書面表達(dá)中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)透視與訓(xùn)練

1、書面表達(dá)中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)透視與訓(xùn)練 句子是寫作的基本單位，只有寫好句子才有可能寫好文章。英語句子的構(gòu)成有其特定的規(guī)律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常見句式和詞語的習(xí)慣搭配，就能寫出完整、正確的句子。一、 簡單句的五種基本句型句子用詞準(zhǔn)確、合乎語法規(guī)范是一篇文章最起碼的要求。英語句子雖然千變?nèi)f化，但就一個(gè)簡單句來說，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)不外乎以下五種：1主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.主語 系動(dòng)詞 表語The city will become rich.主語 系動(dòng)詞 表語在這類結(jié)構(gòu)中最常用的系動(dòng)詞是be, loo

2、k（看起來），sound（聽起來），smell（聞起來），taste（嘗起來），feel（摸起來，感到），seem（似乎，好象），appear（顯得，好象），remain（仍是），keep（保持），become（變得，成為）turn（變得，成為），get（變得），go（變得）等表示狀態(tài)和變化的詞。2主語 + 謂語Building has started.主語 謂語The train leaves at 7:40.主語 謂語該句型中的謂語為不及物動(dòng)詞。謂語動(dòng)詞的前面根據(jù)需要還可加上適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞。如果多個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞并列，可用and, but等并列連詞將它們連接起來。謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上須與

3、主語保持一致。3主語 + 謂語 + 賓語The boss employed five more workers.主語 謂語 賓語Few students like taking exams.主語 謂語 賓語動(dòng)詞后接賓語時(shí)應(yīng)該用及物動(dòng)詞，若動(dòng)詞不及物則須在動(dòng)詞后再加上合適的介詞。4主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語He has fetched us some new textbooks.主語 謂語 間接賓語 直接賓語A car factory will bring the province more jobs.主語 謂語 間接賓語 直接賓語此句型中的及物動(dòng)詞須跟兩個(gè)賓語，間接賓語一般指人

4、，直接賓語一般指物。間接賓語可以放在直接賓語的前面，也可放在直接賓語的后面，但間接賓語放在后面時(shí)需在其前面加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。例：A car factory will bring more jobs to the province.可接雙賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等。5主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語I will keep the box in t

5、he shade. 主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語該句型中的“賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語”又叫做“復(fù)合賓語”，其特點(diǎn)是賓語與其補(bǔ)語之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系?？山訌?fù)合賓語的常見動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, find, help, like, allow, take, make, let, have（使得）, force（強(qiáng)迫）, call, advise, persuade（勸服）, watch, see, hear, feel（認(rèn)為，覺得）, consider（認(rèn)為）, choose, elect（選）等。上面句型中只列出了句子的主要成分，事實(shí)上，句子中還常常有定語、狀語和同位語等修飾語，有時(shí)還有不充當(dāng)

6、句子成分的插入語等。例：Professor Wang bought a new computer at a high price. 定語 狀語在句子中，不同的句子成分對(duì)詞性有不同的要求。主語、賓語和同位語一般由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)；謂語一般由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)；表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語和插入語一般由動(dòng)詞以外的詞或短語充當(dāng)。一般來講，一個(gè)句子至少具有一個(gè)主語和一個(gè)謂語（或系表結(jié)構(gòu)），但在上下文中有時(shí)可能會(huì)有省略現(xiàn)象。省略后的句子可能會(huì)缺少包括主語、謂語在內(nèi)的一些句子成分。祈使句中的主語按要求也是應(yīng)該舍去的。例：“Do give her my regards.” “Of course I

7、will.”第一句是祈使句，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行人you已經(jīng)舍去。第二句是省略句，根據(jù)上句I will后省略了give her your regards。以上主要介紹的是簡單句的基本句型，除簡單句外，還有并列復(fù)合句和主從復(fù)合句等句式，但這些復(fù)合句實(shí)際上是由若干個(gè)簡單句通過連詞連接起來的，因此，寫作復(fù)合句時(shí)仍可遵循簡單句的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。練習(xí)：用括號(hào)內(nèi)所提示的基本句型將下列句子譯成英語，需要的話可加上適當(dāng)?shù)男揎椪Z或插入語。 1 你的故事聽起來很有趣。（主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語）2 我感到有一點(diǎn)累。（主語 + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語）3 我妹妹是在農(nóng)村長大的。（主語 + 謂語）4 這家醫(yī)院創(chuàng)建于1950年。（主語 +

8、謂語）5 他因?yàn)檐囎娱_得太快而違反了交通規(guī)則。（主語 + 謂語 + 賓語）6 他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快將其喝光。（主語 + 謂語 + 賓語）7 順便問一下，她把錢付給你了嗎？（主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語）8 下學(xué)期誰教你們生物？（主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語）9 他總是把他的臥室收拾得干干凈凈。（主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語）10什么促使你這樣想的？（主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語）參考答案：1. Your story sounds very interesting.2. I felt a bit tired.3. My younger sist

9、er grew up in the country.4. This hospital was set up in 1950.5. He broke the traffic rule because he drove his car too fast.6. He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.7. By the way, has she paid you the money?8. Who will teach you biology next term?9. He always keeps his bedroom cle

10、an.10. What made you think so?二、 表達(dá)不同功能的常見句式英語句型豐富多彩，學(xué)習(xí)、掌握和運(yùn)用表達(dá)不同功能的若干常見句式，有助于我們造出許許多多地道、生動(dòng)的英語句子?，F(xiàn)將中學(xué)課本中表達(dá)不同功能的常見句式歸納如下：1There be句型及其擴(kuò)展形式 表示“存在”There stands a big tree at the end of the river.There used to be a temple（廟）in the town.2It is(was) + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that(who) 表示“強(qiáng)調(diào)”It is I who am going to give y

11、ou a talk.3What + 形容詞 + 名詞 + 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)/How + 形容詞或副詞 + 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)/How + 形容詞 + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 + 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)/ How + 主謂結(jié)構(gòu) + 其它 表示“感嘆”What a lovely day it is today!How clever a boy he is!4祈使句 + and + 簡單句 祈使句表示“條件”Think hard, and you will find a better way.5to/in order to/so as to/so that/in order that 表示“目的”They planted trees in

12、order to keep the soil on the hills.Water the plants so that they will grow.6sothat/suchthat/soas to/enough to/tooto 表示“結(jié)果”The suit was so expensive that he could not buy it.He is strong enough to carry the box upstairs.7it 作形式主語的句型It takes an hour to go there by bus.Its very clear that the earth is

13、 round.8it作形式賓語的句型I feel it my duty to help others.We think it no use talking without doing.9數(shù)詞 + 名詞 + 形容詞 表示“程度”I hope for a stick about one metre long.He was ten minutes late for the meeting.10What (How) about? /How is?/What is . like?/How do you like?/What do you think of? 表示“征詢意見”What about the

14、rest of us having a rest?What did you think of the film?11Whats wrong (the matter, the trouble) with?/What happened to?/What is going on here?/Is there anything wrong with? 表示“關(guān)切”Whats wrong with your radio?12What is the price of?/How much is(worth)?/How much(What) doescost? 詢問“價(jià)錢”What does a new ev

15、ening dress cost?13It takes sb some time to do sth./Sb spends some time or some money on sth./Sb spends some time or some money (in) doing sth./Sth costs sb some money (to do)./Sb pays sb else some money for sth (to do sth). 表示“花費(fèi)”The watch cost me eighty yuan (to buy).14It is time for sth./It is ti

16、me to do sth./It is time that 意為“該是的時(shí)候了”Its time for lunch（to have lunch）.15Shall we do sth?/Will you do sth?/Shall he do sth? 表示“提議或請求”Shall we begin now?Will you give us a hand?16Why not do sth?/Why do sth? 前者表示“提議”，后者表示“責(zé)備”Why not do some shopping?Why look at me like that?17notuntil/Not until/It

17、is not untilthat 意為“直到才”Not until 11 oclock last night did he go to bed.18had better(not) 意為“最好（不）”Youd better take a raincoat with you.19 would ratherthan/wouldrather than/prefer to than/preferto 表示“抉擇”I would rather stay at home than go and watch the match.20It is (has been) some time since/Some t

18、ime has (have) passed since 意為“自從以來已有多長時(shí)間”Its two years since he set up his company.21long before/It is long before/It is not long before 意為“在以前很久/時(shí)間很久才/時(shí)間不長就”It will not be long before it begins to snow.22no soonerthan/hardlywhen 意為“一就”Hardly had we got to the cinema when the film began.23so + 助動(dòng)詞、

19、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞 + 主語/neither(nor) + 助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞 + 主語 前者意為“也如此”，后者意為“也不”He took a taxi there, and so did I.24notbut 意為“不是而是”He wanted to learn not the violin, but the guitar.25I wonder if(when, how, why) 意為“我不知道”I wonder why he did so without being asked.練習(xí)：用括號(hào)內(nèi)所提示的句型將下列句子譯成英語。1 你最好能允許他呆在這兒。（you had better

20、）2為了提高（improve）他的英語口語水平，他每天下午都到語言實(shí)驗(yàn)室去進(jìn)行練習(xí)（in order to）3 到上個(gè)月他才建起自己的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。(not until)4 貝蒂長大后想做導(dǎo)游，我也是。（so + 助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞 + 主語）5 去年這個(gè)地區(qū)雨水很少，以致村民們不得不從井里抽水。（sothat）6 我們的暑假過得多愉快啊，一課都沒上。（感嘆句）7我們用一首英文歌曲來開始我們的聚會(huì)，好嗎？（what about）8依我看這里的黑土至少有120公分深。（數(shù)詞 + 名詞 + 形容詞）9我想這些骨頭很容易被弄成粉末。（it作形式賓語）10該是熄燈睡覺的時(shí)候了。（Its time）參考

21、答案：1. Youd better allow him to stay here.2. In order to improve his spoken English, he goes to the sound lab to practise it every afternoon.3. He didnt set up a lab of his own until last month.4. Betty hopes to be a guide when she grows up, and so do I.5. There was so little rain in this area last y

22、ear that the villagers had to pump water from wells.6. How happy we were in our summer vocation without any classes！7. What about beginning our party with an English song?8. In my opinion, the black soil here is at least 120 centimetres deep.9. I think it easy to make the bones into powder.10. Its t

23、ime to turn off the light and go to bed.三、 主要?jiǎng)釉~的習(xí)慣搭配英語中的習(xí)慣搭配是是英語國家人民在長期的生產(chǎn)、生活過程中逐漸積累、完善而成的，它有結(jié)構(gòu)固定、意義簡明的特點(diǎn)。在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中，同學(xué)們必須牢記某些常見詞匯，尤其是常見動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配方式，深刻理解其含義。現(xiàn)將課本中常見動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配方式列舉如下。1. give,offer,take,leave,pass,hand,show,lend,send,return,sell,tell,teach,pay等 + sth + to sb2. buy, get, make, cook, save, find, d

24、raw, build, keep等 + sth + for sb3. thank, praise, criticize（批評(píng)）,punish等 + sb + for（doing）sth4. agree with sb同意某人的意見/agree to sth同意某一建議、計(jì)劃、安排等/agree on sth在方面達(dá)成一致意見/agree that同意5. ask sb for sth向某人討要/ask sb to do sth請某人做某事6. dress sb in給穿衣服/be（get）dressed in穿 衣服7. explain to sb sth=explain sth to sb向

25、某人解釋某事8. fail（in）an exam考試不及格/fail to do sth沒能干什么9. feed sb on（with）sth=feed sth to sb用喂養(yǎng)，給吃/feed on sth靠吃為生10. find sth發(fā)現(xiàn)（找到）/find + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語：發(fā)現(xiàn)什么怎么樣/find it +賓語補(bǔ)足語 + 真正賓語：發(fā)現(xiàn)什么怎么樣11. try to do sth努力去做某事/try doing sth嘗試做某事12. forget sth忘記某事/forget to do sth忘記去做某事/forget doing sth忘記做了某事/forget + 從句

26、：忘記13. sth happened發(fā)生了什么事/happen to sb某人發(fā)生了什么事/happen to do sth碰巧做某事，偶然發(fā)生某事/It happened that碰巧怎么樣14. help sb with sth=help sb (to)do sth幫助某人做某事15. hope for sth希望得到某物（不可說hope sth）/hope to do sth希望做某事（不可說hope sb to do sth）/hope that希望怎么樣16. wish for sth希望得到某物/wish sb祝愿某人/wish to do sth希望做某事/wish sb to

27、 do sth希望某人做某事/wish that希望怎么樣17. join 加入/join in doing sth參加干某事18. keep+名詞：保持/keep+形容詞或分詞：保持怎么樣/keep sb或sth+賓語補(bǔ)足語：使處于某種狀態(tài)/keep (on) doing sth始終做某事/keepfrom doing sth阻止做某事19. leave離開/leave for去/leavefor離開去/leave sb或sth+賓語補(bǔ)足語：使處于某種狀態(tài)20. like sth喜歡/like about sth喜歡關(guān)于/like doing sth喜歡做某事=like to do sth喜

28、歡做某事/like sb to do sth喜歡某人做某事21. Would you mind doing sth? 你介意？/Would you mind if?你介意？22. seem + 形容詞 = seem + 動(dòng)詞不定式 = it seems that似乎怎么樣23. stop讓停下來/stop doing sth停止做某事/stop to do sth停下來做某事/stopfrom doing sth阻止做某事24. supply sb with sth = supply sth to sb向某人提供某物25. do sb the favour to do sth = do sb a favour by doing sth勞駕某人做某事練習(xí)：根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的提示詞語將下列句子譯成英語。1你用什么喂鸚鵡？（feed）2如果你覺得物理難學(xué)，可以請吉姆幫助你。（find +復(fù)合賓語, askfor）3 他們繼續(xù)抽著煙，就好象什么也沒發(fā)生過似的。（go on, smoke, as if, nothing, happen）4我到達(dá)醫(yī)院的時(shí)候，醫(yī)生碰巧正在給我媽媽做手術(shù)。（happen to, operate）5奶牛為我們提供牛奶。（supplywith）6他向我解釋了他