綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)——停留時(shí)間分布綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告

1、停留時(shí)間分布綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告停留時(shí)間分布綜合實(shí)驗(yàn)一、實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?. 掌握用脈沖示蹤法測(cè)定停留時(shí)間分布及數(shù)據(jù)處理方法；2. 了解和掌握停留時(shí)間分布函數(shù)的基本原理；3. 了解停留時(shí)間分布與模型參數(shù)的關(guān)系；4. 了解多級(jí)混本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過單釜、多釜及管式反應(yīng)器中停留時(shí)間分布的測(cè)定，將數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算結(jié)果用多釜串聯(lián)模型來定量返混程度，從而認(rèn)識(shí)限制返混的措施和釜、管式反應(yīng)器特性；5. 了解和掌握模型參數(shù)N的物理意義及計(jì)算方法。二、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理在連續(xù)流動(dòng)反應(yīng)器中，由于反應(yīng)物料的返混以及在反應(yīng)器內(nèi)出現(xiàn)的層流，死角，短路等 現(xiàn)象，使得反應(yīng)物料在反應(yīng)器中的停留時(shí)間有長(zhǎng)有短，即形成停留時(shí)間分布，影響反應(yīng)進(jìn)程 和最終結(jié)果。測(cè)定物料的停留時(shí)

2、間分布是描述物料在反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的流動(dòng)特性和進(jìn)行反應(yīng)器設(shè)計(jì) 計(jì)算的內(nèi)容之一。停留時(shí)間分布可以用停留時(shí)間分布密度函數(shù)E(t)和停留時(shí)間分布函數(shù)F(t)來表示，這兩種概率分布之間存在著對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，本實(shí)驗(yàn)只是用沖脈示蹤法來測(cè)定E(t)，利用其對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系也可以求出F(t)來。函數(shù)E(t)的定義是：在某一瞬間加入系統(tǒng)一定量示蹤物料，該物料 中各流體粒子將經(jīng)過不同的停留時(shí)間后依次流出，而停留時(shí)間在t，t+dt間的物料占全部示蹤物料的分率為E(t)dt 。根據(jù)定義E(t)有歸一化性質(zhì)：,o"E(t)dt =1.0(1)E(t)可以用其他量表示為E(t) =(Q°/M) c(t)(2)其中：Q0主流

3、體體積流量，M為示蹤物量，c(t)為t時(shí)刻流出的示蹤劑濃度對(duì)停留時(shí)間分布密度函數(shù)E(t)有兩個(gè)重要概念，數(shù)學(xué)期望t和方差匚t2，它們分別定義為E(t)對(duì)原點(diǎn)的一次矩和二次矩。當(dāng)實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)量大，且所獲樣品是瞬間樣品，即相應(yīng)于某時(shí)刻t下的樣品，貝' E(ti)'tiiNtiCAi"i i mN7CAitii #'、tfERtii 4NE(t)：tii 4-2tti CAi 二 tii 4N-2-t.二.CAi：tii丄式中 ti是兩次取樣時(shí)間，若等時(shí)間間隔取樣,N_ Zt -N二CAii 4ti CAiN二.tj CAi 2亠t2N- t:一CAii A對(duì)恒容穩(wěn)

4、定流動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有：f=VR =.Vo為了使用方便，常用對(duì)比時(shí)間二二E來代換t，經(jīng)這樣變換后,有以下關(guān)系:E(F -E(t)2(8)對(duì)全混流二，對(duì)活塞流二2=o，對(duì)一般情況o ：二2: i用無因次二2來評(píng)價(jià)反應(yīng)器內(nèi)的流動(dòng)狀態(tài)比較方便，一般可將實(shí)際反應(yīng)器當(dāng)做多級(jí)串聯(lián)釜式反應(yīng)器加以描述，并認(rèn)為每級(jí)為全混流反應(yīng)釜，各級(jí)存料量相等，級(jí)間無返混。對(duì)多級(jí)全混釜有（N為串聯(lián)全混釜的個(gè)數(shù)）：(9)三、實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器、設(shè)備和試劑實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器與設(shè)備：釜式反應(yīng)器（兩個(gè)）、管式反應(yīng)器（一個(gè)）、水泵（一個(gè)）、轉(zhuǎn)子流量計(jì),閥門，管線若干，電導(dǎo)率儀三臺(tái)，分析天平；實(shí)驗(yàn)試劑：飽和KCI溶液。四、實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置原理圖10141- 槽；2 磁力泵；3

5、 調(diào)節(jié)閥；4三通閥；5 注射器；6、10、11、16-球閥;:m五、實(shí)驗(yàn)安排5.1實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容1、安裝實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置。2、 測(cè)定不同濃度下KCI電導(dǎo)率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線（最大值為 2mS。計(jì)算對(duì)示蹤劑注入量，并根 據(jù)反應(yīng)器體積計(jì)算KCI溶液的濃度范圍是否在可測(cè)量范圍。3、 選擇合適的流量，將平均停留時(shí)間保持在 10 20mi n,注入適量的示蹤劑，測(cè)定單釜不 同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值，繪制單釜停留時(shí)間與電導(dǎo)關(guān)系曲線， 計(jì)算停留時(shí)間分布函數(shù)及停留時(shí)間 分布密度函數(shù)。4、 選擇合適流量，將平均停留時(shí)間保持在10 20mi n,注入適量的示蹤劑，測(cè)定兩釜并聯(lián)條件下的電導(dǎo)率值，計(jì)算并繪制單釜及兩釜并聯(lián)的停留時(shí)間與電導(dǎo)關(guān)系曲線，

6、計(jì)算停留時(shí)間分布函數(shù)及停留時(shí)間分布密度函數(shù)。5、按4進(jìn)行兩釜串聯(lián)實(shí)驗(yàn)。6、測(cè)定釜式、管式反應(yīng)器串聯(lián)的停留時(shí)間分布曲線，并計(jì)算停留時(shí)間分布函數(shù)及密度分布 函數(shù)。7、大型智能儀器的操作使用，用其測(cè)量釜式反應(yīng)器串聯(lián)的停留時(shí)間分布曲線，并計(jì)算停留 時(shí)間分布函數(shù)及密度分布函數(shù)。5.2實(shí)驗(yàn)安排時(shí)間實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容2015.上指導(dǎo)老師講解實(shí)驗(yàn)原理，安排實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間，自行組裝實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置；11.2午單釜不轉(zhuǎn)，水流量Q=4L/h,平均停留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入飽和KC1溶液示蹤劑2.0ml，記錄單釜不同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值；下午單釜中轉(zhuǎn)，水流量Q=4 6L/h,平均停留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入飽和KCI溶液示蹤劑2

7、.0ml，分別記錄單釜不同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值；上午休息2013.11.3下午單釜、中轉(zhuǎn)，水流量Q=8L/h,平均停留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入 飽和KCI溶液示蹤劑2.0ml,記錄單釜在不同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值； 雙釜串聯(lián)、雙釜都不轉(zhuǎn)，水流量Q=4L/h平均停留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入飽和KCI溶液示蹤劑2.0ml,記錄雙釜串聯(lián)在不同 時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值；2013.上午兩釜串聯(lián)、一釜中轉(zhuǎn)，一釜大轉(zhuǎn)，水流量 Q=2 4、6L/h，平均停 留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入飽和KCl溶液示蹤劑2.0ml,記錄雙 釜串聯(lián)在不同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值；11.4下午兩釜并聯(lián)、一釜中轉(zhuǎn)，一釜大轉(zhuǎn)，水流量 Q=2

8、4、6L/h，和兩釜 不轉(zhuǎn)，水流量Q=4L/h平均停留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入飽和KCl 溶液示蹤劑2.0ml,記錄雙釜并聯(lián)在不同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值；2015.11.5上午休息下午管釜串聯(lián)，釜式反應(yīng)器轉(zhuǎn)速中等。選定水的流量Q=4和6L/h。將平均停留時(shí)間保持在20-40min，注入飽和KCl溶液示蹤劑2.0ml,記錄管釜串聯(lián)在不同時(shí)間的電導(dǎo)率值2015.上午真實(shí)設(shè)備測(cè)量電導(dǎo)率確定停留時(shí)間11.6下午處理實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告六、數(shù)據(jù)處理6.1KCI電導(dǎo)率的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線電導(dǎo)率(uS/cm)14.9473.9147717.81413276766681290C濃度(mol/L)0.00010.00050.0010

9、.0050.010.020.050.1由origin作圖，可得到如下：經(jīng)過線性模擬，我們得到其電導(dǎo)率和濃度之間是線性關(guān)系，其相關(guān)的數(shù)值如下表:從上表中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，電導(dǎo)率和濃度之間的關(guān)系的線性關(guān)系很強(qiáng)，得到：6.2單釜、不轉(zhuǎn)、流量 Q=4L/h時(shí)間(s)電導(dǎo)率(卩S/cm)濃度(mol/L) tc(t)s(mol/L)t2c(t)s2(mol/L)02700.0015207140052700.0015207140.0076035690.038018102700.0015207140.152071153680.0022790680.512790204060.0025731241.0292502

10、53970.0025034791.564674303830.0023951432.155628354130.0026272923.218433404410.0028439654.550344454450.0028749185.821709504450.0028749187.187295554670.0030451619.211611604610.00299873110.795431654630.00301420812.735027704800.00314575915.414218754880.00320766518.043117804790.00313802020.083331854680.0

11、0305289922.057196904650.00302968424.540442954760.00311480628.1111201004700.00306837630.6837571054690.00306063733.7435271104630.00301420836.4719111154660.00303742240.1699121204590.00298325442.9588621254600.00299099346.7342591304540.00294456349.7631101354640.00302194655.0749631404630.00301420859.07846

12、81454650.00302968463.6991091504740.00309932969.7349011554890.00321540477.2500711604830.00316897481.1257271654720.00308385283.9578791704840.00317671291.8069781754770.00312254495.6279061804630.00301420897.6603241854820.003161235108.1932821904790.003138020113.2825401954700.003068376116.6749862004660.00

13、3037422121.4968982054620.003006469126.3468692104550.002952301130.1964762154690.003060637141.4779632204640.003021946146.2621792254720.003083852156.1200242304820.003161235167.2293542354730.003091591170.7330932404620.003006469173.1726272454690.003060637183.7147592504710.003076114192.2571262554670.00304

14、5161198.0115792604810.003153497213.1764052654670.003045161213.8464152704630.003014208219.7357292754580.002975516225.0233962804530.002936824230.2470352854600.002990993242.9433742904610.002998731252.1932702954550.002952301256.9239993004580.002975516267.7964383054530.002936824273.1980933104540.00294456

15、3282.9724793154560.002960039293.7099053204670.003045161311.8244633254690.003060637323.2798243304560.002960039322.3482863354510.002921348327.8482583404580.002975516343.9696473454500.0029136101.005195278346.7923713504510.002921348357.8651073554530.002936824370.1132993604530.002936824380.6124463654470.

16、002890395385.0728173704400.002836226388.2793943754370.002813011395.5797383804420.002851703411.7859163854480.002898133429.5757463904460.002882656438.4520173954340.002789797435.2780054004350.002797535447.6055764054400.002836226465.2120354104310.002766582465.0623694154370.002813011484.4709004204390.002

17、828488498.9452994254320.002774320501.1115364304360.002805273518.6950074354300.002758843522.0421234404280.002743367531.1157894454290.002751105544.7875664504250.002720152550.8307294554290.002751105569.5475114604280.002743367580.4963894654360.002805273606.5701894704290.002751105607.7190924754260.002727

18、890615.4801954804270.002735628630.2887764854230.002704675636.2072074904220.002696937647.5345304954260.002727890668.4012625004140.002635030658.7575855104080.002588600673.2949855204130.002627292710.4197655304100.002604077731.4852575404150.002642769770.6313385504020.002542171769.0066135604030.002549909

19、799.6514405703990.002518956818.4087045803970.002503479842.1703595903980.002511217874.1547706003990.002518956906.8240486103950.002488002925.7857126204000.002526694971.2611746303910.002457049975.2028316403850.002410619987.3896866503900.0024493111034.8338556603870.0024260961056.8074056703810.0023796661

20、068.2321176803770.0023487131086.0448316903760.0023409751114.5379887003760.0023409751147.0775347203710.0023022831193.5035127403680.0022790681248.0176817603640.0022481151298.5111327803640.0022481151367.7530698003570.0021939471404.1258698203570.0021939471475.2097418403520.0021552551520.7480138603480.00

21、21243021571.1336708803490.0021320401651.0519239003450.0021010871701.8804309203440.0020933491771.8102899403400.0020623951822.3325759603380.0020469191886.4403489803350.0020237041943.56517810003320.0020004892.0004889202000.48892010203300.0019850122065.20679710403320.0020004892163.72881610603330.0020082

22、272256.44411610803260.0019540592279.21448811003240.0019385822345.68475211203240.0019385822431.75781311403230.0019308442509.32503111703210.0019153682621.94658412003190.0018998912735.84288212303180.0018921532862.63763812603160.0018766762979.41075412903110.0018379843058.58985713203110.0018379843202.504

23、03613503070.0018070313293.31430713803070.0018070313441.31016014103040.0017838163546.40506714403020.0017683403666.82903614703010.0017606013804.48337115003000.0017528633943.94175015602980.0017373864228.10349416202960.0017219104518.97997416802920.0016909574772.55568217402900.0016754805072.6829451800289

24、0.0016677423.0019348625403.48275218602870.0016522655716.17589019202850.0016367886033.85657319802850.0016367886416.865047由origin作圖得到，時(shí)間與濃度之間的關(guān)系如下圖: 由上表中的數(shù)據(jù)，用origin作圖并模擬積分得：6.3單釜、中轉(zhuǎn)、流量Q=4L/h時(shí)間/s電導(dǎo)率卩S/cm濃度(mol/L)tc(t)s(mol/L) t2c(ts2(mol/L)02840.0016290500053820.0023874040.059685109000.0063958490.63958

25、5159820.0070303901.581838209980.0071542032.86168125990.0001974630.0049365670.12341430940.0001587710.0047631340.142894359860.0070613448.650146409810.00702265211.236243459740.00696848414.111180509660.00690657717.266444559560.00682919420.658313609500.00678276524.417952659420.00672085828.395625709330.00

26、665121332.590945759250.00658930737.064850809170.00652740041.775362859090.00646549446.713193909000.00639584951.806377958910.00632620457.0939931008840.00627203662.7203601058750.00620239168.3813641108670.00614048574.2998661158590.00607857880.3891981208510.00601667286.6400741258420.00594702792.922297130

27、8340.00588512199.4585371358270.005830952106.2691071408190.005769046113.0732991458110.005707139119.9926061508050.005660710127.3659651557970.005598803134.5112441607880.005529158141.5464521657810.005474990149.0566061707750.005428560156.8853911757670.005366654164.3537721807610.005320224172.3752551907480

28、.005219626188.4284942007340.005111290204.4515822107210.005010692220.9714962207100.004925570238.3975932306970.004824972255.2410232406870.004747589273.4611252506760.004662468291.4042232606660.004585084309.9517092706550.004499963328.0473062806450.004422580346.7302682906340.004337459364.7802633006260.00

29、4275552384.7996853106160.004198169403.4440373206060.004120786421.9684723305970.004051141441.1692633405880.003981496460.2609703505800.003919590480.1497513605720.003857683499.9557583805570.003741609540.2882924005420.003625534580.0854434205280.003517198620.4336714405150.003416600661.4536924605020.00331

30、6002701.6659434804910.003230880744.3948005004800.003145759786.4397005204690.003060637827.5963505404590.002983254869.9169515604490.002905871911.2812055804410.002843965956.7097286004330.0027820581001.5409636304210.0026891991067.3428896604110.0026118151137.7067936904010.0025344321206.6432237203910.0024

31、570491273.7343107503830.0023951431347.2677867803750.0023332361419.5409358103680.0022790681495.2965678403610.0022249001569.8893769003510.0021475171739.4886169603420.0020778721914.96685410203340.0020159662097.41054810803280.0019695362297.26641711403220.0019231062499.26832412003170.0018844142713.556549

32、13203100.0018302463189.02080514403030.0017760783682.87519615602990.0017451254246.93544616802960.0017219104859.91810718002930.0016986955503.77124919202910.0016832186205.01560920402890.0016677426940.47340121602890.0016677427781.01516222802890.0016677428669.58788124002890.0016677424.0025798169606.19155

33、8由origin作圖得到，時(shí)間與濃度之間的關(guān)系如下圖:由上表中的數(shù)據(jù)，用origin作圖并模擬積分得:qQ°c(t)dt =6.094961075 ；: :2)tc(t)dt =5548.8372942 ； ° t2c(t)dt = 8186901.1145625平均停留時(shí)間：t二oO0 tc(t)dt 5548.8372942 門“0： 910.40s6.0949610750 c(t)dt2 -t:20tc(t)dt 彳6.4單釜、0 c(t)dt8186901.1145625 ,910.40 514396.35176.0949610752-514396.3517 ：.0

34、.62對(duì)于恒容穩(wěn)態(tài)系統(tǒng)有：t二t時(shí)間/s電導(dǎo)率卩S/cm濃度(mol/L) tc(t)s(mol/L) t2c(t)s2(mol/L)03070.00180703100518170.3372971017721.3143661517332.889419910.402無因次方差：T2中轉(zhuǎn)、流量Q=6L/h2016925.0098362516387.56670130160310.65229335156014.09133940152017.90976245147721.99322950143726.37830455140231.09845460137036.1182776513330.00974653

35、741.1791207013000.00949117346.5067487512710.00926676252.1255368012420.00904235157.8710478512020.00873281963.0946159011720.00850066968.8554219511480.00831495075.04242310011240.00812923081.29230410510930.00788934386.98000511010780.00777326894.05654511510470.00753338199.62895812010220.007339923105.6948

36、891259910.007100035110.9380501309790.007007175118.4212661359540.006813718124.1800061409360.006674428130.8187921459150.006511924136.9131951509030.006419064144.4289381558830.006264298150.4997531608710.006171438157.9888131658600.0060863171.004242239165.6999691708550.006047625174.7763641758320.005869644

37、179.7578451808210.005784523187.4185291908020.005637495203.5135562007800.005467252218.6900722107640.005343439235.6456532207460.005204149251.8808242307220.005018430265.4749372407020.004863664280.1470252506920.004786281299.1425332606490.004453533301.0588442706380.004368412318.4572192806230.004252337333

38、.3832312906100.004151739349.1612583005980.004058879365.2991443105840.003950543379.6471863205720.003857683395.0267723305600.003764824409.9892903405490.003679702425.3735733505380.003594581440.3361463605270.003509459454.8259343705160.003424338468.7918673805080.003362431485.5351063905050.003339217507.89

39、48374004950.003261833521.8933524104870.003199927537.9077244204790.003138020553.5468144404620.003006469582.0524414604330.002782058588.6835214804210.002689199619.5913375004110.002611815652.9538535204010.002534432685.3104975403910.002457049716.4755505603750.002333236731.7028885803660.002263591761.47216

40、76003610.002224900800.9639686203550.002178470837.4038876403490.002132040873.2836626603450.002101087915.2334756803410.002070134957.2298287003370.002039180999.1984307203340.0020159661045.0765367403290.0019772741082.7552377603270.0019617971133.1341617803240.0019385821179.4335568003220.0019231061230.787

41、7258303200.0019076291314.1657568603180.0018921531399.4360488903170.0018844141492.6445439203160.0018766761588.418533由origin作圖得到，時(shí)間與濃度之間的關(guān)系如下圖:二 2由上表中的數(shù)據(jù)，用origin作圖并模擬積分得:o c(t)dt =3.699037065 ；tc(t)dt = 1130.849740055 ； o t“c(t)dt = 591432.6128125平均停留時(shí)間：t二oO0tc(t)dt1130.849740055,305.71s0C(t)dt3.69903

42、70650 t2c(t)dt_20 -t6.5單釜、0 c(t)dt591432.6128125 -305.7166429.659363.69903706 5對(duì)于恒容穩(wěn)態(tài)系統(tǒng)有：t = t時(shí)間/s電導(dǎo)率卩S/cm濃度(mol/L) tc(t)s(mol/L) t2c(t)s2(mol/L)02850.0016367880053950.0024880020.0622001015001.1038841517002.8319622019475.7991442520009.31749480194792.786301851877100.833385901841110.788550951813121.48

43、48571001786132.5199171051752143.2025031101716153.7947511151677164.1026221201647175.3396791251613186.1447501301581197.1492841351546207.670180305.7122無因次方差：匕二牛=66429.65936 :，0.71中轉(zhuǎn)、流量Q=8L/h1401514218.4845581451482229.1629421501453240.1905251601405263.77460617013640.009986425288.60767817513130.00959177

44、1293.74798818012810.009344145302.75030218512650.009220332315.56586819012340.008980445324.19404819512140.008825678335.59641920011910.008647697345.90788820511620.008423286353.98860321011420.008268520364.64173321511220.008113754375.05827022011010.007951249384.84046722510800.007788745394.30520623010600.

45、007633979403.83746823510380.007463736412.18480824010200.007324446421.88810124510000.007169680430.3600422509800.007014914438.4321132559620.006875624447.0874652609450.006744073455.8993312659320.006643475466.5380262709160.006519662475.2833572759000.006395849483.6860812808810.006248821489.9075752858690.006155961500.