高中句子成分結構分析

1、句子成分表示一個完整概念的語言單位叫做句子。組成句子的各個部分（單詞或詞組等）叫做句子成分，句子成分有主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補足語和同位語等，主語和謂語是句子的主要成分，其他為次要成分。知識點1：主語 主語(subject) 是一個句子的主題( theme)， 是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首?？捎米髦髡Z的有單詞、短語、從句乃至句子。1名詞作主語。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. Little streams feed big rivers. 2代詞用作主語。如：Youre not far wrong. He told a

2、joke but it fell flat. 3數詞用作主語。如：Three is enough. Four minus three is one. 4名詞化的形容詞用作主語。 The old need help.5不定式用作主語。 如：To find your way can be a problem. It would be nice to see him again. 6動名詞用作主語。如：Smoking is bad for you. Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 7 名詞化的過去分詞用作主語。如：The d

3、isabled are to receive more money. The deceased died of old age. 8. 介詞短語用作主語。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很遠。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 從延安到南泥灣要三個小時。 9.從句用作主語。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. Whether we go or not depends on your father.10.句子用作主語。如：”How do

4、you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句問候語。知識點2：謂語 謂語(predicate) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語（助動詞或情態(tài)動詞主要動詞）構成。 1由簡單的動詞構成。 (1). What happened? (2). He worked hard all day today. (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 2由動詞短語構成的謂語。 (1). I am reading. (2). Whats been keeping you all this time?

5、(3). You can do it if you try hard. 3英語常用某些動作名詞代替表動態(tài)的謂語動詞，表生動。這種動作名詞之前常用沒有多大意義的動詞have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. （had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! （take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. （gave a sigh 代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.（a good shake-up 代替了w

6、as shaken up thoroughly(充分，徹底的)） 知識點3：表語 表語的功能是表述主語的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。它也可以說是一種主語補語。它位于聯(lián)系動詞之后，與之構成所謂的系表結構。在系表結構中，聯(lián)系動詞只是形式上的謂語，二真正起謂語作用的則是表語?？梢宰鞅碚Z的詞有：名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. （名詞） 2So thats that. （代詞） 3We are seven. （數詞） 4Are you busy? （形容詞） 5Are you there? （電話用語）（副詞）

7、 Is anybody in? （副詞） 6All I could do was to wait. （不定式） My answer to his threat（威脅） was to hit him on the nose.（不定式） 7Complimenting（贊美，祝賀） is lying.（動名詞） Is that asking so much? （動名詞） 8I was so much surprised at it. （過分） Im very pleased with what he has done. （過分） 9She is in good health. （介詞短語） The

8、show is from seven till ten. （介詞短語） 10Is that why you were angry? （從句） 11This is where I first met her. （從句） 【補充】 能做系動詞的實義動詞： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表變化的動詞) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感觀動詞） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： 1Our dream has come true. （Come后常加 easy ,lo

9、ose natural 等） 2. He fell sick. Keep fit. Keep作為系動詞還常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3The well ran dry. （short , loose , wild , cold 等） 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 知識點4：賓語 賓語（object）在句中主要充當動作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物動詞之后。如： Our team beat all the others. 可以用作賓語的有

10、：名詞、代詞、數詞、名詞化的形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的分詞、從句等。 1Do you like a drink? （名詞） 2They wont hurt us. （代詞） 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. （數詞）。 4I shall do my possible. （名詞化形容詞） 5He left there last week. （副詞） 6Does she really mean to leave home? （不定式） 7He never did the unexpected.（名詞化的分詞） 8Do you understand what

11、 I mean? （從句） 【擴展】 賓語中有些動詞需要兩個同等的賓語，即直接賓語(direct object)與間接賓語(indirect object)。直接賓語一般指動作的承受者，間接賓語指動作所向的或所為的人和物（多指人），具有這種雙賓語的及物動詞叫做與格動詞(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing,

12、take 等；間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用，通常放在直接賓語之前。如：I have found him a place. 我給他找到了一個職位。 知識點5：補語 補語（complement）是一種補足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補語（subject complement）；補足賓語意義的句子成分叫做賓語補語（object complement）. (1). 容詞用作主語補語是常置于主語之前，后有逗號。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。 有時可以置于主語之后，前后都有逗號，與非限定性定語相似。如： The ma

13、n, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. (2).可以用做賓語補語的有名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等 1. They named the child Jimmy.（名詞用作并與補語） 2. My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.（名詞短語作賓語補語） 3. He boiled the egg hard.（形容詞用作賓語補語） 3.I found the book very interesting.（形容詞短語用作賓補） 4.

14、The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.（不定式用作賓語補語） 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.（動名作賓補） 6.Dont take his kindness for granted.（介詞短語作賓補） 知識點6：定語 定語是用來說明名詞（代詞）的品質與特征的詞或一組詞?？捎米鞫ㄕZ的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句和句子等。 1形容詞用作定語是大量的。 （1）She is a natural musician. （2）He must be the bes

15、t violinist alive.（后置定語） 2. 名詞用作定語。如 （1）A baby girl 女嬰 （2）well water 井水 (3) Sports car 雙座輕型汽車 （4）A fools paradise 夢幻的天堂 2代詞作定語。 （1）Your hair needs cutting.（物主代詞用作定語） （2）Everybodys business is nobodys business. （不定代詞所有格作定語） 3數詞作定語 （1）Theres only one way to do it. （2）Do it now, you may not get a secon

16、d chance. 基數詞用作后置定語： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副詞充當定語時常后置，如： the room above 樓上的房間 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定語 （1）Her promise to write was forgotten. （2）Thats the way to do it. 6動名詞用作定語. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠藥 eating implements 吃飯用具 learning metho

17、d 學習方法 7分詞充當定語 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一個退休工人 a faded flower 一朵謝了的花 7介詞短語用作定語。 （1）This is a map of China. （2）The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 8從句用作定語，即定語從句 The car thats parked outside is mine. Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by

18、 another one. 知識點7：狀語 狀語（adverbial）是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。如： 1The girl is improving remarkably. 2可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。 副詞最常用作狀語，位置比較靈活，可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 3狀語按用途來分，可以分為時間、地點、方式、原因、結果、目的、條件、讓

19、步、程度、方式、伴隨等 (1) 時間狀語，多位于句末和句首，有時亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? In China now leads the world. (2) 地點狀語，多置于句末，有時也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. She kissed her mother on the platform(月臺). (3) 原因狀語，包括表理由的狀語，多置于句末，有時亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat po

20、tatoes because I like them. (4) 結果狀語，多由不定式、分詞和從句表示，常位于句末。 She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldnt hear what she said. (5) 目的狀語，多由不定式、介詞短語和從句等表示，常位于句末，強調時可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隱蔽處). In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder

21、. (6) 條件狀語。多由短語和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。 Well be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him? (7) 讓步狀語，由短語和從句表示，常置于句末和句首。 For all his money, he didnt seem happy. He helped me although he didnt know me. (8) 程度狀語。常由副詞、介詞短語及從句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting. To what extent

22、would you trust them? (9) 伴隨狀語，常由短語和獨立主格等表示。對位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,pipe(煙斗) in mouth.檢測題（一）：指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my m

23、other last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.檢測題（二）：選出句中謂語的中心詞 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B.

24、usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to t

25、ell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B. did C. whom D. book檢測題（三）： 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brotherhasntdonehis homework.A B C DPeopleallove

26、rthe worldspeakEnglish. A B C D You must paygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation. A B C D How many newwordsdidyoulearnlast class? A B C D Some of thestudentsin the school wantto go swimming,howaboutyou? A B C D Theold mansittingat the gatesaidhe was ill.A B C DTheymadehimmonitorof the class.A B C D Goac

27、rossthebridgeand youwill findthe museumon the left. A B C D You will finditusefulafteryouleaveschool. A B C DTheydidnt knowwhoFatherChristmas really is.A B C D檢測題（四）：挑出下列句中的表語 The old manwasfeelingverytired. A B C D Why isheworriedaboutJim? A B C DTheleaveshaveturnedyellow. A B C D SoonTheyallbecame

28、 interestedin the subject. A B C D Shewasthe firstto learnabout it. A B C D(五) 挑出下列句中的定語 （完成前2題，其余做課后作業(yè)）TheyuseMr. Mrs. with thefamilyname. A B C DWhatisyourgivenname?A B C D On thethirdlapareClass 1 and Class 3. A B C D I amafraidsomepeopleforgotto sweepthe floor. A B C DThe mandownstairswastryingt

29、o sleep. A B C DIam waitingforthe soundof the other shoe! A B C D檢測題（六）：挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 Shelikesthe childrento read newspapers and booksin thereading-room. A B C D Heaskedherto take the boyout of school. A B C D Shefounditdifficultto do the work. A B C D TheycallmeLilysometimes. A B C DIsawMr. Wangget

30、on the bus.A B C D Did you seeLi Mingplaying footballon the playgroundjust now? A B C D檢測題（七）：挑出下列句中的狀語 Therewasa big smileon her face.A B C DEvery nightheheardthe noiseupstairs. A B C D Hebeganto learnEnglishwhen he was eleven. A B C DThe manon the motorbikewas travellingto fast. A B C DWith the me

31、dicine box under her arm,MissLihurried off. A B C DShelovesthe librarybecause she loves books. A B C DIamafraidthatif youve lost it,you must pay for it.A B C D The studentsfollowedUncle Wangto see the other machine.A B C D檢測題（八）劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for m

32、e last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?課后作業(yè)：1. We always work hard at English. 2. He said he didnt come. 3. They love each other. 4. What did you bye? 5. She watched her daughter playing the piano. 6. Your job today is

33、 to help the old. - 7. Speaking doesnt mean doing. 8. Bye the time I got to the station, the train had left. 9.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage. 10. It takes me an hour to get there. 檢測題 1、often ,She ,five ,for, times ,homework , a ,does, week.2、some

34、times，TV ,watches，He.3、of, two, I ,cups, want, water.4、book, on, desk, The, is, the.5、a, country, is ,China, great.6、an, A, is, animal.7、is, very, The, beautiful, city.8、have, I, sisters, two.9、is, a, the, There, in, desk, classroom.10、morning, on, My, football, Saturday, plays, father.句子結構英語句子看上去紛繁

35、龐雜，但仔細觀察不外乎五個基本句式。這五個基本句式可以演變出多種復雜的英語句子。換言之，絕大多數英語句子都是由這五個基本句式生成的。這五個基本句式如下：S十V主謂結構S十V十P主系表結構S十V十O主謂賓結構S十V十O1十O2 主謂雙賓結構S十V十O十C 主謂賓補結構說明：S主語；V謂語；P表語；O賓語；O1間接賓語；O2直接賓語；C賓語補足語知識點1S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物動詞，又叫自動詞(vi)。例如：He runs quicklyThey listened carefully He suffered from cold and hunger。China belongs to the

36、 third world country The gas has given outMy ink has run out知識點2S十V十P句式在此句式中，V是系動詞(link v)，常見的系動詞有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：He is older than he looksHe seen interested in the book The story sounds interesting The desk feels hard

37、 The cake tastes nice The flowers smell sweet and nice You have grown taller than before He has suddenly fallen ill He stood quite still He becomes a teacher when he grew up He could never turn traitor to his country 注意：有些動詞同時也是及物動詞，可構成SVO句式，例如：He looked me up and down He reached his hand to feel th

38、e elephant They are tasting the fish They grow rice in their home town Hes got a chair to sit on Please turn the sentence into English 知識點3S十V十O句式在此句式中，V是及物動詞(vt)，因此有賓語。例如：I saw a film yesterdayHave you read the story? They found their home easilyThey built a house last yearTheyve put up a factory i

39、n the villageThey have taken good care of the childrenYou should look after your children well知識點4.S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中，V是帶有雙賓語的及物動詞。常見的須帶雙賓語的動詞有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me He brought me a pen/a pen to me He offered me his seat/his sea

40、t to me 注意下邊動詞改寫后介詞的變化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me. He got me a chair/a chair for me Please do me a favor/a favor for me He asked me a question/a question of me知識點5S十V十O十C句式在此句式中，V是有賓語補足語的及物動詞。常帶賓語補足語的詞有形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞常見的可接賓語補足語的動詞很多，哪些動詞可接哪幾種形式作賓補，須根據動詞的慣用法而定，不能統(tǒng)而概論。請看下面的例子。T

41、hey made the girl angry They found her happy that day I found him out I saw him in They saw a foot mark in the sand They named the boy Charlie I saw him come in and go out They felt the car moving fast I heard the glass broken just now He found the doctor of study closed to him專題過關 檢測題：劃分句子結構1. They are working on the farm now.2.Seeing is believing3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The