非謂語動詞之不定式

1、非謂語動詞復(fù)習(xí)綱要(三不定式【 基本概念 】不定式是動詞的非謂語形式之一,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的性質(zhì),在句子 中可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。使用不定式時, 大多數(shù)情況下要帶有不定式的符號 “ to ” , 少數(shù)情況不用 “ to ” 。 1. 不定式做主語 。不定式做主語時, 通常使用形式主語。 而將做主語的不定式放在句子的后面。 2. 不定式做賓語 。(P.20, Senior Book3不定式做賓語時也有使用形式賓語的問題, 但必須同時具備兩個條件:有 賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語是動詞不定式短語或賓語從句。Book2B以上句子中, it 為形式賓語; difficult 為賓

2、語補(bǔ)足語; 不定式短語 to get a clear picture of space是真賓語。3. 不定式做表語I t has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow 4. 不定式做定語but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough that is about one in ten. (P.20, Senior Book35. 不定式做狀語Book3本句中的 to grow plants是

3、 has become too salty的結(jié)果狀語。Boo9k3to increase the food supply in the world是目的狀語。不定式表示目的極為常見。 有時為了強(qiáng)調(diào)目的 , 可以用 in order to或 so as to ; 有時將不定式短語置于句首也是表示目的常見用法。Senior Book3The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her handBook3place where its enemy cannot find it. (P.68, Senior Book3only to do 是不定式做

4、結(jié)果狀語的典型用法,這種“結(jié)果”往往是預(yù)想不到 的。6. 不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時有兩種情況:絕大多數(shù)做賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式用帶 to 的動詞不定式; 動詞 see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做賓語 補(bǔ)足語的不定式主動語態(tài)時必須用不帶 to 的不定式; 改為被動語態(tài)又必須用 to 。Senior Book2B下面的例子是 1991年的高考試題, 試題的意圖便是考查不帶 to 的不定式變 為被動語態(tài)時的用法。John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishm

5、ent.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 答案為 A ?！?相關(guān)知識及其運(yùn)用 】1. 不定式的進(jìn)行式當(dāng)謂語所表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時, 不定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行, 這時要 用不定式的進(jìn)行式。They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River.He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in. 2. 不定式的完成式同其他非謂語形式一樣,不定式的完成式表示

6、不定式的動作先于謂語動作。 Im sorryBetween 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought3. 不定式的被動式當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語同不定式具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系時,不定式要用被動式。 But some people dont want good farmlandgood farmland是句子的賓語, to be built on是賓語補(bǔ)足語,賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足 語之間總是具有邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系。因此, good farmland 是不定式 to be built on 的邏輯主語,同時它們又具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系,不定式必須同被動式。不定式短語 t

7、o be introduced to the pianist的邏輯主語是句子的主語 he ,同時he 同 introduce 又有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,因此用被動式。不定式的被動式是個比較復(fù)雜的問題。 尤其是當(dāng)不定式同形容詞配合使用時 很容易造成理解上的困難。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被動式。 The question is difficult to answer. The shirt is too small to wear. I find English easy to learn .、兩句中的不定式短語都可以加入邏輯主語,如 for me 一類,句中 不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。4. 不

8、定式與疑問詞連用不定式與疑問詞連用,其作用相當(dāng)于一個名詞性從句,可充當(dāng)句子的主語、 賓語和表語。Im not sureis a great problem for the world today. (P.32, Senior Book3Senior Book3Senior Book2A5. 不定式做定語時的有關(guān)問題不定式做定語時可以分為兩類:不定式所修飾的名詞是不定式的邏輯主語。China is the first countries in the worldSenior Book 1B不定式短語修飾 the first countries ,同時 the first countries 又是

9、 to study the sciences of farming的邏輯主語。不定式同他所修飾的名詞具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系, 如果不能確立動賓關(guān)系或不 定式為不及物動詞,必須使用介詞。Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room and never a moments rest. (P.13, Senior Book1BI really dont know what topic不定式做定語時, 被動的概念應(yīng)給予格外重視。 通常的情況是不定式動作的 執(zhí)行者就在句子中。 以上述三個句子為例, to live on的執(zhí)行者是 she ; t

10、o write about 的執(zhí)行者是 I ; to write with的執(zhí)行者則是 me 。因此,以上三句中的不定式都用 主動式。在句子中沒有不定式動作執(zhí)行者的情況下, 不定式所修飾的名詞即為不定式 的邏輯主語。如果不定式同它的邏輯主語為動賓關(guān)系,則用不定式的被動式。下列試題的意圖便是考查這個問題。-Have you got anything _ there?-No, I will go there myself. Thank you just the same.A. to be taken B. been takenC. taken D. to take句子的主語 you 不是 take

11、 的邏輯主語。根據(jù)句子的意思, take 的邏輯主語 應(yīng)該是說話者自己,因此必須用被動式的被動式。答案為 A 。在 there be句型中, 不定式做定語極為常見, 但使用不定式的一般式和被動 式意義不同。不定式的一般式表示“會有人去做 ” ,通?？筛鶕?jù)上下文在不 定式前加一個邏輯主語。There are plenty of interesting places(for you如果使用不定式的被動式, 則表示說話人著重強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式所修飾的名詞, 不 考慮不定式所代表的動作由誰做,且整個句子往往含有情態(tài)意義。= Nothing can be gained by pretending.= A lot

12、 of work has to be done.6. 不定式的邏輯主語問題不定式的邏輯主語表示不定式動作的執(zhí)行者,通常由介詞 for 加名詞、名詞 性詞組或賓格代詞構(gòu)成,置于不定式符號 to 之前。Lincoln said that it was not right(P.50, Senior Book1A在“ It is +形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,不定式的邏輯主語可能用介詞 for ,也可 能用介詞 of 。 當(dāng)這個形容詞同不定式的邏輯主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主表關(guān)系時, 介詞 用 of ,否則就用 for 。 Is is very kind of you to give me so much help

13、.= You are very kind to give me so much help.(不定式的邏輯主語 you 可以同 形容詞 kind 構(gòu)成邏輯上的主表關(guān)系,介詞用 of 不定式的邏輯主語 us 不能同 important 構(gòu)成邏輯上的主表關(guān)系,因此用 for ?！?高考及各地模擬試題選編 】1. Toms parents do not allow Tom _ swimming because they think he is too young. (1985年高考試題 A. going B. to go C. go D. goes2.-Youve come just in time

14、to help us.-Fine. What needs _? (1985高考試題 A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do3.-Have you decided when _?-Yes, tomorrow morning. (1986年高考試題 A. to leave B. to be leavingC. will you leave D. are you leave4.Tell him _ the window. (1986高考試題 A. to shut not B. not to shutC. to not shut D. not shut5.Thou

15、gh he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ byhis little sister. (1987年高考試題 A. cry; to cry B. crying; cryingC. cry; cry D. to cry; cry6.Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one.(1989年高考試 題 A. to do B. doing C. do D. to be doing7.She pretended_ me when I passed by

16、. (1989年高考試題 A. not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D. having not see8.Last summer I took a course on _. (1990年高考試題 A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made9.Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. (1990年高考試題 A. so not as to B. so a

17、s not toC. so as to not D. not so as to10.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. (1991年高考試題 A. never to drive B. to never driveC. never driving D. never drive11.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (1992年高考試題 A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taking12.-Let me intr

18、oduce myself. Im Albert.- _. (1993年高考試題A. What a pleasure B. Its my pleasureC. Pleased to meet you D. Im very pleased13._ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room. (1993年高考試 題A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 14.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. (同上 A. to

19、invent B. inventingC. to have invented D. having invented15.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. (1994年高考試題A. ride; ride B. riding; rideC. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding16.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. (同上A. playing B. to be playingC. play D. to play17

20、.Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. (1995年高考試題 A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning18.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (1995年高考試題A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to19.The patient was warned_ oily food after the operati

21、on. (1996年高考試題A. to eat not B. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating20.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (1996年高考試題A. to go B. to have goneC. going D. having gone21.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. (19

22、99年高考試題 A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. do not make22.Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. (2000年高考試題A. expected B. to expectC. to be expecting D. excepts23._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (2001年高考試題 A. having suffe

23、red B. SufferingC. To suffer D. Suffered24.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (2002年高考試題 A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen25.The shirt looks tight on you. You seem _ weight. (2000年鄭州質(zhì)量檢測試 題A. to put on B. to put upC. to hav

24、e put on D. to have put up26.-How fortunate Mr. Li was _ to the USA for further study!- Have you heard from him recently? (2000年南京高三質(zhì)量檢測試題 A. sent B. to be sentC. having been sent D. to have been sent27.-We have sent out two best players to the sports meet. What about you?- Well, not yet. We have fe

25、w _, Id say. (2000年北京宣武區(qū)質(zhì)量檢測試 題 A. chosen B. to chooseC. to be chosen D. to choose from28.The house _ are for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. (2000年黃岡高三模擬試題A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built29.A middle-aged woman came _ to the bus stop only _ the bus had gone.

26、 (2000年遼寧重點中學(xué)模擬試題 A. to run; to find B. running; to findC. and ran; found D. running; finding30._ going to Shanghai on business next week. Do you have anything _ to your daughter? (2000年濟(jì)南抽樣測試試題A. Im; to buy B. Youre; to buyC. Im; to be taken D. youre; to be taken31.-Where is George? He said he woul

27、d meet me here at 3 oclock.- He seems _ with Mr. Brown in the office. (2000年北京海淀區(qū)期中練習(xí) 試題 A. to talk B. to be talking C. to have talked D. talking 32.Whom had you better _ it? (2000年西安高考模擬試題A. to let do B. let to do C. to let to do D. let do 33.Those who want to separate Taiwan from the mainland are

28、lifting a stone _ it dropped on their own feet. (2000年成都高三診斷檢測試題 A. have B. to have C. only to have D. having34.You can never imagine what great difficulty I have _ your house? (2000年 北京西城區(qū)高三抽樣試題A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding35.-Why did you move the table over there?- _ the new sofa.

29、(2000年北京崇文區(qū)高三統(tǒng)練試題 A. Share room with B. To make room forC. Given room to D. Saving room for36.What way are you thinking of _ rid of the flies? (2001年北京海淀區(qū)期中練 習(xí)試題 A. to get B. getting C. being got D. to be getting37.-Do you have anything more _ ,sir?- No. You can have a rest or do something else. (20

30、01年北京西城區(qū)高三抽樣 試題A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type38.Do you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance? (2001年北 京朝陽區(qū)高三綜合練習(xí)試題A. being discussed B. discussedC. to be discussed D. to discussed39.-Im trying to use this machine, but it wont start.- Let me show you how to start it. See,

31、 all you have to do is _ this button. (2001年北京崇文區(qū)高三統(tǒng)練試題 A. to press B. press C. to turn D. turn40.For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only _ to come again the next day. (2001年北京宣武區(qū)高三質(zhì)量檢測試題 A. to tell B. telling C. to be told D. being told41.-What terrible weather ! I simply cant get t

32、he car _.- Why not try _the engine with hot water? (2001年北京朝陽區(qū)綜合練習(xí) 試題A. starting; to fill B. start; fillingC. started; to fill D. to start; filling42.-Im terribly sorry, but I seem _ a hole in the rug.- Oh, that is all right. (2001年北京崇文區(qū)高三統(tǒng)練試題二A. burn B. to burn C. to have burnt D. to be burning 43.

33、It is impossible for anyone _ these photographs before, because Mr.Newman had them developed today. (2001年北京宣武區(qū)高三質(zhì)量檢測二 A. having seen B. to have seen C. to see D. seeing44._ the examination, all the students are studying hard. (2001年石家莊畢業(yè) 班模擬試題 A. Dont fail B. Not failed C. Not failing D. Not to fai

34、l 45.To read newspaper before going to bed seemed to me a rule _. (2001年鄭 州畢業(yè)班質(zhì)量預(yù)測試題 A. to never break B. never to have brokenC. never to be breaking D. never to be broken46.The boy the teachers considered _ failed in the final exam, _ surprised them very much. (2001年廣州畢業(yè)班綜合測試題A. to be the best; whi

35、ch B. as the best student; thatC. to have been studying well; it D. such as a good student; which 47.Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, fishing or watching TV? (2001年天津 高中質(zhì)量調(diào)查試題A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend48.Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_ everything. (2001年上 海

36、市高考試題A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 49.The dance is known _ country music. (2001年福州畢業(yè)班質(zhì)量檢測題 A. performed by B. performing withC. to be performed to D. being performed in50.It isnt cold enough for there _ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. (2001

37、年黃岡高三模擬試題 A. to be B. would be C. being D. was51.In order to gain bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _ their products more competitive. (2002年上海市高考試題 A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 52.The students are forbidden, unless they have speci

38、al passes, _ after 11 oclock pm. (2002年鄭州畢業(yè)班質(zhì)量檢測試題A. to stay out B. from staying out C. staying out D. not to stay out 53.The harder we study, the more questions we think of _. (2002年南寧畢業(yè) 班測試題A. asked B. to ask C. asking D. ask54.More natural resources should be made use of _ the _ need of energy. (

39、2002年武漢高三調(diào)研試題A. meeting; increasing B. to meet; increasedC. meeting; increased D. to meet; increasing55._ their service, the workers of the hotel are active in learning English. (2002年北京海淀區(qū)期中練習(xí)試題A. Improving B. To improve C. Improve D. Having improved 56.The party was successful, but we thought it a

40、 pity not _ you. (2004年北京 海淀模擬試題A. invite B. to invite C. inviting D. to have invited57.-Do you have anything more _, sir? .(2004北京朝陽區(qū)第二次模擬試題 -No, you can have a rest or do something else.A. typed B. typing C. to be typed D. to type 58.Those who let children who are _ go swimming in the river are fo

41、olish. (2004年石家莊模擬試題A. so young B. too young toC. not old enough to D. young enough59.The doctor examined him carefully, only _ his illness was serious. (同上 A. find B. to find C. finding D. found60.If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

42、(2004年天津市模擬試題A. to be completed B. is completedC. being completed D. completed61.-It snowed heavily last night and there must be a lot of snow on Emei Mountain. -No, we found a little snow, as most of it seemed _ off the mountain. (2004年重慶市模擬試題A. to have blown B. to have been blownC. to be blowing D

43、. to be blown62.Wang Dong wanted to surf the internet, but his father told him _. (2004年 黃岡市模擬試題A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 63.An agreement _ tomorrow will do good to every one of us. (2004年湖北八 校聯(lián)合模擬試題A. to be signed B. being signedC. signed D. having been signed64.-I cant open the top of this apple juice.- _ it. (2004年杭州市第二次模擬試題A. Mark has to do B. Do have Mark to doC. Have Mark do