非謂語動詞講解

1、非謂語動詞是在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式是動詞的非謂語形式.動詞一般在句子中充當(dāng)謂語.在句中可起名詞,形容詞,副詞的作用,在句中充當(dāng)主語,賓語,表語,補語,定語或狀語.即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分3種形式：不定式，分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞），動名詞1非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有：（1）如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被狀語修飾：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit

2、him very well.（3）都有主動與被動, “體”式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動名詞的被動式）We have written the composition.（謂語動詞的完成時）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）（4）都可以有邏輯主語They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）The bos

3、s ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語）We being League member, the work was well done.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語）2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：（1）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。（2）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。（3）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。（4）謂語動詞在句中作謂語，受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語

4、動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語，它不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。（二）非謂語動詞的句法功能：二、非謂語動詞用法：（一）動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。1不定式的形式：（以動詞write為例）否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at onc

5、e.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主語

6、：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+b

7、e+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。（2）作表語：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作賓語：常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, p

8、romise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.動詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4）作賓語補足語：在

9、復(fù)合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加t

10、o, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定語：動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：動賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：

11、He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work.被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：He is the first to get here.（6）作狀語：表目的：He worked day and night to ge

12、t the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.表結(jié)果：He arrived late to find

13、 the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示強調(diào)：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.（7）作獨立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。If you dont want to do it, y

14、ou dont need to.（9）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）動名詞：動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1動名詞的形式：否定式：not + 動名詞（1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。（2）被動式：He came to the party without being invited他未被邀請就來到了晚會。（3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。（4）完成被動式：He f

15、orgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。（5）否定式：not + 動名詞I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。（6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。2動名詞的句法功能：（1）作主語：Reading alou

16、d is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。Its no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。（2）作表語：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。（3）作賓語：They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污

17、染。注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be bus

18、y, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like（4）作定語：He cant walk without a walking-

19、stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？（5）作同位語：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。（三）現(xiàn)在分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與

20、謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。Having been told many

21、times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。2現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：（1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語放在名詞后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the fol

22、lowing years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征

23、時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。（3）作賓語補足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。（4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：作時間狀語：(While) Working in the factor

24、y, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。作原因狀語：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。作方式狀語，表示伴隨：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作條件狀語：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。作結(jié)果狀語：He dropped the glass, breaking it

25、 into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。作目的狀語：He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。作讓步狀語：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地

26、離開了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。作獨立成分：udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.從外表看，他一定是個演員。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。（四）過去分詞：過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動

27、詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。過去分詞的句法功能：1過去分詞作定語：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會。注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。2過去分詞作表語：The window is broken. 窗戶破了。Th

28、ey were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被動）有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）the changed world（變了的世界）這類過去分詞有：

29、gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3過去分詞作賓語補足語：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。4過去分詞作狀語：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的

30、驕傲。（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。非

31、謂語動詞考點分析1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C,didt include women players until 1919.A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing析：根據(jù)題干，必須選表示被動的選項，故排除A、D；因B選項表“將要被舉行”意，不合題干之用，只有C選項（相當(dāng)于which was first played）才合用。2European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popula

32、r sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make析：B、C是謂語動詞，在此不可用。D項to make或表目的，或表“將要使得”，這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語，表結(jié)果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語例：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風(fēng)雪所阻，因而耽誤了。3Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken

33、 D.taking析：根據(jù)this evening,應(yīng)選表示將來義的選項，C、D應(yīng)排除。Take后無賓語，必然要用被動式，故答案為A。4John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing析：根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式，可定答案為A。5The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating析：根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D兩項；又根據(jù)非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律，又可排除A，而定C。6I usually go there by train.