透析QTP自動化測試框架SAFFRON

1、1、為什么要使用框架？框架是一組自動化測試的規(guī)范、 測試腳本的基礎(chǔ)代碼，以及測試思想、慣例 的集合。可用于減少冗余代碼、提高代碼生產(chǎn)率、提高代碼重用性和可維護性。例如QTestWare就是QTP自動化測試框架中的一類。2、SAFFRON介SAFFRON針對 Webff發(fā)的一個簡單的 QTPW試框架原型，是AdamGensler 于06年寫的，需要QTP 9.1版本以上。完整的SAFFRON本代碼可到以下地址 獲?。?cle&id=62:webqtp-saffron&catid=35:testing_is_believing3、如何使用SAFFRON?SAFFRON架以外部VBS

2、i：件的形式出現(xiàn)，因此使用方法比較簡單，直接在 測試腳本中以資源形式導(dǎo)入即可使用，如圖所示：導(dǎo)入后，可在"Available Keywords”視圖中看到SAFFRON所有函數(shù)，如圖 所示：選中某個函數(shù)，拖拽到專家視圖的編輯器中，如圖所示:后接一個 URL地址，例如 ,即可使用SAFFRON框架中的BrowseTo函數(shù)導(dǎo)航到指定的URL地址，如下腳本所示:UR.lcthii 口OtVjj E*r W ft* ETId#yrtf1 F&±rd » 用5 日立UHwTrrtfX AltlVlAl jh* ka oSjat a - a/ / O ti ilrwM

3、T i- jT EnfoTstli ；沁yW+EBHl1 /*#|!打ij*if aMlf$ Xis£«<f / Uwk J iQtjftU / Wwt / 50x5+41、 / 九wMrka同。 i必 /工 Ltl f uac-li. q*i" Twl Sii,；DJ XJFll丁于二 rlg，?“ 二:':1II H_hi T«,n遞$BrowseTo(url)BrowseTo " 4、SAFFRON架代碼剖析為了深入了解SAFFRO用及框架的使用方法，下面我們將分別介紹SAFFRON 中的主要函數(shù)，對SAFFRON碼進行深入

4、剖析。4.1導(dǎo)航到指定URLSAFFRON用名為BrowseTo函數(shù)來負責導(dǎo)航到指定的URL如果瀏覽器尚未 啟動，則先調(diào)用函數(shù)Launch來打開瀏覽器。BrowseTo函數(shù)的定義如下所示：Public Function BrowseTo (url)thirdlevel =""Report micPass, "Navigate to URL", "Navigating to URL: " & Quote (url)If initialized ThenExecute GenerateDescription("Brows

5、er")& "Navigate "& Quote(url)ElseLaunch "website", urlEnd IfReporter.Filter = rfDisableAllEnd Function在腳本中，會判斷是否初始化了瀏覽器，如果有則執(zhí)行導(dǎo)航動作，導(dǎo)航到指 定的URL導(dǎo)航動作是執(zhí)行這行腳本來完成的：Execute GenerateDescription("Browser") & "Navigate " & Quote(url)Execute是一個用于執(zhí)行指定

6、VBScript腳本語句的函數(shù)，GenerateDescription函數(shù)的定義如下所示：'Generates a generic description based up on the "level" viarable'levelstr - will be one of the values that is in the level array'returns - string representative of the object hierarchyPublic Function GenerateDescription (levelstr)l

7、= IndexOf(level, levelstr)If l >=0 Thenfdesc = level(0) & "(" & Quote(desc(0) & ")."If l >= 1 Thenfdesc = fdesc + level(1) & "(" & Quote(desc(1) & ")."If 2 >= l ThenIf thirdlevel <> "" Thenfdesc = fdesc + level(

8、2) & "(" & Quote(desc(2) & "," & Quote("na me:=" & thirdlevel) & ")."End IfEnd IfEnd IfEnd IfGenerateDescription = fdescEnd Function4.2返回測試對象的描述GenerateDescription函數(shù)用于返回對象的描述性語句，例如，指定Browser,則返回如下語句："Browser("micclass:=Browser

9、")."該語句代表了當前瀏覽器對象，并且后面加了個點號，這是為了方便后接 "Navigate "這個瀏覽器對象的導(dǎo)航操作，以及指定的URL字符串，例如"。在 Execute 時，其實執(zhí)行的VBScript語句如下所示：Browser("micclass:=Browser").Navigate "經(jīng)過SAFFRON框架封裝后，則只需要使用如下語句即可達到同樣的效果：BrowseTo "4.3啟動瀏覽器SAFFRON用名為BrowseTo函數(shù)來負責導(dǎo)航到指定的URL但是如果瀏覽器 未啟動，則會先調(diào)用函數(shù)Lau

10、nch來打開瀏覽器。Launch函數(shù)的定義如下所示：prepares the framework for usage, and configures all internal frame work'variables and structures'apptype - used to launch different types of applications based'upon different technologies - currently there is only web'val - string that represents what to la

11、unch'returns - always returns truePublic Function Launch (apptype, val)If "website" = apptype Thenthirdlevel =""Report micPass, "Initialize", "Initializing Framework"level = split(webLevels, leveldelimiter, -1, 1)desc = split(webLevelsDesc, leveldescdelimi

12、ter, -1, 1)object = split(objects, objectdelimiter, -1, 1)objectDescription = split(objectsDescription, objectsDescriptiond elimiter, -1, 1)CloseBrowsersSet IE = CreateObject("InternetExplorer.Application")IE.visible = truelE.Navigate valWhile lE.Busywait 1WendEnd Ifinitialized = trueLaunc

13、h = trueEnd Function可看到腳本中創(chuàng)建了 IE的COM寸象，然后設(shè)置IE的Visible屬性設(shè)置為 Tue,讓瀏覽器可見，然后調(diào)用IE對象的Navigate方法導(dǎo)航到指定的URL除 了創(chuàng)建IE的COM寸象外，在Launch函數(shù)中還進行框架其它方面的初始化。4.4給指定字符串前后加雙引號在BrowseTo函數(shù)的定義腳本中，調(diào)用了一個名為Quote的函數(shù)，該函數(shù)的定義如下所示：'generates a string with embedded/surrounding quotesPublic Function Quote (txt)Quote = chr(34) &

14、; txt & chr(34)End Function該函數(shù)的作用是給指定的字符串前后加上雙引號字符，例如下面代碼Msgbox "The message is " & Quote("hello world!")執(zhí)行結(jié)果顯示如圖所示。ThemsnovT' hdlo world!"如果我們不使用這個函數(shù)，則需要這樣寫我們的代碼來實現(xiàn)同樣的功能：Msgbox "The message is ""hello world!"""很明顯，這樣的寫法寫出來的代碼的可讀性和可維

15、護性都差一截。4.5點擊鏈接作為一個針對WEBZ用的腳本框架，除了能啟動瀏覽器導(dǎo)航到指定的頁面外， 還需要針對頁面的各種元素進行測試操作，例如鏈接的點擊、按鈕的點擊操作。 在SAFFRON架中，使用Activate函數(shù)來點擊鏈接、按鈕，其函數(shù)定義如下所 示：'Activates an object based upon its object type'objtype - the type of object should be limited to values in the object array'text - identifying text for the co

16、ntrol - for a link, it's thetext of the linkPublic Function Activate (objtype, text )localDesc =""If thirdlevel <> "" ThenlocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level (2)ElselocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level (1)End IfAutoSync()Select Case objtypeCase "Link"Execut

17、e localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Link","innertext: "& text ) & "Click"Report micPass, "Link Activation", "The Link "& Quote( text ) & "was clicked."Case "WebButton"Execute localDesc & GenerateObject

18、Description("WebButton", "value: ="& text ) & "Click"Report micPass, "WebButton Activation", "The WebButton "& Quote(text ) & " was clicked."End SelectEnd Function函數(shù)首先判斷對象的類型，然后根據(jù)對象類型分別處理，如果是鏈接對象， 則通過以下語句組合成可執(zhí)行的VBScript語句，然后

19、用Execute函數(shù)來執(zhí)行：Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("Link","innertext:=" & text) & "Click"如果是按鈕對象，則組合成：Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("WebButton", "value:=" & text) & "Click"在這里，調(diào)用了 GenerateObj

20、ectDescription 函數(shù)，GenerateObjectDescription函數(shù)的作用與 GenerateDescription函數(shù)的作用類似，都是用于返回一個測試對象的描述，不同的是 GenerateObjectDescription 函數(shù)需要傳入測試對象的描述數(shù)組，GenerateObjectDescription函數(shù)的定義如'Generates an object description based upon the object, and object Description arrays'obj - name of the object in the obj

21、ect array'prop - additional property to help uniquely identify the object'returns - a string representative of the object descriptionPublic Function GenerateObjectDescription (obj, prop)i = IndexOf(object, obj)ndesc =""If i <> -1 Thenndesc = obj & "("& Quote

22、(objectDescription(i) & ","& Quote(prop) & ")."End IfGenerateobjectDescription = ndescEnd Function有了 Activate函數(shù)，我們在寫腳本的時候就可以充分利用，簡化腳本的編 寫，例如下面是兩句簡單的腳本，分別點擊頁面上的一個鏈接和一個按鈕：Activate "Link", "Person"Activate "WebButton", "Search"在Act

23、ivate函數(shù)中，調(diào)用了一個名為 AutoSync的函數(shù)，該函數(shù)的作用與 QTP的Sync方法是一樣的，只是在外面封裝了一層，函數(shù)定義如下所示：'waits for the web page to finish loadingPublic Function AutoSyncExecute GenerateDescription("Browser") & "Sync"End FunctionAutoSync函數(shù)用于等待WEBS面加載完成。4.6 一個小例子到現(xiàn)在為止，我們可以使用 SAFFRON Launch、BrowserTo ft Ac

24、tivate 函 數(shù)來編寫簡單的腳本啟動瀏覽器， 導(dǎo)航到指定的頁面，點擊鏈接和按鈕，例如下 面就是一個綜合了這幾個功能的腳本：啟動瀏覽器Launch "website",":1080"'導(dǎo)航到 :1080/WebToursBrowseTo ":1080/WebTours/"點擊名為“ administration ”的鏈接Activate "Link","administration”該腳本調(diào)用SAFFRON

25、架的Launch函數(shù)啟動IE瀏覽器，然后導(dǎo)航到http:/127.0.O1:1080/WebTours,點擊如圖所示的頁面中名為"administration"的鏈接。腳本的測試結(jié)果如圖所示4.7 檢查對象是否存在object前面的小例子僅僅實現(xiàn)了啟動瀏覽器、 導(dǎo)航、點擊鏈接和按鈕的功能，如果 要組成一個完整的測試用例，還缺少一些東西，例如檢查指定的對象是否存在， 在SAFFRON,用Verify函數(shù)來實現(xiàn)這個功能，Verify函數(shù)的定義如下所示：Verify the Existence of anobjtype - values should be limited to

26、values in the object array'text - multi-purpose argument that indicates what to verify '-for a link, or button, it's the text of the control '-for a list, it's the name of the control '-for a frame, it's the name of the frame Public Function Verify (objtype, text) rval =

27、false localDesc ="" estr ="" If thirdlevel <>"" ThenlocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(2)Else localDesc = GenerateDescription(level(1)End IfAutoSync()Select Case objtype Case "Page"Execute "rval = "& GenerateDescription(level( 1) & &

28、quot;Exist (0)”If rval ThenExecute "title = "& GenerateDescription(level( 1) & "GetROProperty("& Quote( "title" ) & ")"rval = trueElse rval = falseEnd IfEnd IfCase ”CurrentFrame""Then& localDescIf thirdlevel <> estr = "

29、rval = End IfLink" , "innCase "Link"estr = "rval = "& localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription(ertext尸"& text)Case "WebButton"estr = "rval = "& localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription("value尸"& text)Case "WebLis

30、t"estr = "rval = "& localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription(name:=" & text)Case "WebEdit"estr = "rval = "& localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription(name:=" & text)WebButton"WebList","WebEdit",End SelectExecute estr +

31、 "Exist (0)”End IfIf rval ThenReport micPass, objtype &" Verification" , "The " & objtype &" " & Quote(text) &" was verified to exist"ElseReport micFail, objtype &" Verification" , "The " & objtype &&quo

32、t; " & Quote(text) &" was not found"End IfIf "True" = rval Thenrval = TrueElserval = FalseEnd IfVerify = rvalEnd Function由于判斷不同對象的存在需要采用不同的屬性，因此 Verify函數(shù)中對不同 的對象類型進行判斷、分別處理。例如，對于 Link類型的對象，用innertext 屬性，對于 WebButton,則采用value屬性，但是最后都需要組合成一條語句， 后接"Exist"，通過Ex

33、ecute方法執(zhí)行這個語句，從而實現(xiàn)對象是否存在的判斷。對于頁面對象(Page)的存在性檢查有點不一樣，采用的是以下腳本：Case "Page"Execute "rval = "& GenerateDescription(level( 1) & "Exist (0)"Execute "title = "& GenerateDescription(level( 1) & "GetROProperty(" & Quote( "title"

34、) & ")"If title = text Thenrval = trueElserval = falseEnd IfEnd If通過GetROProperty方法獲取當前頁面的title 屬性，然后與彳入的"text" 參數(shù)進行比較，如果相等，則認為頁面對象是存在的。在測試腳本中可以這樣使用 Verify函數(shù)： 啟動瀏覽器Launch "website" , ":1080"'導(dǎo)航至U " :1080/WebTours”Brow

35、seTo ":1080/WebTours/"If Verify ( "Link" , "administration" )= False then Reporter.ReportEvent micFail,"檢查鏈接","鏈接不存在"Else '點擊名為" administration ”的鏈接 Activate "Link" , "administration" End IF 腳本中先用Verify檢查名為

36、"administration"的鏈接對象是否存在，如果不存在則提示錯誤，如果存在則進一步調(diào)用Activate函數(shù)點擊鏈接。4.8 在文本框輸入字符串在SAFFRON,可以使用EnterTextIn 函數(shù)來給輸入框(WebEdit對象)輸入 字符串。EnterTextIn函數(shù)的定義如下所示：'Enters text into an edit field'objname - name of the control - use Object Spy if you don't kn ow what it is'text - the text to

37、enter into the controlPublic Function EnterTextIn (objname, text)localDesc =""rval = trueIf thirdlevel <>"" ThenlocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(2)ElselocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(1)End IfAutoSync()localDesc = localdesc & GenerateObjectDescription( "W

38、ebEdit" , "nam e:=" & objname)Execute localDesc & "Set (" & Quote(text) &")"Report micPass, "Enter Text" , "Text: "& Quote(text) &" was entered into "& Quote(objname)EnterTextIn = rvalEnd Function例如，如果我們要在如圖

39、所示的登錄界面中輸入用戶名和密碼，則可以使用SAFFRON EnterTextIn 函數(shù)來實現(xiàn)。測試腳本可以這樣編寫：輸入用戶名EnterTextIn "username","chennengji”輸入密碼EnterTextIn "password","123"4.9 讀取文本框的字符串在SAFFRON,可以使用EnterTextIn 函數(shù)來給輸入框(WebEdit對象)輸入 字符串。對應(yīng)的有一個名為GetTextFrom的函數(shù)，用于讀取輸入框和文本列表的 字符串，GetTextFrom的定義如下所示：'Obtain

40、s text from a control'objtype - is the type of control the get the text from'objname - is the name of the control - use Object Spy if you d on't know the name'returns - the text of the controlPublic Function GetTextFrom (objtype, objname)text =localDesc =""If thirdlevel <

41、;>"" ThenlocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(2)ElselocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(1)End IfAutoSync()Select Case objtypeCase "WebEdit"Execute "text = "& localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription( "WebEdit" , "name:=" & objname) &am

42、p; "GetROProperty (" & Quote( "value" ) & ")"Case "WebList"Execute "text = "& localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription( "WebList" , "name:=" & objname) & "GetROProperty (" & Quote( "value&qu

43、ot; ) & ")"End SelectReport micPass, "Capture Text" , "Text: "& Quote(text) &" was captured from the control "& Quote(objname)GetTextFrom = textEnd Function假設(shè)我們需要讀取如圖所示的界面中的"Departure City"和"Arrival City" 這兩個文本列表(WebList對象)中

44、的字符串，則可以使用 GetTextFrom函數(shù)。測試腳本可以這樣編寫:獲取航班起始城市DepartureCity = GetTextFrom( "WebList","depart")獲取航班終點城市ArrivalCity = GetTextFrom( "WebList","arrive")當然,也可以使用相同的函數(shù)來讀取文本框(WebEdit對象)的字符串，例如 下面的腳本讀取"NO. of Passengers"對應(yīng)的文本框中的字符串：'獲取乘客數(shù)量PassengerNumber =

45、 GetTextFrom( "WebEdit","numPassengers")4.10 選擇列表中的一項在SAFFRON,可以使用SelectFromList函數(shù)從下拉框列表(WebList對象) 中選擇指定的一項。SelectFromList的定義如下所示：'Selects a specific value from a listbox, or combobox'objname - name of the control - use Object Spy if you don't kn ow the name property

46、'text - the item in the combobox to selectPublic Function SelectFromList (objname, text)localDesc =""rv =""rval = falseIf thirdlevel <>"" ThenlocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(2)Else localDesc = GenerateDescription(level(1)End If AutoSync() localDesc = loc

47、aldesc & GenerateObjectDescription( "WebList" , "nam e:=" & objname)Execute "cnt = "& localDesc & "GetROProperty(" & Quote( "items count" ) & ")"For i =1 to cntExecute "rv = "& localDesc & "Get

48、Item (" & i & ")"If rv = text Then rval = true End If Next If rval ThenExecute localDesc & "Select " & Quote(text)End IfIf rval ThenReport micPass, "WebList Selection" , "The WebList item "& Quote(text) &" was selected."E

49、lseReport micFail, "WebList Selection" , "The WebList item "& Quote(text) &" was NOT found."End IfSelectFromList = rvalEnd Function假設(shè)我們需要從如圖所示的界面中的"Departure City"的下拉框中選擇其中一項，則可使用SelectFromList函數(shù)來實現(xiàn)。測試腳本可以這樣寫：'選擇航班起始城市為"San Francisco"Sele

50、ctFromList "depart","San Francisco4.11關(guān)閉瀏覽器We頃面測試的最后一個步驟一般都是關(guān)閉瀏覽器，在 SAFFRON,也把這 個過程封裝成了一個名為"CloseBrowsers"的函數(shù)，該函數(shù)的定義如下：'close all opened browsersPublic Function CloseBrowsersIf Browser( "micclass:=Browser" ).Exist (0) ThenBrowser( "micclass:=Browser"

51、).CloseEnd IfWhile Browser( "micclass:=Browser" , "index:=1" ).Exist (0)Browser( "index:=1" ).CloseWendIf Browser( "micclass:=Browser" ).Exist (0) ThenBrowser( "micclass:=Browser" ).CloseEnd IfEnd FunctionCloseBrowsers函數(shù)會把當前所有打開的瀏覽器都關(guān)閉，腳本中采用描述性編程的方式獲

52、取所有對象類型為“Browser”的測試對象，然后循環(huán)逐個關(guān)閉所有 這種類型的測試對象。5、對SAFFRON架進行擴展SAFFRON一個基本的框架，它封裝了瀏覽器的相關(guān)測試操作、封裝了一些 基本對象的測試操作，例如 Link、WebButton、WebEdit、WebList等控件，可用 于基本的WEEK面的測試，并且簡化了測試腳本的編寫，可以讓代碼的可讀性和 可維護性得到增強。但是SAFFRON僅是一個基礎(chǔ)框架，我們還需要進一步地對其擴展才能應(yīng)用 到實際的WEB1動化測試項目中去，例如擴展對更多的控件的支持。下面是一個 對Activate函數(shù)擴展Image對象的點擊操作的過程：(1)首先打開

53、SAFFRON架的VBS文件，找到開頭的變量定義處，添加Image 對象，讓框架可以識別和支持Image對象：'擴展對Image對象的支持objects = "Link|WebButton|WebList|WebEdit|Image"objectsDescription ="micclass:=Link|micclass:=WebButton|micclass:=WebList|micclass:=WebEd it|micclass:=Image”(2)修改Activate方法，添加對Image對象的Click操作的支持，腳本修改 成如下所示：'A

54、ctivates an object based upon its object type'objtype - the type of object should be limited to values in the object array'text - identifying text for the control - for a link, it's the text of the linkPublic Function Activate (objtype, text)localDesc =""If thirdlevel <>"" ThenlocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(2)ElselocalDesc = GenerateDescription(level(1)End IfAutoSync()Select Case objtypeCase "Link"Execute localDesc & GenerateObjectDescription( "Link" , "innertext:= "& text) & "Click"Repor