意大利語助動詞

1、意大利語助動詞When forming the passato prossimo, which auxiliary verb should be used avere oressere? How do you decide? Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formedwith the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the pastparticiple (participio passato).Transitive Verbs Take

2、AvereTransitive verbs are those that take a direct object. For instance:Io ho mangiato una pera. (I ate a pear.)Loro hanno gi àstudiato la lezione. (They already studied the lesson.)Non ho mai visto Genova. (I've never visited Genoa.)The compound tense of a transitiveverbis formedwiththepre

3、sentindicativeoftheauxiliaryverbavereandthepastparticiple(participiopassato).Thepastparticipleis invariableand ends in -ato,-uto, or-ito.Inphraseswitha transitiveverb, the directobjectof the verbmay be expressedexplicitlyor implied.For example:Io ho mangiato tardi. (I ate late.)Intransitive Verbs Ta

4、ke EssereSimplyput,intransitiveverbs arethosethatdo not take a directobject.These verbsusuallyexpressmovement ora stateofbeing.The auxiliaryverbessereplusthepastparticiple is used to form the passato prossimo and other compounds of almost allintransitiveverbs (andthepastparticiplemust agreeinnumber

5、and genderwiththesubject.) The table below contains conjugations of arrivare, crescere, and partirein the passato prossimo.PASSATO PROSSIMO WITH ESSEREPERSONARRIVARE (TO ARRIVE)CRESCERE (TO GROW)PARTIRE (TO LEAVE, TO DEPART)(io)sono arrivato(-a)sono cresciuto(-a)sono partito(-a)(tu)sei arrivato(-a)s

6、ei cresciuto(-a)sei partito(-a)(lui, lei, Lei)èarrivato(-a)ècresciuto(-a)èpartito(-a)(noi)siamo arrivati(-e)siamo cresciuti(-e)siamo partiti(-e)(voi)siete arrivati(-e)siete cresciuti(-e)siete partiti(-e)(loro, Loro)sono arrivati(-e)sono cresciuti(-e)sono partiti(-e)Notice that each of

7、 the past participles conjugated with essere has four possible endings, depending on the gender of its subject. Take a look at these examples: La zia èandata a casa. (The aunt went home.) Le zie sono andate a casa. (The aunts went home.)Lo zioèandato a casa. (The uncle went home.)Gli zii s

8、ono andati a casa. (The uncles went home.)When the gender of the subject consists of both males and females, or is unstated, use the masculine form (think of it as a "generic" or "standard" form): Lo zio e la zia sono andati a casa. (The uncle and aunt went home.)Noi siami andati

9、 a casa. (We went home.)The following table contains a list of other most commonly used intransitive verbs and their past-participle forms.INTRANSITIVE VERBS: PAST PARTICIPLESandare (to go)andatoarrivare (to arrive, to reach)arrivatocadere (to fall, to drop)cadutocostare (to cost)costatocrescere (to

10、 grow)crescuitodiventare (to become)diventatodurare (to last, to continue)duratoentrare (to enter)entratoessere (to be)statomorire (to die)mortonascere (to be born)natopartire (to leave, to depart)partitouscire (to exit)uscitovenire (to come)venutoSome Verbs Take EitherHow could it be that some verb

11、s take EITHER essere or avere as the auxiliary verbin compound tenses? It depends on the context of the sentence. Here are a few examples of verbs functioning both transitively and intransitively: bruciare (to burn)Hai bruciato la torta? (Did you burn the cake?)Durante la nottescorsala cascinaè

12、bruciata.(Duringthe night,the dairyburned.)diminuire (to reduce, decrease)Abbiamo diminuito il consumo d'energia in casa. (We reduced energy consumption at home.)I prezzidellacarne sono diminuitiquesta settimana.(The priceof meat has decreasedthis week.)finire (to finish)Il professore ha finito

13、la conferenza alle tre. (The professor finished the conference at three o'clock.)La conferenzaèfinita alle tre. (The conference finished at three o'clock.)The following table lists commonly used verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on their use.VERBS THAT MAY BE

14、 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVEaffogare(to drown)aumentare(to increase)dimagrire(to lose weight, to make thin)incominciare(to begin, to start)mutare(to change, to alter)raddopppiare(to double)terminare(to finish, to end)備注說明，非正文，實際使用可刪除如下部分。本內容僅給予閱讀編輯指點：1 、本文件由微軟OFFICE 辦公軟件編輯而成，同時支持WPS 。2 、文件可重新編輯整理。3

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