注冊會計師全國統(tǒng)一考試會計英語輔導(dǎo)講義

1、2008年注冊會計師全國統(tǒng)一考試會計英語輔導(dǎo)講義一、相關(guān)背景1、2008年注冊會計師全國統(tǒng)一考試將在會計、審計和財務(wù)成本管理三門課程中增加10分的英語附加題。這一變化主要是為了滿足中國經(jīng)濟和行業(yè)發(fā)展對國際型人才的需要。財政部CPA考試委員會將逐步推廣英語附加題到其他考試科目中。據(jù)此看來，在CPA各科考試中加重英語的分量將是一個趨勢。2、增加英語附加題后，會計、審計和財務(wù)成本管理的總分為110分，及格分仍為60分，總體考試時間不變。英語附加題要求用英語回答，所以考生朋友們一定要根據(jù)本人英語水平選擇作答。有一定英語基礎(chǔ)（大學(xué)英語四、六級水平，掌握一定的財經(jīng)英語詞匯），打算選答英語附加題的考生朋友更

2、應(yīng)該合理規(guī)劃和安排時間，在考試時認(rèn)真閱讀試卷首頁的特別提示和答題導(dǎo)語，爭取盡可能多的在英語附加題上拿分。英語基礎(chǔ)較差的考生朋友不要慌亂，心態(tài)要放平和，力爭前面的100分，如果時間允許可嘗試做英語附加題。二、可能的題型因為只有10分的英語題，所以估計出客觀題的可能性不大，很有可能是主觀題，并且是專業(yè)題。題型可能包括：名詞解釋，英漢互譯，問答（理論性的或業(yè)務(wù)性的）。根據(jù)2007年的英語附加題判斷，今年的會計英語附加題仍有很大可能是業(yè)務(wù)核算題。三、會計英語講解Accounting一、主要專業(yè)術(shù)語和基本概念1. Financial reporting（財務(wù)報告）includes not only fi

3、nancial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprises accounting system-that is, information about an enterprises resources, obligations, earnings, etc.2. Objectives of financial reporting：財務(wù)報告

4、的目標(biāo)Financial reporting should：(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions. (2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows. (3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in t

5、hem. 3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本會計假設(shè)(1) Economic entity assumption 會計主體假設(shè)This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities. (2) Going concern assumption 持

6、續(xù)經(jīng)營假設(shè)This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives. This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time. This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual

7、 accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date. (3) Time period assumption 會計分期假設(shè)This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods. The most typical time segment = Calendar Year Next most typical time segmen

8、t = Fiscal Year (4) Monetary unit assumption 貨幣計量假設(shè)This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power. In essence, this assumption

9、disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates. This assumption provides support for the Historical Cost principle.4. Accrual-basis accounting 權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制會計5. Qualitative characteristics 會計信息質(zhì)量特征(1) Reliability 可靠性For accounting information to be reliable, it

10、must be dependable and trustworthy.Accounting information is reliable to the extent that it is：Verifiable：means that information has been objectively determined, arrived at, or created. More than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion. Representationally fa

11、ithful：that something is what it is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company, is in working condition, and is currently being used to support the revenue generating activi

12、ties of the company. Neutral：means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias. (2) Relevance 相關(guān)性Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the potential ef

13、fects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value). (3) Understandability 可理解性Understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a reasonable knowledg

14、e of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning. (4) Comparability 可比性Comparability： suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises

15、 should be capable of being compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices. Consistency： suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar amount report

16、ed for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a change in the method of calculating the dollar amount. (5) Substance over form 實質(zhì)重于形式Substance over form emphasi

17、zes the economic substance of an event even though its legal form may provide a different result.It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition, measurement and reporting in accordance with the economic substance rather than the legal form of an event or transaction.(6) M

18、ateriality 重要性Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entitys financial report. Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omission or miss

19、tatement. Deciding when an amount is material in relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and professional expertise. (7) Conservatism 謹(jǐn)慎性Conservatism dictates that when in doubt, choose the method that will be least likely to overstate assets and income, and understate liabilities and expe

20、nses.(8) Timeliness 及時性Timeliness means having information available to decision makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. If information becomes available only after the time that a decision must be made, it has no capacity to influence that decision and thus lacks relevance. 6. B

21、asic accounting elements 基本會計要素(1) Asset 資產(chǎn)An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise. (2) Liability 負(fù)債A liability is a present obligation arising from past transaction

22、s or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise. A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current circumstances. Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations an

23、d shall not be recognized as liabilities. (3) owners equity 所有者權(quán)益Owners equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities. Owners equity of a company is also known as shareholders equity. (4) Revenue 收入Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits

24、derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners. (5) Expense 費用Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners equity, othe

25、r than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners. (6) Profit 利潤Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc.

26、 7. Five measurement attributes 會計計量屬性(1) Historical cost 歷史成本Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exc

27、hange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business. (2) Current replacement cost 現(xiàn)時重置成本Assets are carried at the amount

28、of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation. (3) Net realizable value 可實現(xiàn)凈值A(chǔ)ssets are carried at the amount of cas

29、h or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments. (4) Present value 現(xiàn)值A(chǔ)ssets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows th

30、at the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period. (5) Fair value 公允價值A(chǔ)ssets and l

31、iabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction. 8. Financial statements 財務(wù)報表(1) Balance sheet 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position

32、 of an enterprise at a specific date. (2) Income statement 損益表An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period. (3) Statement of cash flows 現(xiàn)金流量表A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflo

33、ws and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period. (4) Statement of changes in ownersequity 所有者權(quán)益變動表A statement of changes in owners equity reports the changes in owners equity for a specific period of time.(5) Notes to financial statements 財務(wù)報表附注Notes to

34、the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc. 9. Accounting entry 會計分錄Debit： Cash Credit： Common Stock10. Basic accounting equation 基本會計等式Assets = Liabilities + owners equ

35、ity11. List of present and potential users of financial information 財務(wù)信息的使用者investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies. 第二章 貨幣資金 cash庫存現(xiàn)金、銀行存款Cash in hand/cash in bank銀行匯票、銀行本票、商業(yè)匯票、商業(yè)承兌匯票、銀行承兌匯票Bank draft/bank promissory note/commercial draft/commercial accepta

36、nce draft/bank acceptance draft支票、信用卡、匯兌、委托收款、托收承付、信用證Check/credit card/remittance/ Consignment Collection/collection with acceptance/lines of credit現(xiàn)金溢余和短缺：cash over and short第三章 金融資產(chǎn) financial assets1金融資產(chǎn)：financial assets2金融資產(chǎn)初始確認(rèn)時的分類：The way in which an instrument is measured subsequently depends

37、 on its classification. There are four categories：以公允價值計量且其變動計入當(dāng)期損益的金融資產(chǎn)：可進(jìn)一步分為交易性金融資產(chǎn)（financial assets held for trading）和指定為以公允價值計量且其變動計入當(dāng)期損益的金融資產(chǎn)（designated financial assets at fair value through profit or loss）Financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss持有至到期投資Held to mat

38、urity investments： have fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity. The company must have the positive intention and ability to hold them to maturity. Equity instruments cannot be held to maturity investments. 貸款和應(yīng)收款項Loans and receivables： have fixed or determinable payments and are not quote

39、d in an active market.可供出售的金融資產(chǎn)Available-for-sale financial assets： are all items that do not fall into the other categories.3金融資產(chǎn)的初始計量：the initial measurement of financial assetsAll financial assets and liabilities should be measured at fair value when they are first recognized. This is normally th

40、eir cost (the fair value of the consideration given or received). Fair value includes transaction costs unless the instrument is classified as at fair value through profit or loss, in which case transaction costs are recognized in the income statement.4金融資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計量：subsequent measurement of financial a

41、ssetsAfter first recognition, most financial assets are measured at fair value. Exceptions are held to maturity investments and loans and receivables, which are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method.5. The way in which gains and losses on remeasurement are treated also

42、 depends upon the classification of the instruments. Gains and losses relating to instruments at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in the income statement, even if they are unrealized. Gains and losses relating to changes in the fair value of available for sale financial assets are re

43、cognized in equity and recycled to the income statement when the asset is sold. Changes in amortized cost are recognized in the income statement.6金融資產(chǎn)的減值：the impairment of financial assetsAt each balance sheet date, an entity should assess whether there is any objective evidence that a financial ass

44、et or group of assets is impaired. Indications of impairment include： (1) significant financial difficulty of the issuer; (2) the probability that the borrower will enter bankruptcy; (3) a default in interest or principal payments; or (4) (for available for sale financial assets) a significant and p

45、rolonged decline in fair value below cost.The recognition of the impairment of financial assets：(1) For financial assets carried at amortized cost (held to maturity investments and loans and receivables) the impairment loss is the difference between the assets carrying amount and its recoverable amo

46、unt. The assets recoverable amount is the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial instruments original effective interest rate.(2) For financial assets carried at cost because their fair value cannot be reliably measured, the impairment loss is the difference betwee

47、n the assets carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial instrument.(3) For available for sale financial assets, the impairment loss is the difference between the acquisition cost (net of any principal

48、repayment and amortization) and current fair value (for equity instruments) or recoverable amount (for debt instruments).(4) Assets at fair value through profit or loss are not subject to impairment testing, because changes in fair value are automatically recognized immediately in profit or loss.Exa

49、mple：Ellesmere Co entered into the following transactions during the year ended 31 December 20X3：(1) Entered into a speculative interest rate option costing $10,000 on January 20X3 to borrow $6,000,000 from AB Bank commencing 31 March 20X5 for 6 months at 4%. The value of the option at 31 December 2

50、0X3 was $15,250.(2) Purchased 6% debentures in FG Co on 1 January 20X3 (their issue date) for $150,000 as an investment. Ellesmere Co intends to hold the debentures until their redemption at a premium in 5 years time. The effective rate of interest of the bond is 8.0%.(3) Purchased 50,000 shares in

51、ST Co on 1 July 20X3 for $3.50 each as an investment. The share price on 31 December 20X3 was $3.75.RequiredShow the accounting treatment and relevant extracts from the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 20X3. Ellesmere Co only designates financial assets as at fair value through pr

52、ofit or loss where this is unavoidable.Notes：1. Interest rate option： this is a derivative（衍生金融工具） and so it must be treated as at fair value through profit or loss.Initial measurement (at cost)Dr. Financial asset 10,000 Cr. Cash 10,000At 31.12.20X3 (re-measured to fair value)Dr. Financial asset 15,

53、250 Cr. Cash 15,2502. Debentures： on the basis of the information provided, this can be treated as a held-to-maturity investment.Initial measurement (at cost)Dr. Financial asset 150,000 Cr. Cash 150,000At 31.12.20X3 (amortized cost)Dr. Financial asset (150,0008%) 12,000 Cr. Finance income 12,000Dr.

54、Cash (150,0006%) 9,000 Cr. Financial asset 9,0003. Shares： these are treated as an available for sale financial asset .Initial measurement (at cost)Dr. Financial asset (50,0003.50) 175,000 Cr. Cash 175,000At 31.12.20X3 (re-measured to fair value)Dr. Financial asset (50,0003.75-175,000) 12,500 Cr. Eq

55、uity 12,500第四章 存貨 Inventories1存貨的確認(rèn) the recognition of inventories2存貨的初始計量 the initial measurement of inventoriesInventories should be measured at cost when they are first recognized. Cost is the cost of bringing items of inventory to their present location and condition (cost of purchase and costs

56、of conversion).Cost of purchase comprises purchase price including import duties, transport and handling costs and any other directly attributable costs, less trade discounts, rebates and subsidies.Cost of conversion comprises (1) costs which are specifically attributable to units of production, e.g

57、. direct labor, direct expenses and subcontracted work; (2) production overheads; (3) other overheads, if any, attributable in the particular circumstances of the business to bringing the product or service to its present location and condition.3發(fā)出存貨的計量 Four methods： (1) first-in, first-out; (2) mov

58、ing weighted average cost; (3) weighted average cost; (4) actual unit cost (specific identification)The same method of arriving at cost should be used for all inventories having similar nature and use to the enterprise.4期末存貨的計量 the year-end measurement of inventoriesEnding inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.Net realizable value is the actual or estimating selling price less all costs to complete and all costs necessary to make the sale (i.e. all costs