翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)的類(lèi)型

1、翻譯的分類(lèi) 譯入譯出的方向：本族語(yǔ)譯為外語(yǔ)、外語(yǔ)譯為本族語(yǔ) 涉及的語(yǔ)言符號(hào)：語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯、語(yǔ)際翻譯、符際翻譯 翻譯的手段：口譯、筆譯、機(jī)器翻譯 翻譯的題材：專(zhuān)業(yè)性翻譯、文學(xué)翻譯、一般性翻譯 翻譯的處理方式：全譯、摘譯、編譯等 全文翻譯，就是指譯者對(duì)原文或原著完整的翻譯，不加任何刪節(jié)。全文翻譯是針對(duì)翻譯操作對(duì)象的完整程度而言。 全文翻譯必須強(qiáng)調(diào)再現(xiàn)原作內(nèi)容和形式的完整性和整體性，而這一點(diǎn)也同時(shí)對(duì)譯者創(chuàng)造性的發(fā)揮帶來(lái)一定的限制。既然全文翻譯的變化在于“微觀調(diào)整”，那么譯者的自由度也只存在于微觀層次，而非在宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)上的很大改動(dòng)。 全文翻譯適用范圍最廣，任何語(yǔ)體、任何文體的作品都可以用全文翻譯的方法用另一

2、種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)。 全文翻譯不要求譯者對(duì)原作內(nèi)容作任何改變，所以不需要譯者作任何概括、編輯、改寫(xiě)等。它對(duì)譯者提出的要求是普遍性的翻譯要求，即譯者需要具備的翻譯能力，如雙語(yǔ)理解和表達(dá)能力、翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧、相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的背景知識(shí)等等。同時(shí)也要求譯者不能對(duì)原作進(jìn)行改動(dòng)，限制譯者主體性的發(fā)揮。 The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a f

3、eature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal ed

4、ucation is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law. 幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，歐洲的各所大學(xué)一直認(rèn)為法學(xué)是一門(mén)基本知識(shí)學(xué)科。然而，只是在最近幾年，法學(xué)才成為加拿大大學(xué)本科專(zhuān)業(yè)的一個(gè)特色。傳統(tǒng)上，這些院校一直把學(xué)習(xí)法律看作是律師專(zhuān)有的特權(quán)，而不是每一個(gè)受過(guò)教育的人必備的知識(shí)才能?？上驳氖?，加拿大的許多大學(xué)正在樹(shù)立更傳統(tǒng)、更具歐洲大陸特色的法律教育觀點(diǎn)，有些大學(xué)甚至已經(jīng)開(kāi)始授予法學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。 If t

5、he study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, dem

6、ocracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the proce

7、ss of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career. 如果法學(xué)正在開(kāi)始成為普通教育的重要組成部分的話，那么它的目標(biāo)和方法應(yīng)該會(huì)立刻吸引新聞學(xué)教育者。法律是一門(mén)鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)行責(zé)任判斷的學(xué)科。一方面，它為分析像正義、民主和自由這樣的概念

8、提供機(jī)會(huì)。另一方面，法律以一種方式把這些觀念同日常實(shí)際聯(lián)系起來(lái)這種聯(lián)系類(lèi)似于新聞?dòng)浾咴趫?bào)道以及評(píng)論新聞時(shí)根據(jù)日常規(guī)則所形成的聯(lián)系方式。比如，有關(guān)證據(jù)和事實(shí)、基本權(quán)利和公共利益這樣的概念在新聞判斷和新聞編寫(xiě)過(guò)程中就如同在法庭上一樣發(fā)揮作用。通過(guò)研讀并思考法律來(lái)提高判斷能力是一名新聞?dòng)浾邽槠涫聵I(yè)應(yīng)該做的一項(xiàng)知識(shí)準(zhǔn)備。 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established

9、 conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who

10、 do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. 但是“新聞?dòng)浾弑仨毐绕胀ü窀羁痰乩斫夥蛇@種觀點(diǎn)取決于對(duì)新聞媒體的既定習(xí)俗和特殊責(zé)任的了解。政治，或者廣義上說(shuō)，國(guó)家的職能，是新聞?dòng)浾邎?bào)道的一個(gè)主要方面。他們對(duì)國(guó)家的機(jī)制了解得越多，他們的報(bào)道就越優(yōu)秀。事實(shí)上，要想明白那些沒(méi)有清晰領(lǐng)會(huì)加拿大憲法的基本特征的新聞?dòng)浾呷绾文軌騽偃握涡侣剤?bào)道工作非常困難。 Furthermore, the legal

11、system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it

12、is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system. 此外，法律體系及其中發(fā)生的事件是新聞?dòng)浾邎?bào)道的主題。雖然法律報(bào)道的質(zhì)量各不相同，但是許多新聞?dòng)浾叨歼^(guò)分依賴律師提供給他們的詮釋。雖然律師提供的評(píng)論和反饋可能豐富報(bào)道的內(nèi)容，但是新聞?dòng)浾咭蕾囎约旱膬r(jià)值觀自己做出判斷則更加難能可貴。這些判斷只

13、能來(lái)自于對(duì)法律體系的充分理解。 節(jié)譯，或稱(chēng)選擇，即有選擇地翻譯全文的一部分或大部分。節(jié)譯包括兩種類(lèi)型。其一是選擇全文的主要信息，刪去枝節(jié)；其二是選擇讀者感興趣的信息。 節(jié)譯的原則是：一、針對(duì)性，節(jié)譯的內(nèi)容跟含量根據(jù)讀者需要而定；二、客觀性，對(duì)所譯部分要確切傳達(dá)原意；三、簡(jiǎn)明性，既然是節(jié)譯，目的就是剪枝裁葉，刪繁就簡(jiǎn)，簡(jiǎn)單明了。 適用范圍適用范圍 根據(jù)譯者翻譯的目的和節(jié)譯的意義整體性特點(diǎn)，節(jié)譯也可適用多種文體的翻譯，例如文學(xué)作品的節(jié)選翻譯、社科作品的選段翻譯等等。需要注意的是，節(jié)譯的內(nèi)容必須具有相當(dāng)?shù)恼w性，能夠獨(dú)立成為思想意義相對(duì)完整的語(yǔ)篇，不能是支離破碎，含混不清的任意選譯。另外，還需要在適

14、當(dāng)?shù)牡胤阶⒚魉?jié)選的具體出處，以便有興趣的讀者進(jìn)一步閱讀查找。 對(duì)譯者要求對(duì)譯者要求 節(jié)譯者除了要具備基本翻譯能力外，還要求譯者具備對(duì)原作各部分內(nèi)容的分析判斷能力，能夠?qū)υ髡w思想進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的把握。節(jié)譯的具體要求節(jié)譯的具體要求 1、要言不繁要言不繁 省去可省的句子，例如：and that energy and mass are equal and interchangeable.This latter claim,based on the formula E=mc (energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light),was

15、 later proved by atomic fission,on which the atomic bomb is based.能量與質(zhì)量相等，并可互相轉(zhuǎn)換。后一觀點(diǎn)基于公式E=mc，為日后原子裂變所證明，且原子彈也以此為根據(jù)。 點(diǎn)評(píng)：如果明確譯文的讀者已具有一定的物理常識(shí)，對(duì)括號(hào)中的解釋E=mc的“energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light”的語(yǔ)句可以選擇不譯。 More universal than television,livelier than billboardsLondon marketing whiz k

16、ids have hit upon a new advertising medium:the human forehead.In a national British campaign to be rolled out in coming weeks,marketing agency Cunning Stunts said it was about to start renting advertising space on the foreheads of university students.The idea came when we realized how much coverage

17、students gained in the newspapers during recent demonstrations over debt,said Cunning stunts Nikki Horton.This is a new way for them to supplement their meager income,but its also the new advertising medium.Students will have logos semi-permanently tattooed on their foreheads and will be paid $6.85

18、an hour for three hours,the amount of time they are reckoned to be out and about and thereby promoting the product. Mans magazine FHM and digital TV station CNX are likely clients, with trials kicking off in the northern city of Manchester.Get Ahead in Advertising-Get a Forehead點(diǎn)評(píng)：如果單純?yōu)榱伺兑粍t信息，而作評(píng)價(jià)和

19、報(bào)道背景，只要譯出紅色部分字體并加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞就可以了。譯文：（英國(guó)廣告公司）將在學(xué)生們的額頭上半永久地紋上廣告標(biāo)志，租額頭的價(jià)格是每小時(shí)6.85美元，每次3小時(shí)。學(xué)生們?cè)谶@段時(shí)間里應(yīng)“四處走動(dòng)”，以促銷(xiāo)產(chǎn)品。（這種廣告）將在北部城市曼切斯特試行。2、內(nèi)外有別內(nèi)外有別 翻譯是不同文化思想交流的手段，是為一定的社會(huì)集團(tuán)服務(wù)的。在英譯漢時(shí)，應(yīng)該刪除那些與我國(guó)的方針政策相左，違背歷史事實(shí)、片面鼓吹他方的文字。例如： After the Hundred Days Reform,many enthusiastic reformers were either executed or imprisoned

20、.Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were forced to leave China for Japan in 1898.Moreover,most of high ranking and experienced officials who were interested in reforms died one after another: :Li Hongzhang in 1901, Liu Kunyi in 1902 ,and Zhang Zhidong in 1909. Another reform leader, Yuan Shikai,was forced

21、 to retire by Prince Chun in 1909.Even Cixi and Guangxu died in 1908.Thus,without capable leaders,few reform programmes could be carried out effectively.譯文：百日維新后，許多熱心改革者被關(guān)押或處死?？涤袨?、梁?jiǎn)⒊黄扔?898年流亡日本。大部分傾向于改革的、有見(jiàn)識(shí)的高層官員又相繼去世。改革過(guò)程難以為繼。Notice:原文將慈禧太后等人與康有為、梁?jiǎn)⒊热瞬⒘袨榘偃站S新運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)袖或代表人物是違反史實(shí)的。 改譯是指譯者在理解原作的基礎(chǔ)上根據(jù)自己的

22、理解重新書(shū)寫(xiě)的翻譯方法，使譯作在內(nèi)容、形式甚至風(fēng)格上發(fā)生明顯改變，以適應(yīng)譯入語(yǔ)國(guó)家或讀者的政治語(yǔ)境、文化背景或技術(shù)規(guī)范。但改譯必須以原作為基礎(chǔ)，以譯文的整體性為前提。除此之外，改譯往往考慮以下因素：1、服從政治語(yǔ)境服從政治語(yǔ)境 While facing foreign pressures,China was also weakened by social unrest which resulted from a great increase in population and inadequate farmland. This led to peasants uprisings. The mo

23、st serious one was the Taiping Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan. The rebellion was one of the most destructive unrest in history ,taking as many as 30 million lives 譯文：中國(guó)面臨外患的同時(shí)，又因人口大增和耕地不足，引發(fā)社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩，農(nóng)民起義此起彼伏。其中最重要的一次是洪秀全領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的太平天國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)。這是歷史上規(guī)模最大的一次農(nóng)民起義，3000萬(wàn)人為之付出了生命2、符合規(guī)范制度、符合規(guī)范制度不同的國(guó)家奉行不同的貨幣制度、紀(jì)年制度和技術(shù)規(guī)范， 也有不

24、同的職稱(chēng)、職銜，翻譯時(shí)常需換算或轉(zhuǎn)換后改譯， 采用譯入語(yǔ)國(guó)家的相應(yīng)說(shuō)法。例如： High-speed ground transportation represents a new mode of transportation for the United States, one that is potentially superior to both airplanes and automobiles for trips between 100 and 600 miles.譯文：對(duì)于美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，高速地面運(yùn)輸是一種新的運(yùn)輸方式。路程在160-960公里以內(nèi)，這種運(yùn)輸方式比飛機(jī)汽車(chē)更有潛在的優(yōu)勢(shì)。（

25、將原文中的英制的100-160 miles 改譯成160-960公里）3、順應(yīng)民族文化、順應(yīng)民族文化一種語(yǔ)言代表一種文化。文化包括民族的思維方式、一種語(yǔ)言代表一種文化。文化包括民族的思維方式、 心理意識(shí)、歷史傳統(tǒng)、習(xí)俗信仰、地域風(fēng)貌等一系列因素。心理意識(shí)、歷史傳統(tǒng)、習(xí)俗信仰、地域風(fēng)貌等一系列因素。從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，翻譯就是翻譯文化。從某種意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，翻譯就是翻譯文化。After 25 minutes , Carter slowly disengages. I am grateful for this meeting, he says. On his way to the car he tells Mrs. Davis:I love you . I am proud of you譯文譯文：25分鐘過(guò)去了，卡特不慌不忙地起身告辭道：“感謝你今天來(lái)同我會(huì)面?！痹谶~步上車(chē)的時(shí)候，他對(duì)戴維斯太太說(shuō)：“我敬重你，我為你感到驕傲。”由于文化的差異，類(lèi)似的改譯很