日本園林發(fā)展

1、日本園林發(fā)展及特征The development of Japanese garden and characteristics日本與中國一衣帶水, 從古至今一直有著廣泛的交流。日本與中國的關系始于漢代, 日本園林藝術就是在中國園林藝術的影響下, 經(jīng)過漫長的歷史變遷, 逐漸形成具有日本民族特色的日本園林。 日本園林的歷史發(fā)展As we all know Japan and China are neighbors separated only by a strip of water . From ancient times there has been extensive exchange. Ja

2、panese relations with China began in the Han Dynasty. The Japanese garden art is under the influence of Chinese garden art, through the long history of change, gradually formed a Japanese garden with Japanese national characteristics.The historical development of the Japanese garden日本園林的山水骨架是從中國流傳而入

3、, 它成為后來池泉的始祖。其中佛教被日本確定為國教的地位對于日本園林朝宗教化發(fā)展起著重要的作用。日本園林風格雖然受中國園林藝術的影響, 但經(jīng)過長期的發(fā)展與創(chuàng)新,日本園藝設計師開始根據(jù)日本材料和日本文化而開發(fā)自己的美學，并形成日本民族獨有的自然式風格的山水園。The Japanese garden landscape skeleton came from China and it became the ancestor of Pond Gardens . The Japanese Buddhism is identified as the status of the church of Engl

4、and for the Japanese garden toward the religious development plays an important role. Although Japanese garden style is influenced by Chinese garden art, but after a long period development and innovation, Japanese garden designers began to develop their own aesthetics, based on Japanese materials a

5、nd Japanese culture，and formed the unique nature of the Japanese style of landscape garden. 日本園林屬于創(chuàng)建微型理想化的風景的傳統(tǒng)園林,它往往使用一種高度抽象和程式化的方式?；实酆唾F族的花園是為娛樂和審美享受而設計的,而佛教寺廟園林則是為了沉思和冥想而設計。Japanese gardens are traditional gardens that create miniature idealized landscapes, often in a highly abstract and stylized

6、way.The gardens of the Emperors and nobles were designed for recreation and aesthetic pleasure, while the gardens of Buddhist temples were designed for contemplation and meditation.可以認為, 日本園林起初重在把中國園林的局部內(nèi)容有選擇、有發(fā)展地兼收并蓄入自己的文化傳統(tǒng)中, 因此日本園林“在一個有限的空間內(nèi)形成了最好的自然手工。It is said that the Japanese garden initially

7、 focused on the part of the content of the Chinese garden and developed into their own cultural tradition. Therefore Japanese garden generated “the best of natures handiwork in a limited space.” 基本特征和原則basic characteristics and principles1.微型：日本花園是一個小型和理想化的自然景觀。巖石可以代表山脈,池塘可以代表海洋。1.Miniaturization：Ba

8、sed on the situation in Japan the Japanese garden is a miniature and idealized view of nature. Rocks can represent mountains, and ponds can represent seas.2.隱趣：景觀會隱藏在山,樹木,樹林或竹子,墻壁或結(jié)構(gòu)之中而被沿著曲徑行走的訪問者所發(fā)現(xiàn)。2.Concealment ：Features are hidden behind hills, trees, groves or bamboo, walls or structures, to be

9、 discovered when the visitor follows the winding path.3.借景:小型花園的設計常常是借用了花園之外的一部分景色,這就可以讓花園看起來要比原來大得多。3.“Borrowed” Scenery :Small gardens are often designed to incorporate the view of features outside the garden as part of the view which makes the garden seem larger than it really is.4.不對稱:日本花園不會只在一條

10、軸線上進行排布,或只用一種方式來表達其意境。4.Asymmetry :Japanese gardens are not laid on straight axes, or with a single feature dominating the view. 基本特征和原則basic characteristics and principles Design Elements設計元素水石頭和沙子花園的建筑花園的橋梁石燈和水池花園柵欄、門洞和設景植物WaterRock and sandGarden architecturesGarden bridgesStone lanterns and wate

11、r basinsGarden fences, gates, and devicesPlants 日本花園的幾種不同的風格和類型。different styles and types of Japanese gardensDry Rock GardensPond Gardens The Paradise GardensTea GardensPromenade GardensCourtyard GardensHermitage Gardens枯山水池泉園凈土庭院茶庭漫步花園庭院花園隱士園林Styles Dry Rock Gardens 枯山水Dry Rock Gardens or Zen Gard

12、ens often have white sand or raked gravel in place of water, carefully arranged rocks, and sometimes rocks and sand covered with moss. Their purpose is to facilitate meditation, and they are meant to be viewed while seated on the porch of the residence.枯山水或禪宗花園通常通過白色沙子和碎石的代替水,并且會仔細安排巖石,有時候巖石和沙子會覆蓋著苔

13、蘚。其目的是促進冥想,坐在居所的門廊邊也能感覺到景觀傳達的意境。StylesPond Gardens 池泉園These gardens had large lakes with small islands, where musicians played during festivals and ceremonies worshippers could look across the water at the Buddha. 這些花園會在大型湖泊上布置小型島嶼,在那里演奏家可以在節(jié)日里進行演奏而禮拜者又可以越過水面上看到佛陀。StylesThe Paradise Garden 凈土庭院The P

14、aradise Garden was created by nobles belonging to Buddhism,meant to symbolize the Pure Land , where the Buddha sat on a platform contemplating in a lotus pond. These gardens featured a lake island, where the Buddha hall was located, connected to the shore by an arching bridge.凈土庭院是由貴族所創(chuàng)造并歸屬于佛教,意在象征著

15、極樂凈土，而佛陀會擺設在河塘上的平臺。這些園林的特色是有佛堂、宗廟的湖島和連接到岸邊的拱形橋。StylesTea Gardens 茶庭The style of garden takes its name from the path to the teahouse which is always kept moist and green. There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered arbor where guests wait for the invitation to enter. Then they pass through a ga

16、te to the inner garden, where they wash their hands and rinse their mouth, preparing themself for the ceremony and meditation.花園得名于通向始終保持著濕潤和綠色的茶館的路徑,其外會有一個覆蓋著喬木的外庭院, 在這就是客人等待邀請進入的地方。然后他們通過外庭院的門洞進入內(nèi)庭院,并且在那里洗手和漱口,而為接下來的儀式和冥想做準備。StylesPromenade Gardens 漫步花園These gardens are meant to be seen by followi

17、ng a path clockwise around the lake from one composed scene to another. They used two techniques to provide interest.1. Borrowed scenery which took advantage of views of scenery outside the garden, such as mountains or temples.2. Hide-and-reveal which used winding paths, fences, bamboo and buildings

18、 to hide the scenery so the visitor would not see it until he was at the best view point.漫步花園是作為沿著池塘從一個場景到另一個場景的過渡空間。其通過兩種手段來引起游覽者的興趣。1。借景,是將視圖之外的風景花園引入花園,比如山脈或寺廟之類。2。 隱趣，比如使用蜿蜒的路徑,籬笆、竹和建筑來隱藏景色使游覽者不會直接欣賞到風景 。StylesCourtyard Gardens 庭院花園These small gardens were designed to give a glimpse of nature and some privacy to the residents of the rear side of the building. These tiny gardens were meant to be seen, not entered, and usually had a stone lantern, a water basin, stepping stones and a few p