民事訴訟論文：試述我國(guó)民事調(diào)解制度及改革

1、民事訴訟論文：試述我國(guó)民事調(diào)解制度及改革【中文摘要】調(diào)解制度是我國(guó)民事訴訟中最具中國(guó)特色的一項(xiàng)制 度,被贊譽(yù)為“東方經(jīng)驗(yàn)”而被西方國(guó)家加以學(xué)習(xí)借鑒。它能夠及時(shí)、 徹底地解決民事權(quán)益爭(zhēng)議，提高辦案效率，減少訴訟成本。調(diào)解也是目 前我國(guó)法院運(yùn)用的最多的一種處理民事訴訟的結(jié)案方式，調(diào)解在我國(guó) 基層法院中占據(jù)著主流地位。訴訟調(diào)解糾紛解決機(jī)制正契合了和諧社 會(huì)的價(jià)值追求，同時(shí)彰顯了司法的實(shí)用與靈活性。但是隨著審判方式 改革的進(jìn)行和現(xiàn)代司法環(huán)境的變化，在目前的司法實(shí)踐中，現(xiàn)行調(diào)解 制度日益暴露出它的局限性和諸多弊端。為此，我們正視訴訟調(diào)解制 度的性質(zhì)、法律地位及其在化解消弭社會(huì)矛盾中的巨大功能作用，分析其

2、制度本身存在的缺陷、實(shí)踐中所顯露的弊端及其在民主法治建設(shè) 中的不適應(yīng)性，對(duì)其進(jìn)行改革和完善，是建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色司法制度的 必然。在民事訴訟制度的改革過(guò)程中，針對(duì)調(diào)解制度中存在的問(wèn)題， 我國(guó)訴訟法學(xué)界學(xué)者對(duì)我國(guó)調(diào)解制度提出幾種改革的學(xué)說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)，有的學(xué)者甚至提出取消法院調(diào)解制度。但是，縱觀國(guó)外的民事司法改革的 情況看,當(dāng)今世界各國(guó)紛紛加強(qiáng)調(diào)解機(jī)制，謀求糾紛解決的多元化，提 倡訴訟外的糾紛解決機(jī)制，積極促進(jìn)和解，這已成為不少國(guó)家進(jìn)行司 法體制改革的重要目標(biāo)。蘇力先生指出“中國(guó)的法治之路必須注重利 用中國(guó)的本土資源，注重中國(guó)法律文化的傳統(tǒng)和實(shí)際”。因此,我國(guó)在 改革和完善現(xiàn)代法律制度時(shí)不應(yīng)放棄自己的遺產(chǎn)，

3、而應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)調(diào)解 制度進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的改革，充分發(fā)揮調(diào)解制度在我國(guó)化解糾紛中優(yōu)越性。而在重構(gòu)調(diào)解制度的同時(shí)，研究調(diào)解制度形成的文化背景和經(jīng)濟(jì) 基礎(chǔ)，并分析現(xiàn)行調(diào)解制度的弊端，借鑒國(guó)外的相關(guān)制度，剔除制度之 糟粕,吸收西方現(xiàn)代法律文明之精華，不斷完善這國(guó)民事訴訟的調(diào)解 制度。筆者認(rèn)為，目前我國(guó)調(diào)審結(jié)合、交互運(yùn)行的調(diào)解模式常造成調(diào) 解、審判的混同，不利于我國(guó)民事訴訟的實(shí)現(xiàn)。我國(guó)民事訴訟法規(guī)定 的自愿合法原則體現(xiàn)了法院調(diào)解的本質(zhì)，而在實(shí)際運(yùn)作中，特別在法 治現(xiàn)代化的今天，人們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)法院調(diào)解往往會(huì)偏離這一原則。而且在 調(diào)解過(guò)程中法官具有強(qiáng)烈的職權(quán)主義等問(wèn)題很有必要對(duì)其加以改革。 那么如何才能更好的改革和完

4、善我國(guó)民事中的調(diào)解制度，對(duì)此筆者首先深入分析我國(guó)民事調(diào)解制度的現(xiàn)狀，發(fā)展歷程,指出目前我國(guó)調(diào)解 制度存在的問(wèn)題。在本文當(dāng)中著重提出在我國(guó)建立司法ADF體系（Alternative Dispute Risdsolution,中文可譯非訴糾紛解決方式）設(shè)想,對(duì)我國(guó)現(xiàn)有調(diào)解制度進(jìn)行改革、建立多元化糾紛解決體系和規(guī) 范調(diào)解程序與相關(guān)的配套措施等改革方式，從而構(gòu)建我國(guó)新的民事調(diào) 解制度,筆者相信只有不斷改革和完善我國(guó)的調(diào)解制度才能煥發(fā)出新 的生命力?！居⑽恼?Mediati on system is one of the most Chin ese characteristics in our ci

5、vil litigation, which is praised as“ Oriental Experienee” and learned by western countries.Mediation is also the mostMediati on system can rapidly and completely resolve civil disputes, the n improvi ng the efficie ncy of deali ng with cases and reducing the cost of litigation. used way of rendering

6、 the civil judgment in our people ' s court and this way has occupied the main position in the court at the grassroots level. The system of court mediati on is absolutely consistent with the value of our harmonious society and dem on strates the judicial utility and flexibility as well.However,

7、with the reform of trial way and the change of modern judicial environment, the existing mediation system isincreasingly exposing its limitations and shortcomings incurrent judicial practice. For this reason, our country should pay great attention to the court mediation, including its nature, its le

8、gal status and its enormous function of elim in ati ng social con tradicti ons, an alyz ing its in here nt defects, the shortco mings revealed in the practice, the unfitn ess emerged duri ng the process of con struct ingdemocracyand the rule of law, then reforming and improving this system, which is

9、 the n ecessity of con struct ingthe judicial system withChinese characteristics. From the situation of foreign civil judicial reform, coun tries around the world are expa nding mediation mechanisms, pursuing the diversificationof settlingdisputes and actively promoti ng recon ciliatio n, which have

10、 become the important goals of judicial reform in many coun triest is n ecessary for our country to reform theproblems of official system in the process of civil mediation. Howcan webetter reform and improve the system civilmediation?The author first analyzes the existed civil mediation and developm

11、ent of its history, points out the problems of this system and then learns foreign related systems to continuously improve the system of court mediati on. This article suggests our country to establish the system of ADA(Alternative Dispute Resolution) Chinese meaning is the mechanism of non-litigati

12、ondispute settlement or dispute resolutionout ofthe court. Our country should establish the mode of mediation separating from the trial, establish the system of mediation before the trial and regulate the relati on betwee n mediatio n reform and related systems. Fin ally, we should establish the dis

13、pute settleme nt mecha nism of adversary system, assista nt with the system of ADR.【關(guān)鍵詞】民事訴訟 調(diào)解制度弊端改革【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 civil procedure civil mediati onshortco ming reformatio n【目錄】試述我國(guó)民事調(diào)解制度及改革摘要 3-5ABSTRACT引言 8-9 一、我國(guó)訴訟調(diào)解制度的沿革及現(xiàn)狀 9-14( 一)我國(guó)訴訟調(diào)解制 度的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展9-121.中國(guó)古代傳統(tǒng)調(diào)解制度9-102.中國(guó)古代訴 訟調(diào)解的主要特點(diǎn)和長(zhǎng)期存續(xù)的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ) 10-113.清末

14、至新中國(guó)成立前的訴訟調(diào)解11-124.革命根據(jù)地時(shí)期的訴訟調(diào)解12（二）我國(guó) 古代調(diào)解制度存在的合理性和必要性12-14二、關(guān)于我國(guó)現(xiàn)行調(diào)解制度的反思與探索14-23（ ）新中國(guó)成立后的訴訟調(diào)解制度的變化 14-161.“調(diào)解為主”成為民事審判工作的主旋律142. “著重調(diào)解”與民事訴訟法的修改14-153.確立了調(diào)解十六字原則154. “調(diào) 解優(yōu)先、調(diào)判結(jié)合”確立為人民法院的工作原則155.建立健全訴訟與非訴訟相街接的矛盾糾紛解決機(jī)制15-16（二）現(xiàn)行調(diào)解制度的基本內(nèi)容16-181.法院調(diào)解的概念162.法院調(diào)解制度的特征16-173. 我國(guó)法院調(diào)解制度的新發(fā)展17-18（三）現(xiàn)行訴訟調(diào)解制度暴露出的 問(wèn)題18-211.立法制度設(shè)計(jì)上的缺陷18-192.司法調(diào)解制度審判實(shí) 踐中的弊端19-21（四）學(xué)界關(guān)于訴訟調(diào)解制度存廢之爭(zhēng) 21-23三、 域外調(diào)解及和解制度對(duì)我國(guó)調(diào)解制度改革的啟示23-27（ 一）代表性國(guó)家和地區(qū)的法院調(diào)解（和解）制度23-251.日本的民事調(diào)停232. 美國(guó)的附設(shè)在法院的調(diào)解23-243.德國(guó)的訴訟和解24-254.我國(guó)臺(tái) 灣地區(qū)的訴前調(diào)解25（二）域外調(diào)解（和解）制度的啟示25-27四、對(duì) 我國(guó)構(gòu)建新的訴訟調(diào)解制度的改革設(shè)想27-34（ 一）我國(guó)調(diào)解制度改革和完善的條件基