初中英語基本語法結(jié)構(gòu)

1、初中英語基本語法結(jié)構(gòu)一、詞性的概念:英語中的單詞根據(jù)詞義、句法作用和形式特征所作的分類。共有十類:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。1、名詞,"名"就是名稱-人或事物的名稱.具體的人或物體的名稱:人名-Mike, Li Ming; 地名America, China 動(dòng)物名-pig, dog; 植物名-tree, wheat。抽象的事物的名稱:idea(主意, victory(勝利, knowledge(知識(shí).2、代詞,即是替代的意思,主要是來替代名詞,所以說名詞和代詞關(guān)系是很近的,或者說代詞的實(shí)質(zhì)就是名詞,正是這種血液關(guān)系,絕大多數(shù)時(shí)候代詞跟名

2、詞在句中起的作用是一樣的。代詞,從英語詞匯的整體來看數(shù)量并不多。3、動(dòng)詞,"動(dòng)"就是動(dòng)作-人的五官動(dòng)作: walk, jump, swim;人的大腦動(dòng)作(心理活動(dòng): think, imagine。也有些動(dòng)詞是表示靜止的,如:am,is,are。4、形容詞,我們?cè)谡務(wù)撊嘶蛭飼r(shí),常說:“你描述一下是什么樣子?！蹦憔鸵蒙?tall(高的,short矮的,black(黑的,white(白的這些詞往往是修飾名詞,它們就是形容詞。5、副詞,說人行走得快慢,講話清楚,在英語里就要用quickly(快地,slowly(慢地, clearly(清楚地這些詞往往來修飾動(dòng)詞。它們就是副詞。副詞

3、很多是從形容詞加ly構(gòu)成的,所以看單詞詞尾是否有l(wèi)y是判斷是否是副詞的一種方法,但是詞尾是ly的也不一定都是副詞,可能是形容詞,不過只有少量的單詞(常見的有l(wèi)ikely,friendly lovely,lonely,weekly, monthly,yearly , 這幾個(gè)單詞需要加強(qiáng)記憶,也不就是幾個(gè)單詞特殊嘛,不過考試往往就考特殊的,你要小心才是呀!6、介詞,英語用詞里介詞也屬于難纏的一個(gè)。因?yàn)樗婕胺矫鎻V,而且變化多端,往往令人捉摸不定,記起來很麻煩。別怕別怕,大部份介詞都不難理解,比較令人頭痛的只是下列幾個(gè)at, by, to,in,for,of,on,from,with,其中又以at,

4、 by, in, on 為四大“要犯"!學(xué)習(xí)介詞就是要抓住這幾"要犯",還要提醒你的是,介詞同名詞“關(guān)系”最好,是“鐵”哥們,所以往往你見到介詞的地方你就會(huì)見到名詞,而且還有一個(gè)詞類往往和他們兩個(gè)往往在一起,那就是冠詞,他們?nèi)齻€(gè)形成一個(gè)“小集團(tuán)”。7、連詞,如果我們想把單詞與單詞、短語與短語、句子與句子連接起來就要用連詞。連詞不能單獨(dú)作句子成分,只能和其他詞類一起作句子成分。常見的連詞有:and, but, or, both . and, neither.nor, not only .but also, when, where, before, after, if

5、 等等8、冠詞,英語中只有三個(gè)詞:aan (不定冠詞the (定冠詞,簡(jiǎn)單來說,不定冠詞表示泛指,定冠詞表示特指,冠詞與名詞關(guān)系緊密,一般是放在名詞之前。定冠詞也不能單獨(dú)做主語賓語等等什么啦,只能和其他詞類結(jié)合作句子成分。9、數(shù)詞,顧名思義,跟數(shù)字有關(guān)的詞就是數(shù)詞,英語中的數(shù)詞有兩種,基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞?；鶖?shù)詞,比如:one two, three, four, five, six, seven 等等,序數(shù)詞,比如:first, second, third, fourth, fifth 等等。10、感嘆詞,主要是來表示喜怒哀樂等感情的,比如:oh, ah, well 等等,這一詞類在十大詞類中并不重

6、要,了解即可。二、句子成分:句子是按照一定的語法規(guī)律組成的,表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意義。一個(gè)句子一般由兩部分構(gòu)成,即主語部分和謂語部分,這兩部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括賓語,定語,狀語,表語等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的組成部分。1主語:是一句的主體,是全句述說的對(duì)象,常用名詞,數(shù)詞或代詞擔(dān)任,一般放于句首。如:Students study. (學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。 We are friends.(我們是朋友這兩句話中單詞students是個(gè)名詞,we是代詞,它們?cè)诰渲凶鲋髡Z。2謂語:是對(duì)主語加以陳述,表示主語的行為或狀態(tài),常用動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞詞組擔(dān)任,放在主語的后面。如:Students stu

7、dy. (學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)。 We are friends. (我們是朋友這兩句話中單詞study和are都是動(dòng)詞,study叫做實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,are叫做be動(dòng)詞,它們?cè)诰渲凶髦^語。3賓語:表示行為的對(duì)象,常由名詞或者代詞擔(dān)任。放在及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞之后。如:They are teachers. ( 他們是老師。 I play with him. (我和他一起玩。這兩句話中單詞teachers是名詞,單詞him是帶詞,它們?cè)诰渲凶髻e語。4定語:是用來說明或者限制名詞的成分,常用形容詞或者相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句擔(dān)任。形容詞放在名詞之前,相當(dāng)于形容詞的短語或從句放在名詞的后面。如:This is a red

8、sun.(這是個(gè)紅太陽. He is a tall boy.(他是個(gè)高個(gè)子男孩。這兩句話中單詞red和tall都是形容詞,它們作定語。5狀語是用來說明動(dòng)詞,形容詞,副詞或整個(gè)句子的成分。常由副詞擔(dān)任。修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)可以放在動(dòng)詞之前,也可以放在動(dòng)詞之后;修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)放在它們之前。如:The students study hard. (這些學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)努力。I often write to him. (我常給他寫信。The bag is too heavy. (這個(gè)書包太重了。這三句話中單詞hard 和often修飾的都是動(dòng)詞,第三句話中單詞too修飾的是形容詞,它們都作狀語。6表語:用來說明主語的

9、性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞或者形容詞擔(dān)任。如:This table is long. (這個(gè)桌子是長(zhǎng)的。通常情況下,主語和賓語前的成分是定語,謂語前的成分是狀語,時(shí)間詞作狀語放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:(定語主語(狀語謂語(定語賓語(狀語如:(The tall boy (often go (to the big zoo.(The happy child - went (his home yesterday.請(qǐng)分析下面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)說出各個(gè)成分1I have two elder sisters. (我有兩個(gè)姐姐。2 They don't swim very well.(他們游泳不太好。3

10、Do you go to school every day? (你每天去上學(xué)嗎?4 I really want a cup of tea.(我真的想要一杯茶。5 Miss Smith teaches English very well.(史密斯先生教英語非常好。三、簡(jiǎn)單的五種基本句型:1、S(主+ Vi(不及物動(dòng)詞(謂語主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)例如:Time flies.1S + V + 副詞(狀語例如:Birds sing beautifully.2S + Vi + 介詞短語(狀語例如:He went on holiday.3S + Vi + 不定式(狀語例如:We stopped to have a re

11、st.4S + Vi + 分詞(狀語例如:I'll go swimming.2、S (主+ Vt (及物動(dòng)詞(謂語+ O(賓語主動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)例如:We like English.1S + Vt + 名詞/代詞例如:I like music.2S + Vt + 不定式例如:I want to help him.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want, 等。3S + Vt + 疑問詞+ 不定式例如:I don't know what to do.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:ask, decide, find out,

12、 forget, know等。4S + Vt + 動(dòng)名詞例如:I enjoy living here.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。5S + Vt + 賓語從句例如:I don't think (that he is right.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。3、S (主+ V(謂語( 系動(dòng)詞+ P(表語主系表結(jié)構(gòu)例如:We are Chinese.說明 .除了be 系動(dòng)詞外,還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞,表感官的動(dòng)詞,feel, smell,

13、 taste, sound, look, seem 等。表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞keep, seem等。表瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)詞come, fall等。.表語也就是主語的補(bǔ)足語。1S + V + 名詞/代詞例如:He is a boy.2S + V + 形容詞例如:She is beautiful.3S + V + Adv 副詞例如:Class is over.4S + V + 介詞短語例如:He is in good health.5S + V+ 分詞例如:He is excited.4、S (主+ Vt(謂語+ In O(間接賓語+ D

14、 O(直接賓語主動(dòng)雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)例如:I give you help.1S + Vt + 間接賓語+ 直接賓語例如:I sent him a book.2S + Vt + 直接賓語+ To/for + 間接賓語例如:He sent a book to me.說明 間接賓語前需要加to 的常用動(dòng)詞有:bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。間接賓語前需要加for 的常用動(dòng)詞有:buy, get, make 等。5、S (主+ Vt(謂語+ O(賓語+ O C(賓語補(bǔ)足語主動(dòng)賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)例

15、如:I make you clear.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間通常具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。1S + Vt + 賓語+ 名詞例如:We named our baby Tom.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:call, find, make, name等。2S + Vt + 賓語+ 形容詞例如:He painted the wall white.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。3S + Vt + 賓語+ 介詞短語例如:She always keeps everything in good order.4S + Vt + 賓語+ 不

16、定式例如:I wish you to stay.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:不定式帶to的詞:ask, invite, tell, want, warn, wish等。不定式不帶to的詞:have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch等。5S + Vt + 賓語+ 分詞例如:I heard my name called(表示被動(dòng).I feel something moving(表示進(jìn)行.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:notice, observe, see, watch等。6S + Vt + 賓語+ 疑問詞+ 不定式例如:He show me how to d

17、o it.說明 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:ask, show, teach, tell等?！眷柟叹毩?xí)】(一基礎(chǔ)題:1.判斷下列各句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。1Mr. Black is English.2The teacher taught us some new words.3The farmer is picking the apples.4The temperature dropped.5I have short black hair and brown eyes.2.句子成分判斷:A. 指出下列句中主語的中心詞1The teacher with two of his students is walking

18、 into the classroom.2There is an old man coming here.3The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.5The good omen of his birth was destined to change his fortune.B. 選出句中謂語的中心詞1I don't like the picture on the w

19、all.A. don'tB. likeC. pictureD. wall2The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. getB. longerC. daysD. summer3Do you usually go to school by bus?A. DoB. usuallyC. goD. bus4There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will beB. meetingC. the libraryD. afternoon5Did the twins h

20、ave porridge for their breakfast?A. DidB. twinsC. haveD. breakfastC. 挑出下列句中的賓語1My brother hasn't done his homework.A B C D2People all over the world speak English.A B C D3You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B C D4Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about y

21、ou?A B C D5They didn't know who "Father Christmas " really is.A B C DD. 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語A B C DShe found it difficult to do the work.A B C DThey call me Lily sometimes.A B C DDid you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?A B C DE. 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語1Please tell us a story.2My

22、 father bought a new bike for me last week.3Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.4Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.5Did he leave any message for me.(二提高題:I.指出下列各句中斜體詞的詞性,并將句子譯成漢語。1. The man was fined 20 dollars for smoking in the theatre.2. You've done a pretty good job.3. We walked about

23、the school campus during the break.4. These medicines will be shipped to an African country.5. The lady put the fish dish at the window to cool it.6. Harris learned how to milk a cow.7. The crops are growing badly in such dry weather.8. The wastebasket has been emptied.9. Too much fat is bad for one

24、's health.10. The girl has a gift for language learning.11. The rain saved us the trouble to water the flowers.12. They had a good laugh over the story.13. The owner named his coffee shop "Dream".14. The robber was sentenced to death.15. His debt totaled £ 20,000.16. 17. 18. 19. We looked at the eagle flying high in the sky. The old man likes to walk his dog after breakfast. Some road signs were set up along the highway. I booked two tickets beforehand. II. 指出下列各句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 1. Mr Wang is C