ING分詞英語語法詳解

1、ING 分詞英語語法詳解 1內(nèi) 容 提 要-ING 分詞也是動(dòng)詞的非限定性形式 , 由動(dòng)詞原形 +-ING構(gòu)成 , 在句中可以直接作主語 , 也 可用形式主語 it 來代替 , 而把 -ING 分詞放到后邊 ; 可以作表語 ; 作賓語時(shí)對(duì)動(dòng)詞有一定的要求 , 有的動(dòng)詞只能跟接 -ING 分詞 , 有的動(dòng)詞則既可以跟不定式也可以跟 -ING 分詞 , 而且 -ING 分 詞還可作介詞的賓語 ; 在作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)對(duì)動(dòng)詞也有一定的要求 ; 作狀語時(shí) ,-ING 分詞要與其 邏輯主語呼應(yīng) , 否則就要用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu) ;-ING 分詞作定語時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。跟動(dòng)詞不定 式一樣 ,-ING 分詞也有它的完

2、成時(shí)態(tài)、 被動(dòng)語態(tài)和否定形式 ; 最后我們還要了解 -ING 分詞的 邏輯主語問題。第一節(jié) -ING 分詞的形式-ING 分詞是指由動(dòng)詞原形 +-ING構(gòu)成的、具有完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的一種非謂語動(dòng)詞 形式 , 具體形式如下主動(dòng)形式 被動(dòng)形式一般時(shí) doing being done完成時(shí) having done having been done就其語法功能而言 , 它可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)語、狀語和定語。 第二節(jié) -ING 分詞的用法一、 作主語1. 一般形式1 the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning poin

3、t of my life. A Taking the part of B Taking part in C To take the part of D To take the notice in2 a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe. A As B To beC IsD Being3 by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating. AEliminate problemsBThe eliminate

4、d problemsCEliminating problemsDProblems are eliminated2. 有時(shí)可以用 it 做形式主語Its waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.Its interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year.說明 :從這句中我們可以看出 , 這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常適用于名詞和形容詞。但不適用于像 possible, important, essential, necessary 等表示性質(zhì)的形容詞 , 這些詞后面一般要跟動(dòng)詞不定式。我們不能說 Its quit

5、e necessary taking part in the negotiation.應(yīng)改作 Its quite necessary to take part in the negotiation.Its glorious getting involved in working out the plan.4 It is_.A possible determining that B French explorers reached the juncture of C the Kansas and Missouri rivers D in the seventeenth century.ING 分

6、詞英語語法詳解 2二、作表語的 -ING 分詞Seeing is believing.His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.三、 -ING 分詞作動(dòng)詞賓語1. 一類是動(dòng)詞或短語后邊跟賓語的非限定性動(dòng)詞只能是 -ING 分詞 , 如 :acknowledge, admit(坦 白 , 承 認(rèn) , advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, cant help, consider, contem

7、plate(深思 , delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape(躲過 , 避開 , excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep on, justify, mean(意味著 , 等于 , mind(在乎 , miss, postpone, practise, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, regret, resist, resume, risk(冒險(xiǎn)干 , suggest, threaten。5 By taking the back way he escaped.A

8、 to be seen B have been seen C seeing D being seen6 I came late and missed Jack winning.A to seeB seeingC seeD seen7 I see our boss coming down the hall.Then wed better quit and get down to business.A talkingB to talkC from talkingD having talk8 The young doctor first A practised to use B the needle

9、s on C his own D wrist.9 Some experts have advocated to bring A that country into B the talks, to revive the intermittent dialogue C that began D after the 1967 Middle East War. 2. 另一類動(dòng)詞后邊作賓語的非限定性動(dòng)詞可以是 -ING 分詞的動(dòng)名詞 , 也可以是動(dòng)詞不 定式 , 如 :attempt, begin, cant bear, cease, continue, deserve, endure, forget,

10、 go on, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start , stop, try等。 (動(dòng)詞后接 -ING 和不定式時(shí)在用法上的區(qū)別在下一章講 10 Whats wrong with Henry? He needs.A cheer upB to be cheer upC cheering upD to cheered up11 Any such news would start her .A to worryB worryingC worryD wo

11、rried3. -ING 分詞作賓語還有下一結(jié)構(gòu) , 即用 it 代表 -ING 分詞 , 而把 -ING 分詞短語放到句子 的后邊去I consider it worthwhile spending ten thousand yuan on the furniture./Marry fount it marvellous having a journey with him.四、 -ING 結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞的賓語幾乎所有介詞 , 不管是單個(gè)介詞還是介詞詞組 , 不管它們是謂語動(dòng)詞的組成部分與否 , 都能 用 -ING 分詞的動(dòng)名詞作其賓語。 所以 ,-ING 結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞賓語的時(shí)候很多。 -ING 結(jié)

12、構(gòu)一般作 介詞短語的賓語 , 主要有以下搭配關(guān)系1. 動(dòng)詞 +介詞 + -ING12 Scientists measure the hardnessA of a material B by comparativelyC with a table of ten well-known D metals.13 Her mother did not_.A approve of her to go B to the party without dressing C formally D . 14 Although many womens collegesA have been coeducational

13、 B , other universities remain committed to keep C their facilities separate D .15 We insist on you leave_.A the place before B any further C disturbances take place D .2. 名詞 (形容詞 , 不及物動(dòng)詞 +介詞 to(不要把它視為動(dòng)詞不定式的標(biāo)志 。下面是大綱中所列短語中的 to 為介詞 :(be contrary to (與 相反 ,object(objectionto (反對(duì) , with a view to (為 起見

14、 ,(be opposed to (反對(duì) , in contrast to (與 成對(duì)比 ,be used to (習(xí)慣于 , be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于 ,resort to (訴諸于 , as to (關(guān)于 , be accustomed to (習(xí)慣于 , be devoted to (獻(xiàn)身于 , be committed to (委身于 , react to (對(duì) 反應(yīng) , with regard to (關(guān)于 , look forward to (期待 , contribute to (貢獻(xiàn) ,owe to由于 , 歸功于等16 I hav

15、e no objection the evening with them.A to spend B to spending C to have spent D to have to spend17 Why do you object to the direction?A following B follow C have follow D have been followed18 Mr. Brown often wore A a heavy coat B because he was not used to live C in such a D cold climate.19 Livy was

16、 the A only great historian of the time B , and he devoted his attention to give C the world splendid D pictures.3. 動(dòng)詞 +副詞 +介詞 + -INGI look forward to her coming soon.4. 形容詞 (或具有形容詞性質(zhì)的 -ED 分詞 +介詞 + -INGI am proud of having such a son.He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.Its impo

17、ssible for him finishing the task in such a short time.He is interested in playing table tennis.5. 表示征詢意見的 How about?, Whatabout?How about going there?What about having a concert?20 How about to the movies tonight?A goingB if goC to goD if we go6. 前面省略了介詞 in 的 -ING 慣用法The two children are busy doing

18、 their homework.Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam.He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate. Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.There is no point arguing with him.ING 分詞英語語法詳解 3五、 -I

19、NG 結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補(bǔ)足語1. 表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 , 如 hear, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch等詞的賓語可以用 -ING 作賓語補(bǔ)語21 Where are the children? I saw in the yard.A them to play B them played C them playing D to them playing22 I must say I dont like to hear you like that.A talkingB to talk

20、C have to talkD talked2. 表示 致使 等意義的動(dòng)詞 , 如 catch, have, get, keep, leave, setI am sorry to have kept you waiting for me so long.What you have told left me thinking that you experienced much when you wereyoung.3. 其他動(dòng)詞賓語的補(bǔ)語23 The average age A of the Mediterranean B olive trees grow C today is two hund

21、red years D .六、 -ING 結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語-ING 結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語表示主語在進(jìn)行一動(dòng)作的同時(shí)所進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作 , 它對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞起修飾 或陪襯的作用。這時(shí)要注意 -ING 與其邏輯主語在時(shí)態(tài)、意義上的統(tǒng)一1. 表示時(shí)間和伴隨 一般放在句首 , 有時(shí)可放在句中Coming into the room, I found him sobbing. (=When I came into the room, I found him sobbing. 在這里 coming 這一 -ING 分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí) , 緊接著 (幾乎是同時(shí) 發(fā)生 了謂語動(dòng)作 , 有 一 就 的意思。Pulling his bod

22、y in the car, he drove away.(=After he pulled his body in the car, he drove away.24 Those naughty boys were caught flowers in the garden again.Ato stealBstealingC having stolenDstolen25 Daniel walked up and down A as he listened, hands behind B his back, now and then C asked D a question.2. 表示方式Bein

23、g a clever girl, she was sent to college by her father.(此例不可改成 :Being a clever girl, her father sent her to college.因?yàn)榉衷~短語的邏輯主語不是 her father , 而只能是 she 。 如果 -ING 分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 ,-ING 分詞前可以加when,while 等連詞 , 可放 在句首 或句末 :When arriving home, he found the door opened. / He listened to the music

24、radio while reading.26 ,Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man.A Good swimer as he is B He can swim very wellC Being that he was a good swimmer D Being a good swimmer27 the kind of man he was, he did not pay much attention to it at first. A To beB BeingC Having beenD Though to be28 Wa

25、s a dancer A and blues singer before B the age of eight C ,Florence Mills made her D vaudeville debut(輕歌舞首演 in 1910.3. 表示原因Not having had any letter from Tom, Marry was worried.(=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.Having got a headache, I didnt come to the concert. (=Beca

26、use I got a headache, I didnt come to the concert.29 Most of the people, , could not go to sleep that night after the party. being so excitedA being so excited B be so excited C being so exciting D be so exciting 30 Having the highest marks in his class, .A the college offered him a scholarship B he

27、 was offered a scholarship by the collegeC a scholarship was offered him by the college D a college scholarship was offered to him4. 表示條件 :一般放在句首Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. (=If I know anything about it, I will tell you all.Working diligently, you will pass the entrance exam. (=I

28、f you work diligently, you will pass the entrance exam.5. 表示讓步 :表示讓步的 -ING 分詞常常由 although/though, even if/though, unless等連詞引入 , 一般放在句首Having great diffculties in the course of working, they finished the task ahead of time.Buying a lot of reference books for the exam, he failed in it because of the l

29、earning method.Although repeating his words many times, the teacher could not make his students understand the concept of philosophy.Even if coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.6. 表示結(jié)果 :置于句末 , 前面要加 so, thereby, thus, hence等表示結(jié)果的副詞He worked day and night, making himself near sighted.

30、Not making what he meant misunderstood, he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.The workers worked 14 hours a day, thus producing products three times as they did last month.He wished to travel all over the world, thereby studying customs of other countries.31 The bus was held up by the traff

31、ic jam, _.A thus causing the delayB so that caused the delayC to cause the delayD caused the delayING 分詞英語語法詳解 4七、 -ING 分詞作定語-ING 分詞可以單獨(dú)作定語 , 也可以構(gòu)成合成詞作定語 , 但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語 , 包括限定性和非限定性 (用逗號(hào)與其他部分分開 , 在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句 (包括限定性 定語從句和非限定性定語從句 32 Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant so

32、cial themes. A expressed B expressing C express D expression of33 The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word nebrathka, flat water. A to mean B meaning C it means D by meanig34 The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant, less than one hundred tons annually.A amo

33、unting to B in the amount C amounts to it D to the amount of 八、 -ING 的完成時(shí)、被動(dòng)語態(tài)與否定形式1. 如果 -ING 分詞表示的是一般性動(dòng)作 ,(即不指明是現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?不表示動(dòng)作的先 后或與謂語所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生 , 這時(shí)要用 -ING 的一般形式35 Revolution means the productive forces.A to liberate B to have liberated C liberating D having been liberated 36 It is a simple m

34、atter A to have found B the density of a gas C from its formula D .2. 但如果 -ING 分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于句子謂語發(fā)生 , 就要用 (nothaving+-ED分詞 表示完成時(shí)37 by the journey, he went to bed immediately after he came back home. A Being exhausted B To have exhausted C Having exhausted D Having been exhausted38 with an accedent, he a

35、rrived at the station ten minutes late.A Having met B To have met C Meeting D Having been met3. 當(dāng)非限定性動(dòng)詞 -ING 的邏輯主語是 -ING 所表示的動(dòng)作對(duì)象時(shí)要用 -ING 的被動(dòng)形式 , 包括其一般形式 (notbeing + -ED分詞和完成形式 (nothaving been +-ED分詞 39 Solids, liquids, and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion. A settingB to setC be

36、ing setD to be set40 Upon questioning A he denied having killed B the old woman with C the home-made D gun.4. -ING的否定形式是把 not 加在 -ING 的前邊41 of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.A Not having notifiedB Not notifyingC Not to notifyD Not having been notified42 I regret hard at school.A n

37、ot to have workedB not having workedC not have workedD having not worked九、 -ING 分詞的邏輯主語1. -ING 分詞除了具 有動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn) 以外 , 它 還有名詞的特點(diǎn) , 即可 以加物主代詞 (如 my,your,his 等 和名詞的屬格 (如 Wang Qings 等 來表示其邏輯主語 (這時(shí) -ING 的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致 43 I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.A we are going B to go C us going D our going44 on a

38、 clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A If walking B While walking C Walking D When one is walking45 Marta A being chosen B as the most outstanding C student on her campus made her parents D very happy.2. 還有一種 -ING 分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的情況 , 這時(shí)直接可用 -ING 分詞的

39、 主語 +-ING來表示 , 這樣的 -ING 分詞短語可由介詞引導(dǎo)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)46 A new technique , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.A to have been worked out B having worked outC working out D having been worked out47 Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we declined the offer.A not bei

40、ng finishedB not having finishedC had not been finishedD was not finished3. 如果邏輯主語已和句子主語一致 , 那么其邏輯主語就可省略 (在使用這種用法時(shí)要注 意 :-ING分詞所表示的動(dòng)作 ZZ(一定 ZZ是主語所發(fā)出的 , 也就是說 -ING 分詞的邏輯主語 ZZ(一定 ZZ是主句的主語。試比較下列句子 Getting into the room, I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的動(dòng)作 Getting into the room, it give a terrible

41、 smell. (錯(cuò)誤 Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 發(fā) 出的 Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (錯(cuò)誤 Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使動(dòng)者是 weLooking out of the window of our hotel room, there were zigzag m

42、ountians.(錯(cuò) 誤 48 Never attempting to be a literary stylist, in her novels.A she considered the plot the most important elementB the most important element considered to be the plotC considering the plot the most important elementD the plot was considered to be the most important element49 with the n

43、ew method, the material does not break up easily.A To have treated B Having treated C Being treated D Having been treated 50 Attempting to reach his home before the storm, .A the bicycle of John broke downB it happened that Johns bike broke down C the storm caught JohnD John had an accident on his b

44、icycle4. -ING分詞的主語可以與做主語的名詞或代詞 (即代詞的主格 一致 , 放在 -ING 前邊 , 與 -ING 分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的 主謂 關(guān)系。 但是 ,-ING 分詞 (還有 -ED 分詞 短語作狀語時(shí) , 也可 以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的 主語 。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系 , 叫做獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。在 很多情況下它都相當(dāng)于各種形式的狀語 , 表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況51 Weather , well go sightseeing.52 There are four factories in our institute, .A each to have over 100 worke

45、rsB each having over 100 wordersC which there are over 100 workersD with each that has over 100 workers 53 We went to A the World Park, Xiao Wang act B as guide for C he had been there several times D.ING 分詞英語語法詳解 5十、習(xí)慣用法1. There is no +-ING分詞 , 表示 不可能 There is no getting along with him.(無法和他相處。 2.

46、It(There is no use (good +-ING分詞 , 表示 無用 = It is of no use (good to +V: There(It is no use advising him to give up smoking.(勸他戒煙是徒勞的。 3. be busy(worth+-ING分詞 (忙于 He is busy mapping out his plans for the next semester.4. feel like+-ING分詞 (想 I dont feel like eating just now.(我現(xiàn)在不想吃。 5. What do you say to+-ING分詞 ?( 怎么樣 ?What do you say to joining us for dinner?(和我們一起進(jìn)餐 , 你看怎么樣 ?6. spend+時(shí)間 +(in+-ING分詞Jane spent several days (in preparing for the final exams.(簡花了好幾天時(shí)間準(zhǔn)備 期末考試。 7.dif