漢譯英之主語的選擇

1、The Choice of Subjects主語的選擇主語的選擇分析下列句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu) 1. 錢你不用還了。 2.這鍋飯能吃十個人。 3. 這匹馬騎著兩個人。 4.被人纏上是件討厭的事。 5.老子打兒子，天經(jīng)地義。 6.上面坐著主席團(tuán)。 7.從她那兒能找到解決問題的辦法。 8.說的是古代的一個老頭，名叫愚公。主語的選擇和確立英漢語比英漢語比 較較: 主語主語 比較比較 英語屬于偏重形式的語言，一個句子要獨立表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須包含主語和謂語兩個組成部分，英語中絕大部分句子都是按“主語謂語”形式構(gòu)建而成的。主語與謂語的關(guān)系是施動者與動作的關(guān)系。根據(jù)美國語言學(xué)家所提出的語言類型學(xué)觀點，英語屬于

2、英語屬于“主語突出主語突出”型（型（Subject-prominent）語言。）語言。漢語是重內(nèi)容的語言，“形散神聚”是漢語句子的特點。因此漢語被稱作是典型的“意合”語言。漢語中的主語不像英語的主語那樣容易確定， “主語謂語”形式的句子在漢語里比例是不大的，因此在漢語語法中出現(xiàn)了主題（話題）(Topic)這一概念。我國著名學(xué)者趙元任（1968）說：“把主語、謂語當(dāng)作話題和說明來看待,比較合適” 。漢漢 語屬于語屬于“主題突出主題突出”型（型（Topic-prominent）語言。）語言。英語的主語主要有七大類 1、施動主語（agentive subject) Susan is growing

3、flowers. 2、受動主語(affected subject) Her books translate well. 3、工具主語（instrumental subject） A stone broke the glass. 4、地點主語 (locative subject) The jar contains honey. 5、時間主語 (temporal subject) Yesterday was Monday. 6、事件主語 (eventive subject) The dispute over the problem lasted a decade. 7、it 作主語,表時間、氣候或

4、距離：It is late./It is hot. it 作形式主語：It is impossible to finish the work. 1.漢語為主題語言；主題漢語為主題語言；主題+ +述題結(jié)構(gòu)述題結(jié)構(gòu); ;主語句法功能弱主語句法功能弱 英語為主語語言英語為主語語言: : 主語主語+ +謂語結(jié)構(gòu)謂語結(jié)構(gòu); ;主語句法功能強(qiáng)主語句法功能強(qiáng)例如例如: : 這件事這件事你不用操心你不用操心. . 主題主題 述題述題 譯譯:This you dont need to worry about. You dont need to worry about this. This is not some

5、thing you need to worry about. There is no need for you to worry about this. 1）論文我們已經(jīng)寫了一大半了。 We have finished a good part of the papers 3）這些材料我們只夠蓋一棟房子。 We could only build one house with these materials.1）熱烈歡迎世界各地客商來此進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合作，建立和）熱烈歡迎世界各地客商來此進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)合作，建立和發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。發(fā)展貿(mào)易關(guān)系。 Customers from various countries

6、 and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.希望今后上海能夠與更多的外國城市結(jié)為友好城市。希望今后上海能夠與更多的外國城市結(jié)為友好城市。 It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.3) 經(jīng)常接觸某人或某事往往會讓人產(chǎn)生喜歡。經(jīng)常接觸某人或某事往往會讓人產(chǎn)生喜歡。2) Frequent exposure to something or s

7、omeone will cause liking.漢譯英中，主語的漢譯英中，主語的 確立是句子翻譯的第一步。選擇了一定的主確立是句子翻譯的第一步。選擇了一定的主語，基本決定了句子構(gòu)造的走向。主語選擇恰當(dāng)，句子就便于語，基本決定了句子構(gòu)造的走向。主語選擇恰當(dāng)，句子就便于構(gòu)造了。常常選擇不同成分作主語，決定了不同的組句方式。構(gòu)造了。常常選擇不同成分作主語，決定了不同的組句方式。例如：例如： 人人不可貌相，海水海水不可斗量。 A. A person can not be judged from his appearance just as an ocean can not be measured b

8、y pints. B. It is impossible to judge people from their appearances, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. C. We cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints. 主語選擇合適主語選擇合適, 便于構(gòu)句便于構(gòu)句 因為距離遠(yuǎn)，又缺乏交通工具，農(nóng)村社會是與外界隔絕的。這種隔絕狀態(tài)，由于通訊工具不足，就變得更加嚴(yán)重了。a. Due to Long dista

9、nces and lack of transport facilities, the rural areas are isolated from the outside world，which is made more serious by the lack of communication instruments. (基本保留了原文句法結(jié)構(gòu))b. Long distances and lack of transport facilities make the rural areas isolated from the outside world，which is made more seri

10、ous by the lack of communication instruments. （部分保留原文句法機(jī)構(gòu)）c. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media. （完全摒棄了原文句法結(jié)構(gòu)。其中，名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（nominalization）充當(dāng)主語與句式構(gòu)造方式密不可分） 1.增補(bǔ)主語 ）起大風(fēng)了。 Its blowing hard. 下面的

11、句子有什么特點? 1活到老，學(xué)到老。 2不人虎穴，焉得虎子。 3留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。 4不努力便不會成功。 5能不能提前完成計劃呢？ 6屋內(nèi)悄無一人，只聽見鐘在滴答滴答地走。 7突然鉆出一只狗，追著她咬，幾乎把她嚇糊涂了。 1活到老，學(xué)到老。 1. One should keep learning up to an old age. 2不人虎穴，焉得虎子。 2. you can not gain if you risk nothing. (no venture, no gain) 3留得青山在，不怕沒柴燒。 3. One shall have a chance to succeed if

12、one preserves his strength. 4不努力便不會成功。 4. you shall never succeed if you do not work hard. 5能不能提前完成計劃呢？ 5Is it possible to carry out the plan ahead of time? 6屋內(nèi)悄無一人，只聽見鐘在滴答滴答地走。 No one was in the room：only the ticking of a clock could be heard 7突然鉆出一只狗，追著她咬，幾乎把她嚇糊涂了。 A dog rushed out to chase after

13、her，scaring her almost out of her wits. 比較比較: She was petrified when a dog rushed out and chased her. (狀態(tài)，沒有突出動作狀態(tài)，沒有突出動作)2 2 漢語句子以人作主語漢語句子以人作主語-有靈主語有靈主語(天人合一天人合一;人與自然渾人與自然渾然一體然一體)英語句子以物作主語英語句子以物作主語-無靈主語無靈主語(強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀及抽象概念強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀及抽象概念) 1 1 首相隨時會辭職。首相隨時會辭職。 The resignation of the Prime Minister was hourly ex

14、pected. 2 2 我對她日益欽佩。我對她日益欽佩。 My admiration for her grew day by day. . 3 3 我在暖烘烘的爐火旁很快就睡著了。我在暖烘烘的爐火旁很快就睡著了。 The warmth of the stove soon brought sleep to me. 20082008年奧運會將在北京舉行。年奧運會將在北京舉行。 There will be the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. The 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.

15、 Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. The year 2008 will witness the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing . The 29th Olympic Games is to be held in Beijing in 2008. We will have the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.英語用非人稱作主語的句子大體可以分為兩類： 1. 1. 用非人稱代詞用非人稱代詞“it”作主語作主語 2.2.“無靈主語無靈主語”“有靈動詞有靈動詞

16、”用非人稱代詞用非人稱代詞“it”作主語作主語 我從來也沒有想到她這么吝嗇。 It never occurred to me that she was so mean. 只要走半個鐘頭就可以到輪渡。 Its only half an hours walk to the ferry. 人總是在面臨考驗的關(guān)頭，才發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的專長。 It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.英語的無靈視角傾向英語的無靈視角傾向 無靈句形式上讓視角多變，內(nèi)容上更顯客觀或活潑。表示時間、地點、狀態(tài)、原因表示時間、地點、狀態(tài)、原因、受動、

17、心理與感覺的語義成分受動、心理與感覺的語義成分都可以作為無靈主語。 世紀(jì)之交，中國中國外交空前活躍 At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. The turn of the century finds China most active in the diplomatic arena. 1、主語是某種主語是某種心理感受心理感受，謂語選擇，謂語選擇creep, strike, seize, dawn, catch, worm into, grip, enter, register,

18、 overcome, take possesion of, surround, give way to, desert, pass, tear等詞匯。等詞匯。1) 整個村莊籠罩在恐怖之中。Fear gripped the village.（ Fear gripped his heart.）2) 他失去了勇氣。Courage deserted him.3) 一股淡淡的傷感涌上心頭。A tinge of melanchony struck me.4) 他憤怒的說不出話。Anger choked my words.5)現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)從樂觀變?yōu)閼岩闪?。By now optimism had given

19、way to doubt.2、主語選擇主語選擇心理動作心理動作，謂語選擇，謂語選擇fill, give, make等等“使使變化變化”的詞匯的詞匯1) 看到著孤寂的景象，我心中滿是凄涼。The sight of the desolation filled me with forlornness.2) 只要一想起母親，他就會充滿勇氣，把事情做完。Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it.3) 見丈人在眼前，恐怕又要挨罵。The sight of his father-in-law made Fan

20、jin afraid that he was in for another cursing.4) 一想起這件事情，他就會覺得生活增添了許多滋味。The remembrance of this incident will add flavor to his life.3、主語的內(nèi)容為心理對象心理對象，謂語選擇slip, lend, elude, escape, stump, fail等詞匯，賓語選擇邏輯施事。）我想不起他的名字。His name escaped me at the moment.）這個句子把我給難住了。The sentence eludes me.）我理解不了這個詞。The wo

21、rd failed me. ）她長得不漂亮，又沒有錢，還不太聰明。Like good looks and money, quick-mindedness passed her by.4、名詞或名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)表示原因、目標(biāo)名詞或名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)表示原因、目標(biāo)，謂語動詞使用“使產(chǎn)生變化”的詞匯。包括使失去(deprive, cost, rob, bereave, disarm, prevent, diminish)；使增加(add, enbolden, brighten, win)；使無能(disable, incapcitate, disqualify)；使賦能(enable, empower, qual

22、ify,)；使免除(save, exonerate)；使保持狀態(tài)(keep, make, )；狀態(tài)變化類動詞（throw, get, bring, temper）1）他因為有犯罪記錄，所以不能進(jìn)入斯坦福大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。His criminal record disqualified him from the addmission of Standford University.2）早點出發(fā)，中午你就會到達(dá)那里。An early start will get you there at noon.3）仔細(xì)比較一下，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩者在本質(zhì)上是不同的。A careful comparison will sho

23、w there is no resemblance between the two in nature.4）他非常氣憤，話都說不出來。Indignation bereft him of speech.（bereft: deprived of or lacking something, especially non-material asset ）5）屠戶被眾人局不過，只得連斟兩碗喝了，壯一壯膽，將平日的兇惡樣子拿出來。Two bowls of wine bolstered up his courage, making him lose his scruples and start his us

24、ual rampaging.5、將時間、處所作為主語將時間、處所作為主語1)十天以后，他的軍隊就會土崩瓦解，他也就只剩下1400人了。Ten days would disband his corps and leave him 1400 men.2)1840-80年的40年間共有1000萬人移民到美國。The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.3)東方破曉的時候，他早已經(jīng)上路了。Dawn found him well along the road.4) 在準(zhǔn)備奧運會期間，北京發(fā)生了巨大的變化

25、。Beijing witnesses great changes since the preparation of Olympic Games.6. 事件做主語，表示時間的先后。事件做主語，表示時間的先后。 事件名詞化事件名詞化1) 他母親死后不久，他又失去了三歲的女兒。（她失去了三歲的女兒，不久母親又離他而去。）The death of his mother was followed/preceded by the loss of his three-year-old daughter.2) 在總統(tǒng)到來之前，犯人就被執(zhí)行死刑了。The execution of the prisoner pr

26、eceded the presidents arrival. 林則徐認(rèn)為，要成功地禁止禁止鴉片買賣，就得首先把鴉片焚毀焚毀。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself. (名詞化的事件作主語) Lin Zexu thought that we must burn down the opium first if we want to stop this business successfully（alter

27、native)(人做主語) 中國已成功地發(fā)射了第一顆實驗通信衛(wèi)星。這顆衛(wèi)星是由三級火箭推動的，一直運轉(zhuǎn)正常。它標(biāo)志著我國在發(fā)展運載工具和電子技術(shù)方面進(jìn)人了一個新階段。 China has successfully launched first experimental telecommunication satellite. It was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has functioned normally. It indicates that our nation has stepped into a new stage of devel

28、oping carrier rockets and electronics. The successful launching of Chinas first experimental communications satellite，which was propelled by a three-stage rocket and has been in operation ever since，indicates that our nation has entered a new stage in the development of carrier rockets and electroni

29、cs. 名詞化nominalization 即用名詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)一個小句的意思。 它與主語的選擇，與句子的合并密切相關(guān)。 所以在漢語長句的翻譯 中還要繼續(xù)復(fù)習(xí)。 用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)與用小句在語體風(fēng)格上有什么區(qū)別呢？ 一、原文形容詞性成分譯為主語一、原文形容詞性成分譯為主語懶惰的人不會成功懶惰的人不會成功。 A lazy person will never succeed. Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed. Laziness makes success impossible.這位母親很為有個聰明漂亮的女兒感到驕傲這位母親很為有個聰明漂亮的女兒

30、感到驕傲. The mother is very proud of to have an intelligent and pretty daughter. The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.這部小說主要采用的是意識流的寫作手法這部小說主要采用的是意識流的寫作手法。1 Stream of consciousness is mainly employed in this novel.二、原文名詞性成分譯為主語原文名詞性成分譯為主語一個星期前，我遇到了一件最不可思議的事情。一個星期前，我遇到

31、了一件最不可思議的事情。 I had the most incredible experience a week ago. The most unbelievable thing happened to me a week ago.他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)地毯上有個污點。他突然發(fā)現(xiàn)地毯上有個污點。 He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet. Suddenly a dark stain was seen by him. A dark stain on the carpet suddenly caught his eye.他兩天就抽完一包煙。他兩天就抽完一包煙。 He

32、 finishes a pack of cigarettes in two days. It takes him on;y two days to finish a pack of cigarettes.1 A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.三、原文副詞性成分譯為主語原文副詞性成分譯為主語1 因為天氣太糟，我們未能成行。因為天氣太糟，我們未能成行。 Because of the bad weather, we didnt go for a trip. The awful weather caused us to cancel our tr

33、ip.已經(jīng)有數(shù)千人在持續(xù)一年的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中喪生。已經(jīng)有數(shù)千人在持續(xù)一年的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中喪生。 Thousands of people have died in the civil war, which broke out a year ago. The civil war,which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.2 The death toll of the civil war,which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.去年該地區(qū)許多國

34、家發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。去年該地區(qū)許多國家發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。 Last year witnessed a serious financial crisis in many countries of this region.眾所周知，中國在眾所周知，中國在1980年成功地發(fā)射了第一顆洲際導(dǎo)彈。年成功地發(fā)射了第一顆洲際導(dǎo)彈。 As is well known, 1980 saw the successful launchiong of Chinas first intercontinental guided missile.這個運動首先在北京興起。這個運動首先在北京興起。 Beijing fi

35、rst saw the rise of the movement.1966年他在一家小工廠工作年他在一家小工廠工作. The year 1966 found him working in a small factory.7 這個地區(qū)有史以來總是多災(zāi)多難。這個地區(qū)有史以來總是多災(zāi)多難。 The history has never been kind to this area.四、原文動詞性成分譯為主語四、原文動詞性成分譯為主語人群漸漸地人群漸漸地安靜安靜下來。下來。 Silence gradually came over the crowds.我我建議建議他立刻戒煙。他立刻戒煙。 My sugg

36、estion is that he quit smoking.我從來沒有那么我從來沒有那么想想過。過。 The idea has never crossed my mind.他們他們一想起一想起這些這些,便會覺得生活增添了許多樂趣。便會覺得生活增添了許多樂趣。1 The rememberance of these will add much pleasure to their life.主語必須是句中應(yīng)該突出的信息；主語必須是句中應(yīng)該突出的信息；1）到去年年底，我部已同有關(guān)省市簽定了）到去年年底，我部已同有關(guān)省市簽定了100余艘中小船舶建造合同和協(xié)議。余艘中小船舶建造合同和協(xié)議。 By the

37、 end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities concerned for the construction of more than 100 medium-and- small-sized vessels.我給你打國際直撥就跟給樓下的李姐打電話差不多我給你打國際直撥就跟給樓下的李姐打電話差不多,一撥就通。一撥就通。 An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.我還鮮明地記得和周總理第一次見面時的情景。我還鮮明地記得和周總理第一次見面時的情景。 My first meeting with Premier Zhou still li