用集裝箱裝運有哪些優(yōu)勢

1、1.3 What Is a ComputerBased Information System授課班級授課班級: :教育技術系教育技術系 20092009級本科級本科授課教師授課教師: :錢錢 研研Lesson 2二手集裝箱(1) Six Elements of a ComputerBased Information System The six elements of a computerbased information system are hardware, software, data/information, people, procedures, communications .H

2、ardware means simply the physical equipment .the hardware can not be use until it is connected to other elements.Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task .Without software , the hardware is useless. Data consists of the raw facts and figures

3、 that are processed into information. Information is summarized data or otherwise manipulated data. People operate the computer hardware , they create and use the computer software , and they face ethical issues and decisions regarding the use of information technology . they enter the data and use

4、the information the system generates .They also follow certain procedures when using the hardware and software. description: diskripn n. 描寫,描述 accomplish: kmpli v. 完成 documentation: .dkjumentein n. 文件 manual: mnjul a. 手工的,體力的 n. 手冊,指南 reference: refrns n. 參考,出處,參照 guide: gaid n. 引導者,指南 v. 指導,支配guide

5、line: gaidlain n. 指引, 大綱 Procedures are descriptions of how things are done ,steps for accomplishing a result. procedures for computer systems appear in documentation manuals ,also known as reference manuals and user guides ,which contain instructions , rules ,and guidelines to follow when using har

6、dware and software. 計算機系統(tǒng)的程序出現(xiàn)在文件手冊中，文件手冊也被稱為參計算機系統(tǒng)的程序出現(xiàn)在文件手冊中，文件手冊也被稱為參考手冊和用戶指南，在文件手冊和用戶指南中包含使用計算考手冊和用戶指南，在文件手冊和用戶指南中包含使用計算機硬件和軟件時的說明書機硬件和軟件時的說明書,規(guī)則和指南規(guī)則和指南. individual: .individjul a. 個別的 n. 個人,個體 microwave: maikruweiv n. 微波 satellite: stlait n. 衛(wèi)星 element: elimnt n. 成分,要素,元素 Communications :the m

7、anner in which the various individual systems are connectedfor example ,by phone lines ,microwave transmission , or satelliteis an element of the total computer system. 通訊：是指各種各樣的私人系統(tǒng)被連接在一起的方式例如，通過電話線，微波傳輸，或衛(wèi)星，通訊是整個計算機系統(tǒng)的一個組成部分。 incredibly: inkredbli ad. 難以置信地 complicated: kmplikeitid a. 復雜的 princip

8、le: prinspl n. 原則,原理, 信念 circuitry: s:kitri n. 電路,線路 electricity: ilektrisiti n. 電,電路(2)The Digital Basis of Computers Computers may seem like incredibly complicated devices ,but their underlying principle is simple ,When you open up a microcomputer ,what you see is mainly electronic circuitry ,And

9、what is the most basic statement that can be made about electricity ? It is simply this : It can be either turned on or turned off. 數(shù)字化的基礎上的計算機數(shù)字化的基礎上的計算機 計算機可能看起來令人難以置信的復雜的設備，但其基本原理很簡單，計算機可能看起來令人難以置信的復雜的設備，但其基本原理很簡單，當你打開了一個微電腦，你所看到的，主要是電子電路，我們在制作當你打開了一個微電腦，你所看到的，主要是電子電路，我們在制作電路時最基本的狀態(tài)是什么呢？它就是這樣簡單的一

10、條：電路可以是電路時最基本的狀態(tài)是什么呢？它就是這樣簡單的一條：電路可以是開啟或關掉。開啟或關掉。 arrangement: reindmnt n. 安排 digit: didit n. 數(shù)字,位數(shù),指頭 comfortable: kmftbl a. 舒適的 decimal: desiml a. 十進位的,小數(shù)的 binary: bainri a. 二進位的,二元的 In a two-state on/off arrangement ,one state can represent a 1 digit ,the other a 0 digit ,People are most comforta

11、ble with the decimal number system ,which has ten digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). Because computers are based on on/off or other two-state conditions ,they use the binary number system , which consists of only two digits-0and 1. decimal adj.十進制的 the decimal number system: 十進制數(shù)制 binary adj.二進制的 the bin

12、ary number system:二進制數(shù)制在兩個狀態(tài)開在兩個狀態(tài)開/關的安排中，一種狀態(tài)可以代表關的安排中，一種狀態(tài)可以代表1，另一種代表，另一種代表0，人，人們最習慣用十進制數(shù)字系統(tǒng)，其中有們最習慣用十進制數(shù)字系統(tǒng)，其中有10位數(shù)字（位數(shù)字（ 0,1,2,3,4,5 ， 6,7,8,9 ） 。因為電腦是基于開。因為電腦是基于開/關或其他兩種狀態(tài)工作的，他們使用關或其他兩種狀態(tài)工作的，他們使用二進制數(shù)制，在二進制中只有兩位數(shù)字二進制數(shù)制，在二進制中只有兩位數(shù)字- 0和和 1 。 numeral: nju:mrl n. 數(shù)字,數(shù) digital: diditl a. 數(shù)字的n. 數(shù)字化 sy

13、nonymous: sinnims a. 同義的 specifically: spisifikli ad.具體的,明確的 discrete: diskri:t a. 不連續(xù)的 離散的 計算機 分離 離散 The word digit simply means “numeral” , The word digital is derived from “digit ,”which refers to the fingers people used to count with .Today , however , digital is almost synonymous with “computer

14、based” . More specifically, it refers to communications signals or information represented in a discrete formusually in a binary or twostate way. numeral n.數(shù)字 synonymous adj.同義的單詞單詞digit直接的意思就是直接的意思就是“數(shù)字數(shù)字“,單詞單詞digital來源于單詞來源于單詞digit， digit是指人們用來計數(shù)的手指。然而今天，數(shù)字化幾乎是以計算機為是指人們用來計數(shù)的手指。然而今天，數(shù)字化幾乎是以計算機為基礎的同

15、義詞基礎的同義詞 ，更具體地說，它是指以通信信號或代表以離散形式，更具體地說，它是指以通信信號或代表以離散形式存在的信息，數(shù)字化通常存在于二進制或兩種狀態(tài)之中。存在的信息，數(shù)字化通常存在于二進制或兩種狀態(tài)之中。 character: krikt n. 個性,字符,人物 punctuation: pktjei()n n. 標點correspond: krispnd v. 符合,通信,相當computing: kmpju:ti n. 計算byte: bait 字節(jié) In the binary system ,each 0 and 1 is called a bit-short for binary

16、 digit ,In turn ,bits can be grouped in various combinations to represent characters of data-numbers ,letters ,punctuation marks ,and so on .For example ,the letter H could correspond to the electronic signal 01001000 (that is ,off-on-off-on-off-off-off) .In computing ,a group of 8 bits is called a

17、byte ,and each character is represented by 1 byte. 在二進位制系統(tǒng)中，每個0和1被稱作一位,位是二進制數(shù)字的縮寫, 在轉換中, 數(shù)位能夠以各種各樣的形式組合,以此來代表數(shù)據(jù)中的字符-數(shù)字，字母，標點符號等。舉例來說，字母h可對應轉換成電子信號01001000 ，在運算中，一組8位數(shù)字的是被稱為一個字節(jié)，每個字節(jié)代表一個字符。 consist: knsist v. 組成,存在,一致 Digital data, then, consists of data in discrete , discontinuous form-usually 0s an

18、d 1s,This is the method of data representation by which computers process and store data and communicate with one another. 數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)由離散形式、不連續(xù)的形式的數(shù)據(jù)組成通常是多個0和1，這就是計算機處理數(shù)據(jù)、存儲數(shù)據(jù)和互相溝通的數(shù)據(jù)表示的方法。 historically: histrikli ad. 在歷史上 phenomena: finmin n. 現(xiàn)象 analog: nl:g n. 類似(模擬量) continuously: kntinjsli ad. 不斷地,連續(xù)地

19、pressure: pre(r) n. 壓力,壓強,壓迫 continuum: kntinjum n. 連續(xù),連續(xù)統(tǒng),閉連集（3）The Analog Basis of Life Most phenomena of the world are not digtal :They are analog ,having continuously variable values . Sound ,light ,temperature and pressure values ,for instance ,can fall anywhere on a continuum or range .The hig

20、hs ,lows ,and in-between states have historically been represented with analog devices rather than in digital form . analog n.模擬 analog-data模擬數(shù)據(jù) 模擬生命賴以生存的基礎世界上多數(shù)的現(xiàn)象不是數(shù)字信號：它們是具有連續(xù)可變的值的模擬信號，。例如，聲，光，溫度和壓力值，可以在任何地方連續(xù)變化或在一個范圍內變化。高值，低值和處于中間的值在各國之間有歷史上是用模擬裝置來表示，而不是在數(shù)字形式。 humidity: hju:miditi n. 濕度,濕氣mercur

21、y: m:kjuri n. 水銀,水星thermometer: mmit(r) n. 溫度計sensor: sens n. 傳感器，探測器fluctuation: .flktjuein n. 波動,起伏resemble: rizembl v. 相似,類似,像original: ridnl a. 最初的,原始的,有獨創(chuàng)性的,原版的cable: keibl n. 電纜,海底電報 Examples of analog devices are humidity recorders , mercury thermometers ,and pressure sensors ,which can measu

22、re continuous fluctuations .Thus ,analog data is transmitted in a continuous form that closely resembles the information it represents .The electrical signals on a telephone line are analogdata representations of the original voices. Telephone , radio , broadcast television , and cable TV have tradi

23、tionally transmitted analog data. 模擬裝置的實例濕度記錄儀，水銀溫度計，壓力傳感器，這些東西可以測量連續(xù)波動變化，因此，模擬數(shù)據(jù)以連續(xù)的形式傳送著與它所代表的信息十分相似的信息。電話線中的電信號就是用模擬數(shù)據(jù)去代表原始聲音。電話，收音機，廣播電視，有線電視都是傳統(tǒng)性的傳送模擬數(shù)據(jù)。 versus: v:ss a. 對抗,相對比prep.對；與相對 modem: mudm 調制解調器 Analog versus digital signals , and the modem . (Top) On an analog watch , the hands move continuously around the watch face . On a digital watch , the display changes once each minute . (Bottom) Note the wavy line for an analog signal and