高英 八個謬論

1、Eight Fallacies宋彥娉 劉艷麗 任航琴 黃澤 Dicto Simpliciter(絕對概括) Hasty Generalization(草率概括) Post Hoc(牽強附會) Contradictory Premises(矛盾前提) Ad Misericordiam(文不對題) False Analogy(錯誤類比) Hypothesis Contrary to Fact(虛假假設(shè)) Poisoning the Well(井里下毒)Dicto Simpliciter(絕對概括) It means an argument based on unqualified generali

2、zation.(太絕對的格言) E.g. Keeping on a diet can enable people to lose weight. Therefore, if you want to lose weight, you should keep on a diet. E.g. Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise. Hasty Generalization(草率概括)The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion. ( or the pre

3、mise前提 is obviously not adequate, the person jumps to the conclusion.) E.g. Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. (Of course, we shouldnt judge all Australians on the basis of one example.)Post Hoc(牽強附會) There is no connection between the cause and the fact. E.g.

4、Most young criminals watch violent movies before they commit their crimes; obviously, violent movies lead to juvenile delinquency青少年犯罪. (甲事情發(fā)生在乙事情之前，這并不代表著先發(fā)生的甲事情就是后發(fā)生的乙事情的原因.)Contradictory Premises(矛盾前提) The premise and the conclusion contradict each other, so there can be no conclusion. E.g. If Go

5、d can do everything, can he make a stone so heavy that he cant carry? (前提條件中就有相互矛盾的地方，結(jié)論當(dāng)然是錯誤.)Ad Misericordiam(文不對題) An argument based on an appeal to the emotions; a logical fallacy that involves an irrelevant or highly exaggerated appeal to pity or sympathy . Also known as argumentum ad misericor

6、diam or appeal to pity or misery. E.g. Think of all the poor, starving African children! How could rich countries be so cruel as not to help them? False Analogy(錯誤類比) The premises committed universally are falsely used in the conclusion, or the conclusion and the premises happen not in the same situ

7、ation. E.g. Young children are like flowersflowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative.(孩子和花朵的區(qū)別太大。成長的過程也太復(fù)雜。最好不要用這兩者來類比。 )Hypothesis Contrary to Fact(虛假假設(shè)) It is falsely believed that there is only one possibility to the state of affair

8、s. E.g. If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV. (因為電視已經(jīng)被發(fā)明了,對于過去的否定假設(shè)后所得出的結(jié)論都是邏輯上的錯誤結(jié)論.) E.g. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed the test.Poisoning the Well(井里下毒) A logical fallacy in which a person attempts to place an opponent in a position from which he or she is unable to reply. (First the listener is forced to accept the adverse不利的 information about someone to that the teller can be easily trusted when he