大學(xué)高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法PPT第八章

1、Chapter 8Verb and Verb Phrase (4): Non-finite Verbs本章學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：本章學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：三類非限定動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征以及習(xí)慣用法：三類非限定動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征以及習(xí)慣用法：n兩種不定式的用法兩種不定式的用法n不定式和不定式和-ing分詞的選擇分詞的選擇n-ed分詞做修飾語(yǔ)的用法分詞做修飾語(yǔ)的用法8.0 IntroductionnNon-finite verbs are so-called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. 8.0 IntroductionThre

2、e types of non-finite verbs: Infinitive -ing participle-ed participle e.g. Id like to play tennis.Youd better come at once.She enjoys inviting friends to parties.I must get my suit cleaned. The most difficult point in handling non-finite verbs is whether to use the infinitive or the ing participle a

3、fter certain verbs. 8.1. infinitive8.1.1 Bare infinitiveThe bare infinitive may occur in the following syntactic environment: a. Aux + verbModal auxiliaries:You should do what you are told.Can I have a word with you?Semi-auxiliaries:Youd better talk to him in person.8.1.1 Bare infinitive a. Aux + ve

4、rbModal idioms:They cannot but accept our terms.She could not help but sweep at the sad news. I would rather do it on my own.I would rather ride this old bicycle than buy a new one and have it stolen.Refer to p192 8.1.1 Bare infinitive b. idiomatic verb construction1) verb-verb combination:The child

5、ren are making believe that they are princes and princesses.Dont let go of the rope. Im afraid well have to make do with our bicycle because our car has totally broken down.Ive heard say that Bob and Sue are getting married soon.Refer to p192 8.1.1 Bare infinitive b. idiomatic verb construction2) ve

6、rb-noun-verb combination:have / let / make sb. do sth.e.g. Ill have another man repair the car for you. Would you let me have a try? perception verbs + bare infinitivee.g. I saw him enter the building. I can hear her play the piano very morning.Perception verb + -ing: simultaneity, durativeness, and

7、 incompleteness2) verb-noun-verb combination:Help sb. do sth. Vs. Help sb. to do sth.e.g. He helped the old lady whitewash the fence. He helped the poor old lady whitewash the fence.He helped the lady who lived across the street to whitewash the fence.He helped the lady living across the street to w

8、hitewash the fence.*如果位于中間的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)較短小如果位于中間的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)較短小bare infinitive, 反之，則用反之，則用to-infinitive8.1.1 Bare infinitive c. rather / sooner than e.g. Rather than ask for help, she decided to work it out by herself. She decided to work it out by herself rather than (to) ask for help.*從句首移至句中時(shí)，從句首移至句中時(shí)，rat

9、her than后可接后可接to-infinitive Sooner than work for others, he started his own business. (sooner than 多用于句首多用于句首)8.1.1 Bare infinitive d. do 在以下情況中，也可用在以下情況中，也可用bare infinitive,這主要是因?yàn)榫溥@主要是因?yàn)榫渥拥那安糠种杏凶拥那安糠种杏衐o: e.g. What Id like to do is give him a little push.All you need to do is go and propose to her.

10、 e. Whywhy + bare infinitive an independent clausee.g. Why come alone? /Why not do it on your own?* other wh-words take regular to-infinitive. NOT independent clausee.g. I dont know what to do / when to come /who to consult.8.1.2 To-infinitive the infinitive marker to vs. the preposition toexamples:

11、He used to sit up late at night. (infinitive marker)He is used to sitting up late at night. (preposition)*So, when learning a word, we need to learn both its meaning and its usage.8.1.2 To-infinitive a. verb + infinitiveHe expected to be promotedHe expected being promoted.*Some of the verbs that can

12、 be directly followed by the infinitive:agree, aim, apply, arrange, attempt (pp.196-197)e.g. She promised to come and help.She promised that she would come and help.8.1.2 To-infinitive b. verb + object + infinitive* the object is usually the logical subject to the infinitive.e.g. I believed him to b

13、e honest.*verbs of this type include: advise, allow, ask, believe, (p197)Note: Verbs such as advise, allow, encourage and permit + -ing participle when the logical subject is implicit.e.g. She doesnt allow her husband to smoke in the house.She doesnt allow smoking in the house.8.1.2 To-infinitivec.

14、verb + (object) + infinitiveAsk, cant bear, hate, help, intend, like, prefer, want, wish, etc.e.g. He hates to be called Donald Duck.He hates his friends to call him Donald Duck.I prefer to work early in the morning.I prefer my roommate not to make any noise at night. 8.1.3 other uses of infinitivel

15、To do purpose = in order to do e.g. He is getting up early these days to prepare for the examination.lTo do result: 如用在如用在only后，表示未曾料到的不后，表示未曾料到的不愉快的結(jié)果。這類用法常和愉快的結(jié)果。這類用法常和find, hear, be told等動(dòng)等動(dòng)詞連用詞連用e.g. They hurried to the station only to find the train had already left.l當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞詞組中有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞詞組中

16、有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)the first, the second, the last, the next, the best, the most 時(shí)，時(shí)，Infinitive (not ing participle) 可做這個(gè)名詞的可做這個(gè)名詞的后置修飾詞后置修飾詞:e.g. Im afraid he is the only person to consult about your illness.8.1.3 other uses of infinitiveltootoe.g. He is too young to take care of himself.lTooto結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以和結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可

17、以和enough to的否定結(jié)構(gòu)互換的否定結(jié)構(gòu)互換e.g. The boy is too short to reach the top shelf. The boy is not tall enough to reach the top shelf.lIn some case, the passive infinitive = active infinitivee.g. Here is a list of the people to interview / to be interviewed. This is probably the only thing to do / to be done

18、.8.1.3 other uses of infinitivee.g. 1) He is too good a man to kill. meaning? He is too good a man for me to kill. 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)他是好人不能殺。對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)他是好人不能殺。 He is too good a man to kill others. 他是個(gè)好人不會(huì)殺別人。他是個(gè)好人不會(huì)殺別人。 2) She is the next person to consult. meaning? She is the next person for me to consult. She is the

19、next person to consult me.l作為后置修飾語(yǔ)，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞而又無(wú)主語(yǔ)和賓作為后置修飾語(yǔ)，當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞而又無(wú)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式有潛在歧義。語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式有潛在歧義。8.2. ing participleThe present participle (現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞)：a noun modifier/ an adverbialThe gerund (動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞)：equivalent function to a noun 8.2. ing participle8.2.1 Object to verblVerbs that can be followed

20、by the ing participle include: admit, acknowledge, anticipate, avoid, consider, deny(p201)e.g. He admitted making the mistake.People usually enjoy being flattered.l但有些動(dòng)詞屬于這類詞的邊沿詞，因?yàn)樗鼈冃枰厥獾行﹦?dòng)詞屬于這類詞的邊沿詞，因?yàn)樗鼈冃枰厥獾木浞ńY(jié)構(gòu)，的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，Cannot + help/ resist /stand + -ing participle。mind接接-ing participle時(shí)，也用在時(shí)，也用在

21、否定否定句句中。中。e.g. She couldnt help crying when she heard the news.I dont mind working late at night, but I cant stand getting up early in the morning. 8.2. ing participle8.2.2 logical subject當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同或包括于其中當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)相同或包括于其中通常不顯示通常不顯示(implicit)e.g. He admitted taking the money.Mother suggest

22、s having a barbecue party this weekend.如果如果-ing participle的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是主句的主語(yǔ)則需寫出的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是主句的主語(yǔ)則需寫出(explicit)。e.g. He suggested her applying for a multiple entry visa.They insisted on my finishing the report before Friday. NOTE:邏輯主語(yǔ)可是賓格邏輯主語(yǔ)可是賓格(me, him, John)或所有格或所有格(my, his, Johns)。賓格形式。賓格形式less formal 8.2.

23、 ing participle8.2.2 logical subjectVerb + preposition + -ing participlee.g. Please excuse me for opening your letter by mistake.Please excuse my opening your letter by mistake.I hope youll forgive me for ringing you up so late. I hope youll forgive my ringing you up so late.Refer to pp.202-203 for

24、more examples8.2. ing participle8.2.3 infinitive or ing participleThe infinitive and the ing participle are not very different in meaning after the following verbs (p203):attempt, begin, cant bear, cease, continue, deserve, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, requir

25、e, start, want, etc.However, they are different in meaning after the following verbs:forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret, remember, stop, etc. 8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlea. begin, cease, continue, startEither infinitive or ing participle can be usedInfinitive is preferred with verbs that e

26、xpress mental activities, such as knowing, understanding, likinge.g. I began to learn / learning English when I was twelve.But:I began to like / liking English when I was ten.They cease to love / loving each other their only daughter died.She continued to hate / hating her first husband twenty years

27、 after their divorce.The ing participles are not acceptable. 8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlecease to do sth. = cease doing sth.stop to do sth. stop doing sth.e.g. They stopped to talk. They stopped talking.8.2.3 infinitive or ing participleb. like, love, hate表達(dá)一般好惡時(shí)，不定式和表達(dá)一般好惡時(shí)，不定式和-ing分詞都可用。分詞都可

28、用。但如用在具體場(chǎng)合，則一般不用但如用在具體場(chǎng)合，則一般不用-ing分詞分詞e.g. I like swimming of course, but I dont like to swim today because I dont feel well.c. Deserve, need, require, want-ing 分詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)和不定式的被動(dòng)態(tài)在語(yǔ)義上分詞的主動(dòng)態(tài)和不定式的被動(dòng)態(tài)在語(yǔ)義上等同。等同。e.g. The car needs repairing / to be repaired.That case requires investigating / to be investigat

29、ed immediately. 8.2.3 infinitive or ing participled. remember, forget, go onCompare:Dont worry. Ill remember to tell her the news.I remember telling her the news. Im sure I did it.He forgot to sign his cheque. It is invalid.You must have forgotten signing the cheque, or he wouldnt be able to draw mo

30、ney from your account.8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlee. Mean, regret, try這些詞后用不定式還是這些詞后用不定式還是-ing分詞取決于它們的詞匯意分詞取決于它們的詞匯意義。義。e.g. Im sure he didnt mean to hurt you. (to intend) Success means working very hard. (represent a meaning)I regret to inform you that the committee has turned down your appli

31、cation. (express sympathy)I regret telling her the news. (to express repentance后悔后悔)He tried to finish the work on his own. (to attempt)We tried growing vegetables, but failed. (to test)8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlef. advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommendVerb + object + infinitiveVerb + -

32、ing participlee.g. My doctor advised me to do some morning exercises. Doctors advise doing some morning exercises. My wife doesnt allow me to smoke in the house.My wife doesnt allow smoking in the house.8.3. ed participleSome verbs take different ed participle forms according to their different gram

33、matical functions.Forms of some ed participles: p2088.3. ed participle8.3.1 ed participle as a premodifierlMost of the premodifying ed participle are derived from transitive verbs and convey the sense of passiveness or completeness.examples: A broken windowA defeated armyA developed countrya revised

34、 versionThe wanted manA finished project8.3.1 ed participle as a premodifierlThe ed participle that are derived from intransitive verbs do not usually premodify nounswith a few exception. completeness, NOT passiveness examples: A retired workerAn escaped prisonerfallen leavesThe risen sunA returned

35、student8.3.1 ed participle as a premodifierlAn adverb + A premodifying active -ed participle a compound wordexamples: Newly-arrived touristsWell-behaved pupilsA well-read librarianA widely-travelled photographer8.3.2 ed participle as a complementa. Subject complement : verb (intransitive) + -ed part

36、iciple (subject complement)Syntactically, verbs that can take ed participle as subject complements include: appear, be, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, etc.examples: She looked depressed. He appeared well prepared for the TV debate.They all seemed excited when they heard the n

37、ews.8.3.2 ed participle as a complementb. object complement : verb (transitive) + object + -ed participle (object complement)Verbs that commonly take an object with a complement are: have, get, keep, leave, make, etc.examples: We left a lot of problems unsolved during our last meeting. When are you

38、going to have the car repaired.Im afraid we have no food left. 8.4. Dangling participle When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. e.g. Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked.Grilled on the charcoal, we liked the fish much

39、better.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)被認(rèn)為是當(dāng)主語(yǔ)被認(rèn)為是we, one, you時(shí)，這一規(guī)則常被打破。時(shí)，這一規(guī)則常被打破。e.g. Caught in a traffic jam, it is easy to lose patience.Looking ahead to the weekend, temperature will be warmer.*Be alert against the inappropriate use of dangling participle.nExercises: 1. We hear her _ the piano upstairs every evening. A. plays B. playing C. played D. play 2. _ ask for help, she decided to work it out by herself. A. Rather than B. More than C. Rather D.