延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換

1、延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過(guò)程的長(zhǎng)短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 一 . 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作 ,如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, sta等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與表示時(shí) 間段的狀語(yǔ)連用。表示時(shí)間段的短語(yǔ)有： for+段時(shí)間，女口 ： for 2 years; since從 句, 女口 since he came here; since+過(guò)去時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞 ,女口 since last year since 5 d

2、ays ago. 例 ：He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days.二. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞、 瞬間動(dòng)詞 , 表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作 ,這種動(dòng)作發(fā) 生后立即結(jié)束。如 ： open, die, close, begin,finish, come, go,move, borrow, lend, buy 等。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中與表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)連用，如： two years ago; at 5 o'clock;例 ： He died 5 years ago.三. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：例

3、： He left five minutes ago. = He has been away for five minutes. 這句話的意思是指他離開(kāi)的動(dòng)作是 5 分鐘之前發(fā)生的，是過(guò)去時(shí)。也就是說(shuō) 從他離開(kāi)到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五分鐘了，這個(gè)動(dòng)作是延續(xù)的，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，并且 要把原來(lái)的短暫性動(dòng)詞 改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 下面是一些短暫性動(dòng)詞及相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，須牢記。leave - be away,borrow - keep, buy - have,begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over, join - be in+組織機(jī)構(gòu)，be a m

4、ember of+組織機(jī)構(gòu)， open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold - have a cold,come here - be here,go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back, fall asleep - be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach - be (in), leave - be away from,get to know - know,go (get) out be out,put on

5、wear； catch a cold have a cold等。練習(xí)：1. The old man died 4 years ago.The old manfor 4 years.2. He joined the Party 2 years ago.He the Party for 2 years.3. I bought the book 5 days ago.- I the book for 5 days.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(一) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初三教材中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,下面我們就來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)它的構(gòu)成。1 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句式是“hav(has)+過(guò)去分詞”。女口： I have seen that

6、film.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)那部影片了。 We have just finished our homework我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè)。 She has gone home 她回家去了。注意：1該句式中的have或has是助動(dòng)詞，has用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其它人 稱一律用have。2）該句式中have （ has）和過(guò)去分詞之間可用just插入。3） 把該句式譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往用 “已經(jīng)”、 “剛剛”、 “過(guò)”或“了”等。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句式是把助動(dòng)詞have或has提到主語(yǔ)之前。如： Have you read this story book ye?你讀過(guò)這本故事書(shū)嗎？ Has he eaten

7、that apple yet他吃那個(gè)蘋果了嗎？注意： 1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問(wèn)句往往在句末加 yet。 2）把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般 疑問(wèn)句譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往譯成 “過(guò)嗎？” 還有嗎？ ”等。3）其肯定回 答用：Yes,. have （ ha® .否定回答用：No, . . haven't （ hasn't）.有時(shí)用： No， not yet 或 No， never3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是 “hav（has）+過(guò)去分詞”。女口： We haven't studied Unit 2yet我們還沒(méi)學(xué)習(xí)第二單元。 The train hasn't stopped

8、 yet火車還沒(méi)有停下來(lái)。注意： 1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句句末往往加yet。 2）否定句常譯為 “還沒(méi)有”等。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（二） 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如： Have you read that story你讀過(guò)那個(gè)故事嗎？（讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容）I have bought two apples 我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。 （ “買”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn) 在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果） 在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just， yet， ever， never 等。 alrea

9、dy， just 多用于肯定句中， yet， ever， never 多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。如：I have already finished my homework 我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。He has just had his meal 他剛吃過(guò)飯。Have you ever sung this English song你曾唱過(guò)這首英文歌嗎？They haven't started yet 他們還沒(méi)有動(dòng)身。We have never heard of it 我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（三）1 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)既涉及過(guò)去，又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在，它可表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始 一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)

10、在，和由for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：We have lived here for five years 我們?cè)谶@里住了五年了。1 have known him since he was a bo.y我從他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。 注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在 造成的影響；一般過(guò)去時(shí)指過(guò)去發(fā)生的事實(shí)。請(qǐng)看下面對(duì)話中一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn) 在完成時(shí)的不同。A： Have you seen the film？ B： Yes， I haveA： When did you see i？t B： I saw it a year ago2 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延

11、續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的使用。（ 1）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞： be， have， know， live， work， study， learn， teach， speak， talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等，這些動(dòng)詞可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀 語(yǔ)連用。例如： Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years 王伯伯在這家工廠工作十年了。（ 2）非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞： come，go，arrive， reach，see，hear，close，leave，begin， start， lose， buy， fall， join，

12、 die 等，這些動(dòng)詞可用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng) 作的結(jié)果還存在，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：【正】The play has begun戲開(kāi)演了。（戲正在演著）【誤】 The play has begun for half an hour 戲開(kāi)演半小時(shí)了。3非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)有三種方法： （1）用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“for+時(shí)間段”或“since時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或非延續(xù)性 動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句）”或用在how long的問(wèn)句中。例如：They have been here for five years 他們來(lái)這里已經(jīng)五

13、年了。 （這里 come這一非 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成了 be。）常見(jiàn)的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換如下：come>be , come tobe in / at,go outbe out, leave be away, begin / start beon , buy have, borrow keep, join be a member o坊 be a. . . member, die be dead put onwear,catch a cold have a cold,get to know kno,wbecome a teacher be去時(shí)）。例如：They came here fiv

14、e years ago 他們是五年前來(lái)這里的。a teacher, fall asleepbe as,leegpto sleep sle等p（2）用 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)+ 段時(shí)間+ ag6'這一句型（即用一般過(guò)（3）用“It is（ has been +時(shí)間段+ since從句（從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式）”這一句型。例如：It is five years since they came here自從他們來(lái)至U這里已經(jīng)有五年了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與中考題選擇填空。1. I a letter from him since he lef.t （天津市）A.didn't re

15、ceive B.haven't got C.didn't have D.haven't heard2. Where have you these days？I have to Dazhu with myfriends.（重慶市）A. been gone B been been C gone been D. gonegone3. How long have youthis boc?（哈爾濱市）A.bought B.borrowed C.had D.lent4. Where's Peter? Heto Nanjing.（沈陽(yáng)市）A.is going B.has be

16、en C.has gone D.went5. You've never seen such a wonderful film befo ,re ?（河北?。〢.haven't you B.have you C.do you D.don't you6. We have lived herefive years ago（河南省）A.when B.since C.before D.after7. I have watched the game. When you i t? （長(zhǎng)沙市）A.have；watched B.do；watch C.did； watch D.will；w

17、atch8. How do you like Beijing,Mr Black?Oh,I such a beautifulcity.（江西?。?A. don't visit B. didn't visit C. haven't visited D. hadn't visited 9The old people lonely at all since we began to visit them once aweek.（廣州市） A. don't feel B. hasn't felt C. haven't felt D. didn'

18、;t feel10My grandfather in the small town all his life He always says helikes the town （四川省） A. lived B. have lived C. has lived D. is living11. Miss Brownto the Great WAII twice.（貴陽(yáng)市）Ahave been Bhas been C have gone Dhas gone12. His brother has been to Stone Forest twicehe came to Yunnan昆明市） Aafter Bbefore Csince Dfor13. His grandpafor two years （廣西）Awas died B has been dead C was dead D ha