名詞性從句和定語從句

1、 Attributive Clause一. 復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞、代詞或整個(gè)主句的從句，即定語從句（后置于名詞）被定語從句所修飾的詞為先行詞；【分裂式定從：I have an aunt in London who never write to me.】 從句中人稱、數(shù)、形式需與先行詞保持一致（主謂一致） He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man . He is one of the students who go to Beijing. He is the ( only) one of the students who go

2、es to Beijing. not the only one of = one of二 限制性定從 修飾限制先行詞，省去后原句意義表達(dá)不完整；（前無逗號(hào)）非限制性定從 補(bǔ)充說明先行詞，省去后原句意義不受影響（前有逗號(hào)） He has two sons, who work in the same company. He has two sons who work in the same company.三引導(dǎo)定語從句關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系代詞：which that who whom whose as 關(guān)系副詞：when where why 主句完整，從句不完整（缺主語、賓語、定語） 關(guān)系代詞 主句完整，

3、從句完整 關(guān)系副詞（缺狀語） 或介詞+which/whom 從句完整：when、where、why 介詞 + which /whom (介詞選用原則)分析從句： 缺定語(the): whose 從句不完整： 缺人：who /whom (區(qū)分) 缺主/賓/表： 缺物：which /that (區(qū)分) 缺人/物： as (兩個(gè)用法) 四關(guān)系代詞 （A/B/C ：主賓 D：定語） A.指代人： who 主語、賓語 That is the man_helps me. whom 賓語 That is the man_I help. Do you know the woman whom we met at

4、 the gate. 介詞 + whom （介詞的選用原則：先行詞/從句中VI） Here are players from China , some of whom are our old friends. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.B.指代物：which that 先行詞指代物時(shí)用that不用which的情況：(1) 先行詞是不定代詞 all no none the one any few little much everything nothing any

5、thing 等時(shí)；（something后用“that”或“which”均可） Is there anything that I can do for you in town ? You should hand in all that you have.(2) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last, the only, the very修飾時(shí) This is the first place that I visited last time.(3) 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾； This is the best film that I have ever seen.(4) 先行詞包括人、物兩方面時(shí)；

6、They talked about the things and persons that they remembered in the school.(5) 當(dāng)主語是which、who、what開頭的特殊問句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞一般用that，而不用which； Who is the girl( that is )sitting by the lake? Which of those books( that are ) on the table belong to you?(6) 兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一關(guān)系代詞用which，另外一個(gè)用that They secretly build u

7、p a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.(7) 先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時(shí) Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 先行詞指代物時(shí)用which不用that的兩種情況(1)非限制性定語從句中 She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her month.(2) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時(shí)，用介+which結(jié)構(gòu) He built a telescope

8、 through which he could study the skies.C. as 用法 (1) 用于“suchas” “the sameas” “asas” soas”特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中： This is not such a book as I expected.區(qū)別the sameas和 the samethat？ This is the same tool as / that I used last time.“suchas” 定語從句 “suchthat”狀語從句 He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.He is such a cleve

9、r boy that everyone likes him.(2) as引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句，可以指代整個(gè)句子（which亦可指代整個(gè)句子） As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once eve

10、ry month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth. as 習(xí)慣用語：As has been said before 如上所述 As is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 As is well-known= as is known to all眾所周知非限制性定語從句是否定句或表否定時(shí)只能用which He came here very late, which was unexpected.非限制性定語從句謂語是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用which Betty always tel

11、ls a lie, which her parents find strange.D. whose 作定語，既可指代人，亦可指代物 （of + whom / which） The doctor , whose name was john ,lived in a small town in Nanjing. This is the house whose window broke last night. This is the house, the window of which broke last night. This is the house, of which the window b

12、roke last night.E. 關(guān)系代詞省略：限制性定語從句中，作動(dòng)詞賓語時(shí)(若介賓結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞在從句詞尾) 關(guān)系代詞可省略 關(guān)系副詞省略：當(dāng)先行詞是time reason place時(shí)，作狀語的關(guān)系副詞when where why可以省去五關(guān)系副詞 when where why (關(guān)系副詞= 介詞 + which) I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing. I will never forget the day that / which we spent together. Xian is a famous cit

13、y where there are many places of interest. Xian is a famous city that / which has many places of interest. The reason that / which he gave is not believable. The reason why he did not come to school yesterday is that she was ill.六、特殊定從： way后接定語從句 【way + of doing / to do / 定從】 Please tell me the way

14、in which/ that/ 不填 I can improve my English. where 作名詞可與from連用 His head soon appeared out of the window, from where he could see what happened clearly. 關(guān)系代詞than Never give your children more money than is necessary.七強(qiáng)調(diào)句型： It is / was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that / who + 剩余部分 It is / was + not until + that + 去not的

15、剩余部分（注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化?。?特殊疑問句的強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分強(qiáng)調(diào)句和定語從句：去結(jié)構(gòu)“It is / was”和 “that / who”后，看是否缺成份.八that引導(dǎo)的定語從句及that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句區(qū)別（見名詞性從句）九【高頻考點(diǎn)】when/where 表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的抽象化、模糊化where situation / stage / case / point Occasions are quite rare 【when】 I have the time to spend a day with my kids. Later in this chapter cases will be introduc

16、ed to readers 【where】 consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. I have reached a point in my life 【where】 I am supposed to make decisions of my own. Today, well discuss a number of cases 【where】 beginners of English fail to use the language properly . 解題思路：(1)先判斷是定語從句否（陷阱）A.注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和并列連

17、詞（and/but）的兩句話B.先行詞在從句中不做任何成份以及狀語從句C.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、同位語從句等其它句型 (2) 找準(zhǔn)先行詞（若介詞+which/which，確定合適介詞）(3) 判斷出先行詞在從句中所做成份 (4) 若關(guān)系副詞，直接確定； 若關(guān)系代詞，在判斷人或物，確定具體關(guān)系代詞N M E T1. The road conditions there turned out to be very good，_ was more than we could expect. A. it B. what C. which D. that2. _ I explained on the phone, y

18、our request will be considered at the next meeting. A. As B. when C. after D. since3. Franks dream was to have his own shop _ to produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B. in which C. by which D. how4. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim are trying a big sign onto one of the trees. A. which

19、 B. when C. where D. that5. Look out！Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. that6. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. A. of which B. by which C. in whic

20、h D. from which7. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ we gave some bells and glasses. A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which 8. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students_Chinese in the school and most_were from Germany. A. study;

21、 of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom9. She was educated at Beijing University, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad. A. after that B. from that C. from which D. after which10. Do you have anything to say for yourselves? Yes, there is one point _ we must ins

22、ist on. A. why B. where C. when D. / 11. If you are traveling _ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. A. in which B. what C. when D. where12. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ do not. A. who;

23、/ B. /; who C. who; who D. /; /13. It is reported that two schools, _ are being built in my hometown, will open next year. A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which14. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _ wanted to buy it. A. none of them B. both of them C. none

24、of whom D. neither of whom15. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, _ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. A. who B. which C. what D. that16. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. A. their B. whose C.

25、 of them D. with whom17. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which18. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. A. when B. whose C. which D. where19. Human facial e

26、xpressions differ from those of animals in the degree _ they can be controlled on purpose. A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which20. They have won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising actually. A. that B. when C. what D. which21. After graduation she reached a point in her

27、 career _ she needed to decide what to do. A. that B. what C. which D. where22. Today, well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly . A. which B. as C. why D. where23. I will give you my friends home address, _ I can be reached most evenings. A. which B. wh

28、en C. whom D. where24. My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. whether D. who25. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mail. A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever26. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with

29、my kids. A. who B. which C. why D. when27. What do you think of teaching, Bob? I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. A. where B. which C. when D. that28. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resul

30、ted in changes in the law. A. who B. which C. when D. where29. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds. A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which30. They will fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days. A. where B.

31、there C. which D. when31. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _ New York is an example. A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which 32 Animals suffered at the hand of Man _ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for mo

32、re people. A. in which B. for which C. so that D. in that33. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which 34. I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decis

33、ions of my own. A. which B. where C. how D. why35. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors and _ are beyond our control. A. most of which B. most of them C. most of what D. most of that36. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yua

34、n for one night. A. if B. when C. which D. since37. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where38. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. A. that B. which C. where D. when39.

35、 Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that40. Life is like a long race_ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. whereNOUN CLAUSE從句：引導(dǎo)詞后（N性從句：從句陳述語氣）一分類： 主語從句:What you said is right. 表語從句: That is what y

36、ou said.賓語從句: I believe what you said. 同位語從句:The news that he had passed the exam shocked us. 二名詞性從句：主句完整：同位語從句 主句不完整：主語/賓語/表語從句 從句完整： 陳述句：that (無實(shí)意) 一般疑問句：whether / if (是否)分析從句： 特殊疑問句: when/ where /why /how 從句不完整： 缺人： who (主表) / whom (賓)缺物： what（主賓表）/ which (有選擇 主賓定) whose（誰的 缺the） 特殊關(guān)聯(lián)詞：以as if/ as

37、 though /as/because引導(dǎo)的表語從句(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) Thats because they are too careful in their studies. Things werent as they seemed to be. (區(qū)別thats why和thats because？) （區(qū)別seem和appear?）三關(guān)聯(lián)詞 1.that無實(shí)義，句中不擔(dān)任何成分.（主、同從句中不能?。?That her hair was turning grey worried her a bit. 2.whether/if 表“是否”，句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，亦不能??； (if-如果：引導(dǎo)條件狀語從

38、句） 用whether不用if六種情況：主語從句Whether the 2012 Olympic Games will be held in Pairs is unknown yet. (it作形式主語，主語從句放在句末是whether/if 均可)表語從句 The problem is whether we need it.同位語 The problem whether we will build another school has not been settled.做介詞賓語 He was worried about whether he passed the English exam.

39、discuss引導(dǎo)的賓語從句句中有”or not” It does not matter whether she will come or not.主語不定式前 I dont know whether to go either.3.what“所、事/人”和“什么”“什么樣的”（區(qū)別于“that”） My brother is not what he used to be. The problem is what we should do next.4.連接副詞作狀語： How this happened is not clear to anyone.四：主語從句 1.“it”作形式主語4種句型

40、： It + be + 形容詞 + that從句(strange natural obvious true possible certain clear surprising wonderful funny likely ) It is strange that she did not come yesterday.(若形容詞為necessary important essential strange，從句可用虛擬語氣，即should+V ) It+be+名詞性詞組+that從句(a pity a shame a fact good news no wonder an honor no sur

41、prise etc) （a pity a shame后亦可用虛擬語氣） It is generally admitted that It is a pity that we can not go. It is a great pity that he should have said so. It+be+過分分詞+that從句（reported believed expected thought decided announced , admitted arranged, etc） It is reported that our Chinese Team has won the game. (

42、若過去分詞表“建議”“命令”“愿望”，如suggested ordered requested等，從句用虛擬語氣，形式為:should+V) It is requested that Mr Wang (should) give a performance. It+seems(ed)/happens(ed)+that從句、 It happened that I was not there that day .2.特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. It has not bee

43、n decided yet who will preside over the meeting.what whatever whoever 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不用形式主語“it” What you told me was ture.五表語從句 （主系表結(jié)構(gòu)？系動(dòng)詞的考點(diǎn)？） The question is whether it is worth doing. It looks as if/though it is going to rain. 句型：The reason + 系動(dòng)詞 +that從句 It / This (that)+系動(dòng)詞 + the reason + why從句 It / Thi

44、s (that)+系動(dòng)詞 + because +原因 /Why + 結(jié)果 The reason was that he fell ill.六賓語從句： 1.后用陳述語氣 2.“that”省略（第二個(gè)從句后that不可?。?that從句一般不能用作介詞賓語，但可作except，in等介詞的賓語 He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 3.接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞（th

45、ink make consider, etc）引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后有賓語補(bǔ)足語，用it作形式賓語（that不可?。?He thought it a pity that he missed the film. 4.介詞的賓語從句用what whatever whether 等引導(dǎo)，不能用if或 which She was praised for what she had done. Everything depends on whether we have enough experience. 5.”do you think / believe / hope / suppose”作插入語時(shí)，后用陳述

46、語氣. What did you father buy there ?What do you think you father bought there ? 6.時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)問題（若主句為一般過去時(shí)，從句改為相應(yīng)過去范疇內(nèi)時(shí)態(tài)） 特殊兩點(diǎn)： （1）一般過去時(shí) 一般過去時(shí)（從句有過去的時(shí)間狀語） 過去完成時(shí)（從句無過去的時(shí)間狀語） （2）表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不受影響 7.表要求、建議、命令、意見、看法動(dòng)詞后跟賓語從句，從句用虛擬，即should + V He insisted that John should do the job .七同位語從句（位于某些具有實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)容抽象名詞后），news

47、 fact idea hope promise problem possibility desire suggestion thought I have no idea when he will be back . There is a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is not ever. My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered. 八高頻考點(diǎn)： 【高頻考詞what】名詞性從句 = 先行詞 + 其后的定語從句what = the thing(s) which/that,有時(shí)what可以前置，如wh