自考英語語法名詞解釋

1、Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme an affix to a base, which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it.Anaphoric reference前照應(yīng)A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is mor

2、e likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clauseCataphoric reference 后照應(yīng)A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference, which goes with a restrictive relative clauseCollective nouns These are generally countable nouns,but even in the singular they refer to groups of people,animals or thin

3、gs.Compound A compound,the product of composition,and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an

4、affix.Coordination并列詞Realized by coordinators (also termed coordinating conjunctions which join units at the same level.Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural.Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor g

5、rammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general.Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives

6、 that premodify the head word of noun.Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense (be being a.in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state, implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. (e.g. he is being rudeend-focus 尾部焦點(diǎn)

7、under neutral conditions,the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus.ellipsis:省略leaves out the redundant/wordy pa

8、rt and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression,especially our surprise,excitement, amazement,etc. It doesnt take S-V inversion.exophoric reference 語言外照應(yīng)Nonlinguistic or situational context.Finite verb phrase Its head word is a finite verb,which is restricted by tense and keep

9、s concord with the subject.Foreign plurals Words that are borrowed from other languages often have foreign plurals. Fronting: Fronting is a term which refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked position to the marked presubject position.Infinitive The infinitive occurs as a verb in the base

10、form which may go with or without to.Inherent adjectives Inherent adjectives denote inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. (e.g a big houseMass nouns Nouns that cant take plural.aNon-finite Verb Phrase Its first element is a non-finite verb free from the restrict of tense and conc

11、ord of subject.Non-inherent adjectives Non-inherent adjectives identify qualities in an indirect way.(e.g. a big eaterNon-predictive (non-epistemicNon-predictive meanings of modal auxiliaries are very heterogeneous in nature,this category covers a variety of meanings,except “prediction”。Non-restrict

12、ive adjectives非限定性形容詞Non-restrictive adjectives provide additional information not essential for the identification of the noun. Adjective modifying proper noun are normally non-restrictive. (e.g. my fat wifePredictive meaning (epistemicThe predictive meaning,rather homogeneous in nature,is concerne

13、d with the speakers assumption or assessment of probability and indicates the speakers confidence in the truth of his statement.Proper Nouns Proper nouns denote individual persons,places,etc,normally begins with a capital letter,has no plural form and cant occur after an article.Pseudo-passive A pse

14、udo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalized;it can occur in a comparative construction,with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase,and with other link verbs besides be and get.Unit nouns Unit nouns are used to specify the quanti

15、ties of the modified noun. reference照應(yīng)using grammatical pro-form which explicitly/clearly refer elsewhere Restrictive adjectives Restrictive adjectives help identify the noun by describing its distinctive qualities(e.g. a fat womanSubject complement Semantically,subject complements denote what the s

16、ubject is or what the subject becomes the two notions that are most typically expressed by be and become.Subordination主從連接詞Realized by subordinators (also termed subordinating conjunctions,involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy.A subordinator introduces a sub

17、ordinate clause which is attached to the main clause (also termed the superordinate clause。substitute替代cuts off part of the sentence (a word,phrase,or a clauseand fills in the gap with a smaller item,which corresponds to the replace item.Tag questions A tag question normally consists of a statement

18、and a question tag.text Refers to a unified passage and it is a semantic unit. It is structurally well-integrated,and semantically coherent.Verb Phrase The head word of a verb phrase is the main verb. Two elements in the structure are important:the main verb and auxiliaries.WH-questions WH-questions

19、 begin with WH-series of words.(What if = what should I do,How come = whyYES-NO questions YES-NO questions can be answered by “Yes” or “No”1. What are the two major types of alternative questions?They are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g. A: Would you like tea or coffee? B: Tea, please. And the typ

20、e of WH-questions, e.g. A: What would you like, tea of coffee? B: Tea, please.2. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our ideas. W

21、hen an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in a text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherent

22、ly so that they can best express ideas.3.Explain the syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary with examples.The syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary is clear in the following two sentences: 1 He cant have

23、 been there yesterday. 2 He couldnt be there yesterday. The two sentences reveal two quite different uses of the modal auxiliary. The first sentence, where the predictive cant relates to impossibility and the main verb is marked for past time reference, refers to t he speakers present denial of poss

24、ibility of a past event. In the second, the modal auxiliary itself, in non-predictive use, is marked for past tense, referring to lack of ability in the past.4.Whats the function of relative pronoun?The relative pro noun serves as a “l(fā)ink” between the relative clause and its antecedent. It performs

25、two functions: showing concord with its antecedent and indicating its function within the relative clause.5. Provide example to illustrate nominal, verbal and causal ellipsis.1 Nominal ellipsis: Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.2 Verbal ellipsis: -Have you seen him before? -Yes,

26、I have (seen him before.3 Causal ellipsis: -Are you OK? -Yes (, I am OK.6. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to?When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to

27、 time”.7. Apart from querying the truth of a statement, what other potential functions can a No question perform?They may be regarded as the speakers invitations or suggestions, made in a tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumptions. They are like imperatives. For example: W

28、ont you come in? Wont you sit down? They can also be like exclamations: Isnt it lovely? Arent you silly?8. List the types of antecedents.The antecedent is divided into nominal antecedent and non-nominal antecedent. Nominal antecedents fall into different subclasses: they may be common nouns or prope

29、r nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. Non-nominal antecedent can be subdivided into three types: clause, verb phrase, predicative adjective.9. Provide examples to illustrate result-adjuncts and purpose-adjunctsthat are introduced by so that. He worked harder, so that he managed to pa

30、ss the examinations. (result He worked harder so that he could pass the examinations. (purpose10. Provide examples to illustrate the three degrees of comparison.My brother is as tall as me. (positive degree My brother is taller than my father. (comparative degree My brother is the tallest in the fam

31、ily. (superlative degree11. When the simple present refers to the present time, what are its characteristic uses? When the simple present refers to the present time, it is suitable for the general timeless statements or the expression of so-called “eternal truths”. At the same time, it also denotes

32、the present existence or state of affairs. Besides, it can express regular recurrence such as a habit, and it is also found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.12. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa. When nouns refer

33、 to people, and the relation between the nouns is one of definition, classification, etc. genitives are preferred. When nouns refer to inanimate, lifeless objects, and the head words of noun phrases are classifying adjectives, of-phrases are classifying adjectives, of-phrases are preferred.13. What

34、is the primary of a WH-question?The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when ,why, whose, which and how.14. What are contingency adjuncts? How many types of contingency adjuncts have we recognized?Contingency adjuncts are an adverbial category that includes a

35、djuncts denoting some kind ofcause-effect relation. They can be divided into subclasses: reason-adjuncts, result-adjuncts, purpose-adjuncts, concession-adjuncts and condition-adjuncts.15. Explain the differences between a double relative clause and an embedded relative clause.In double relative clau

36、ses, there are two relative clauses, one enclosing the other, whereas in embedded relative clause there is only one relative clause which itself is embedded in a clause.16. Provide examples to illustrate some different types of time adjuncts.1 When-adjuncts: soon, on Friday morning, now, etc.2 Durat

37、ion-adjuncts: for ten years, very long, since we met, etc.3 Frequency-adjuncts: daily, weekly, often, etc.17. What kind of relative clause do we normally use to modify a non-nominal antecedent? We normally use non-restrictive-relative clause to modify a non-nominal antecedent. e.g. 1 Her husband is

38、my brother and my wife is her sister, which makes us double in-laws. 2 She dance well, which I dont. 3 Nick is tall, which I will never be.18. Where are given information and the new information located in the sentence.Generally speaking, the given information is offered at the beginning in each sen

39、tence while the new information is consistently found in the predicate which normally constitutes the latter half of sentence.19. Explain the relationship between tense and time.Time and tense are not the same thing: time is concept and tense is a grammatical device. Different tenses can express the

40、 same period of time, such as the present.20. What are two major types of exclamations?The two major types of exclamations are WHAT-exclamations and HOW-exclamations. The former is followed by a noun phrase, the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb.21. What is the pseudo-passive?A pseudo-pas

41、sive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectivalzed so that it becomes a subject complement in the SVC structure. As an adjective, therefore, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with othe

42、r link verbs besides be and get.22. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in question.When a positive answer is expected, assertive words can be used in questions, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebody waiting for me?

43、And in affirmative sentences in which there are if clauses, putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used, such as: If anyone calls me, it must be John. Its odd that he should say anything like that. He is better than anyone else in this class.23. List the major t

44、ypes of postponement.Postponement is generally realized by active-to-passive transformation, by extraposition of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements.24. Provide examples to illustrate reference as realized by pronouns, demonstratives and comparison.1 Reference by pronouns: Look a

45、t the man. I think hes the person wanted by the police. 2 Reference by demonstratives: They finally arrived at an agreement to stop fire. That agreement saved the country from war. 3 Reference by comparison: John is both stupid and lazy. His brother is no better.25. Provide examples to illustrate no

46、minal, verbal and clausal substitution.1 Nominal substitution: I know I need a good car, but I cant afford one. 2 Verbal substitution:-Have you finished all the essays? -I have done one. 3 Clausal substitution: -Is he the right person for the job? -I suppose so.26. Whats the major function of prepos

47、ition?And list the two types of preposition. The major function of preposition is to connect words of nouns verbs and adjectives to other part of the sentence. We divide prepositions into two types: simple preposition and complex preposition.27. Provide examples of partial inversion and complete inv

48、ersion.Partial inversion: Under no circumstances can you underestimate your rival. Complete inversion: The door burst open and in rushed a large angry crowd.28. What is a unified text?The unified text is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.29. As a future

49、 time expression, what special meaning does the simple present impart? When there is something we conceive as unalterable and we can be as confident of as we are of the given facts, we use the simple present to refer to the future time. Something that happens on calendar or timetable falls into this

50、 category.30. What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with?What is their shared semantic feature? The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are: think, believe, suppose, imagine and expect. They are the verbs that express “opinion”.31. What are the three principle of

51、concord?The three complementary principles of concord are the grammatical principle, the notional principle and the principle of proximity.32. What order do the different types of place adjuncts follow when they co-occur?When place adjuncts of different types co-occur, they usually follow this order

52、: distance + direction + source + goal + position.33. What are the semantic and functional differences between a prefix and a suffix?The function of a prefix tends to be semantically oriented. That is, it adds new meaning to a base. Most of prefixes do not change word classes while only a few (like

53、a-, be -, em/en-etc change word classes. Suffixes are basically class-changing morphemes. They change nouns to verbs, adjectives, or change adjectives to nouns, verbs, or adjectives to nouns, verbs, or adjectives to adverbs.34. What are the four major types of sentences and what discourse functions

54、are they normally associated with?The four major types of sentences are declaratives, interrogatives imperatives and exclamatives. These four types are respectively associated with giving information, requiring information, requiring actions and expressing the speakers impression of something.35. Wh

55、y is the past tense often used for politeness?Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a suggestion less direct. It is more polite to use the past tense on the part of the speaker.36. Do we always use the singular verb with a clausal subject?No. Generally, a one-clause subject ta

56、kes the singular verb and a two-clause subject, the plural verb. The notional principle of concord applies if the context suggests the plurality of a one-clause subject.37. Provide examples to illustrate the three major types of non-finite subordinate clause.1 Infinitive clauses: He didnt know what

57、to do with his e nemy. 2 ing participle clauses: She kept nodding her head from time to time as though understanding every word of his lecture. 3 ed participle clauses: Work hard until told to stop.38. What are the typical expressions of the future time?The future time can be expressed by will/shall

58、 do something, be going to do something, present progressive, and simple present.39. What are some of the constraints that the double genitive is subject to?The second noun in the double genitive almost always refers to persons, never to objects. And the first noun usually has indefinite reference (

59、typically premodified by the indefinite article and the second noun is always definite.40. Distinguish root, stem and base as morphological terms.“Root”, “stem” and “Base” may refer to the same thing in some cases, but they are different from each other in that: A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have b