,-dom,-ery(-ry),-hood,-ing,-ism,-ship1) Denominal nouns 名詞派生來的名詞2) Deverbal nouns 動(dòng)詞派生來的名詞3) De-adjective nouns :-ity,-ness 由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞4) Noun and adjective suffixes :-ese,-an,-ist名詞和形容詞后綴 a. The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create larg

22、ely nouns denoting people, -ant，-ee，-ent，-er（-or）(這組后綴加在動(dòng)詞詞干上構(gòu)成新詞，主要表示人，。)b. Suffixes of this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc：-al，-age，-ance，-ation(-ition,-tion,-sion,-ion)，-ence，-ing，-ment(這組后綴加在動(dòng)詞詞干上，主要構(gòu)成抽象名詞，表示動(dòng)作、結(jié)果、過程、狀態(tài)等。

23、)Noun suffixes 名詞后綴Adjective suffixes 形容詞后綴Adverb suffixes: -ly,-ward (s),-wise副詞后綴Verb suffixes：-ate,-en,- (i)fy,-ize (-ise)動(dòng)詞后綴 1) Denominal suffixes：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y 名詞派生的后綴（加名詞后）2) Deverbal suffixes:-able（-ible），-ive（-ative，-sive）動(dòng)詞派生的后綴（加動(dòng)詞后）4.1.2 Suffixation 后綴法Suffixation is t

24、he formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem .Suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. 后綴法是在詞干加上后綴來構(gòu)成

25、新詞。不像主要改變?cè)~干意義的前綴，后綴的只有很小語義作用，其主要功能是改變?cè)~干的語法功能。換句話說，他們主要是改變?cè)~性。4.2 Compounding 復(fù)合法 Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compoundis a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functio

26、ning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. 復(fù)合法，同樣也被稱作合成法,是指由兩個(gè)或者更多的詞干相結(jié)合而構(gòu)成的新詞，此種方式形成的詞被稱為復(fù)合詞。所以，復(fù)合詞是“由多于一個(gè)以上的詞干組成的，同時(shí)具有一個(gè)詞的語法功能和意義功能的詞匯單位”。1).Phonetic features 語音特點(diǎn) first element stress 第一個(gè)構(gòu)詞成分重音2).Semantic features 語義特點(diǎn) unity, as one word 統(tǒng)一性，如同個(gè)單詞3).Grammatical features 語法特點(diǎn) singl

27、e grammatical role 獨(dú)立的語法作用 Characteristics of Compounds 復(fù)合詞的特征Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects:復(fù)合詞和自由詞組不同于三個(gè)方面Noun compounds 名詞性復(fù)合詞Adjective compounds 形容詞性復(fù)合詞Verb compounds 動(dòng)詞復(fù)合詞conversion 反轉(zhuǎn)backformation -er, -ing, -ion 逆序法 Formation of Compounds復(fù)合詞的形成(1) State (of

28、mind or sensation) 狀態(tài)（心理或感覺）(2) Event or activity 事件或行動(dòng)(3) Result of the action 行動(dòng)的結(jié)果(4) Doer of the action 行動(dòng)的發(fā)出者(5) Tool or instrument to do the action with 行動(dòng)的工具(6) Place of the action 行動(dòng)的地點(diǎn)1) Verb to noun動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞 2) Adjective to noun形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞1.Conversion to noun轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞2. Conversion to verbs轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞3.Miscel

29、laneous conversion混合反轉(zhuǎn) Phrasal verbs to nouns: Keep original order Invert the verb and particle: p+v動(dòng)詞短語轉(zhuǎn)名詞：保持原有順序， 動(dòng)詞小品詞出現(xiàn)反轉(zhuǎn) (1) Words fully converted 完全轉(zhuǎn)化的詞 (2) Words partially converted 部分轉(zhuǎn)化的詞(3) Miscellaneous conversion 多種轉(zhuǎn)化1）Noun to verb名詞變動(dòng)詞2）Adjective to verb形容詞變動(dòng)詞(1) To put in or on N 放入名詞(2

30、) To give N or to provide with N 提供名詞(3) To remove N from 從消除名詞(4) To do with N 用名詞做(5) To be or act as N 象名詞一樣起作用(6) To make or change into N 變成名詞(7) To send or go by N 用名詞送去4.3 Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)類法（1）Voiceless to voiced consonant 清輔音變濁輔音（2）Initial to end stress 字首重音變字尾重音Conversion is the formation of ne

31、w words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word c

32、lass, without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. 轉(zhuǎn)類法是將一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類構(gòu)成新詞的方法。這些詞在語法意義上是新詞。既然這些詞在形態(tài)結(jié) 構(gòu)上不便，只在功能上有變化，這一轉(zhuǎn)類過程也叫做功能轉(zhuǎn)換。一般認(rèn)為，轉(zhuǎn)類法是單詞不添加詞綴而直接轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)新詞的派生構(gòu)詞的過程。這一過程由于不加詞綴，所以又稱零派生。1. head + tail 頭尾2. head + head 頭頭3. head + word 頭整詞4. word + tail 整詞尾4.4 blending 拼綴法，混合詞blends f

33、all into four major groups:1. Front clipping 前刪（aphaeresis）2. Back clipping 后刪 (apocopy)3. Front and back clipping 前后刪(4. syncope 刪詞腰5. Phrase clipping 刪短語Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called

34、 blends or pormanteau words. 拼綴法是通過合并兩個(gè)詞的某些部分或一個(gè)詞與另外一個(gè)詞的另一部分相加起來構(gòu)成新詞。以此種方式構(gòu)成的詞被稱作為拼綴詞或行囊詞。4.5 Clipping截短法，刪減法 four common types of clipping:Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. 1. L

35、etters represent full words 字母代表所有詞2. Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word字母代表復(fù)合詞或者只是一個(gè)詞的幾部分另一個(gè)常見的構(gòu)詞法時(shí)將原詞的一部分截去，只用剩下來的一部分構(gòu)成新詞，這種方法叫截短法。Initialisms首字母縮略詞Acronyms 首字母拼音詞（Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. 一個(gè)字母一個(gè)字母念。）（Acronyms are words formed from initia

36、l letters but pronounced as a normal word. 首字母拼音詞是由字母組合在一起作為一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單詞拼音的詞。）4.6 Acronym 首字母縮詞法Abstract nouns 抽象名詞Human nouns 人類名詞Compound nouns and others 復(fù)合名詞和其他Adjectives 形容詞4.7 Back-formation 逆構(gòu)法Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It is a method of forming new word

37、s by cutting imagined affixes. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs. 逆構(gòu)法被認(rèn)為是后綴法的相反過程。由逆構(gòu)法生成的詞多半是動(dòng)詞。(Formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes. names of people 人名names of places 地名names of books 書名trade names 商業(yè)名稱通過消除假想的后綴的方法來構(gòu)詞的方式 Style: informal 非正式)4.8 words from pr

38、oper nouns 專有名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的詞Style: vivid, impressive, thought-provoking 生動(dòng)，印象深刻，發(fā)人深省的 定義模式：its the formation of new words by doing(doing是主要?jiǎng)釉~，可替換為add, cut, join/combine, change) 分類：1)詞的自身長(zhǎng)度變化(變形)：加減法 （加：affixation，減：clipping, back-formation）2)詞間組合：整體組合：compound; 部分組合：blending; 字母組合：acronymy3)詞的自身變化:變性:conv

39、ersion; 變態(tài)/變位:words from proper names (普通化/特殊變?yōu)槠胀?Reference 參照Concept 概念Sense 語感5 Word Meaning 詞義5.1 Meanings of meaningWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 詞只是符號(hào)，許多詞只有獲得參照后才有意義。參照是語言與周

40、圍世界的關(guān)系。Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意義與概念有緊密的聯(lián)系，但并不等同。他們都直接與參照相關(guān)，都是詞的概念，但屬于不同的范疇。Generally speaking, the meaning of meaning is perhaps what is termed sense. Un

41、like reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language. Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 一般來說，意義的意義也許就是“語感” 。不像參照，“語感”表示的是語言內(nèi)部的關(guān)系。有意義的每個(gè)詞都有語感，但并不是每個(gè)詞都有參照物。Onomatopoeic Motivation 擬聲理據(jù) ：sounds suggest meanings, imitating natural sounds or noises 聲音暗指意義

42、，模仿自然的聲音Morphological Motivation 形態(tài)理據(jù) ：the meanings are the sum total of the morphemes combined 組合詞素的綜合Semantic Motivation 語義理據(jù) Etymological Motivation 詞源理據(jù) ：the meanings often relate to the origin 與來源有關(guān)the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word 詞的概念所指的精神聯(lián)系the connection b

43、etween the literal sense and figurative sense 文字語義和寓意間的聯(lián)系5.2 Motivation 理據(jù)Grammatical Meaning 語法意義Lexical Meaning詞法的意義Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 動(dòng)機(jī)是語言符號(hào)和它意義之間的關(guān)系。1. Connotative meaning 內(nèi)涵意義 2. Stylistic meaning 文體意義3. Affective meaning 情感意義4

44、. Collocative meaning 搭配意義Conceptual Meaning 概念意義Associative Meaning聯(lián)系意義5.3 Types of Meaning 意義的類型appreciative 褒義pejorative 貶義Word-meaning is not monogeneous but a composite consisting of different parts. These are known in familiar terms as different types of meaning. 詞義并非是成分單一的，而是由不同部分組合的復(fù)合物。這些在熟悉

45、的術(shù)語中通常稱作不同類型的意義。6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field 語義關(guān)系和語義場(chǎng)polysemy 歧義homonymy 同音異義synonymy 同義antonymy 反義hyponymy 上下位關(guān)系sense relations語義關(guān)系6.1 Polysemy 歧義Definition: the words with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meanings 一詞多義。diachronic approach. 歷時(shí)的角度: growth and develop

46、ment 成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展 primary meaning 基本義-derived meaning 派生義synchronic approach. 共時(shí)的角度: coexistence 共存 central meaning 中心義-sencondary meaning 次要義 (secondary -sometimes dominant 有時(shí)占優(yōu)勢(shì))Two approches to Polysemy: 歧義的兩個(gè)角度radiation輻射型: center, every direction like rays; independent; back to central meaning. e.g: n

47、eck (多個(gè)意思同時(shí)并存)concatenation連鎖型: move away from first sense by shifts; no connection with original meaning; Later meaning is related to preceding one. eg. : treacle, candidate （剩下一個(gè)意思） Two Processes of Development: 發(fā)展的兩個(gè)過程6.2 homonymy 同音異義Definition: words have different meanings but identical sounds

48、 or spelling 聲音拼寫相同意義不同。Perfect homonyms: identical sounds and spelling完全同形同音異義詞Homographs: identical spelling同形異音異義詞Homophones: identical sound-most common同音異形異義詞 Types of Homonyms 同音異義的種類 6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms ：changes in sound and spelling; Borrowing; ShorteningPerfect homonyms: identical sou

49、nds and spelling完全同形同音異義詞Homographs: identical spelling同形異音異義詞Homophones: identical sound-most common同音異形異義詞 同音異義的起源 聲音和拼寫的變化，借詞，縮短6.2.3 Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants 同音異義詞和歧義詞的區(qū)別 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms ：create puns for desired effect - humour, sarcasm, ridicule 同音異義詞的修飾特點(diǎn) 為預(yù)期的

50、效果制造雙關(guān)語幽默，諷刺，嘲笑 6.3 Synonymy 同義詞 Definition of Synonyms 同義詞定義Synonyms can be defined as word different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.同義詞可定義為在讀音和拼寫上不同但在意義卻很相似或完全一樣的詞。Absolute synonyms 絕對(duì)同義詞Relative synonyms 相對(duì)同義詞 Types of Synonyms 同義詞的類型 Borrowing 借詞Dialec

51、ts and regional English 方言和區(qū)域詞Figurative and euphemistic use of words 比喻詞和委婉語Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 與習(xí)語的巧合 Sources of Synonyms 同義詞的來源1. Difference in denotation 指示義不同2. Difference in connotation 隱含義不同3. Difference in application 應(yīng)用不同 Discrimination of Synonyms 同義詞的辨別1. Contradictory

52、terms 矛盾詞語2. Contrary terms 對(duì)立詞語3. Relative terms 關(guān)聯(lián)詞語6.4 Antonymy 反義詞Types of Antonyms（反義詞的類型）Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.反義詞在意義對(duì)立的基礎(chǔ)上分類。A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.多義詞可以擁有一個(gè)以上反義詞Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.反義詞的語義內(nèi)涵相互區(qū)別。Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of i