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1、動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWuhan Institute of Shipbuilding TechnologyPower Engineering DepartmentLuobin動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentLesson 15 Marine Pumps 第15課 船用泵動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA pump is a machine used to raise liquids from a low point to a high point. Alt
2、ernatively(換句話說) it may simply(僅僅) provide the liquid with an increase in energy enabling it to flow or build up a pressure. The pumping action can be achieved in various ways (依照) the type of pump employed. The arrangement of (管路), the liquid to be pumped and its purpose will (產(chǎn)生) certain system re
3、quirements or characteristics that must be (滿足) by the pump. 泵是用來把液體從低處提升到高處的機(jī)械。換句話說,泵僅僅是給液體增加能量以便能夠使之流動或者建立壓力。 依照所用泵的型號不同,泵吸過程可以通過不同的途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn)。管路布置、需要泵送的液體,以及其目的將產(chǎn)生特定的系統(tǒng)需要或特性,這些都要由泵來滿足。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentPump typesThere are three main classes of pump in marine use: displacement pump(
4、容積式泵,柱塞泵), axial flow pump(軸流泵) and centrifugal pump(離心泵). A number of different arrangements are possible for displacement and centrifugal pumps to meet particular system characteristics. 泵的類型船用泵主要有三種類型:容積式泵、軸流泵和離心泵。對于容積式泵和離心泵來說,為了滿足特殊的系統(tǒng)性能,許多不同的結(jié)構(gòu)布置都是有可能的。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department單缸單
5、作用單缸雙作用三缸三作用(曲柄夾角120 )雙缸四作用(曲柄夾角90 )動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department 單作用葉片泵 雙作用葉片泵動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department 離心泵動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentDisplacementDisplacement pumps are those where the (容積) of the (泵腔) is (交替地) increased to draw the liquid in from the (吸入管) and then
6、 decreased to force the liquid out into the (輸出管). A reciprocating displacement pump is shown (用圖例地) in Fig.15-1, to (說明) the operating principle. 容積式泵容積式泵的泵腔容積交替變化,容積增加以便從吸入管吸入液體,且容積減少以便排出液體到排出管。 圖圖15-1為往復(fù)泵的工作原理示意圖。為往復(fù)泵的工作原理示意圖。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe pump is double acting, that i
7、s liquid is admitted to either side of the piston where it is alternately drawn in and discharged. As the piston moves upwards, suction takes place below the piston and liquid is drawn in the (活門裝置,即出口閥、進(jìn)口閥) ensuring that the (排出閥,出口閥) cannot open on the (吸入行程). 該泵是往復(fù)式的,液體可以進(jìn)入活塞的兩側(cè),并交替吸排。 當(dāng)活塞向上運(yùn)動時(shí),抽
8、吸在活塞下方出現(xiàn),且液體通過活門裝置吸入,以確保吸入行程中排出閥不能打開。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentAbove the piston, liquid is discharged and the (吸入閥) remains closed. As the piston travels down, the operations of suction and discharge occur now on opposite sides.在活塞上方時(shí)液體被排出,且吸入閥保持關(guān)閉。當(dāng)活塞向下運(yùn)動時(shí),吸排動作相反。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engine
9、ering DepartmentSuction valve closedPiston moving upwardsDischarge valve open Air vesselLiquid discharge Liquid suction Suction valve open Discharge valve closed Diagrammatic reciprocating displacement pump 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentAn (空氣室) is usually fitted in the (排出管路) to (消除,抑制) out
10、 the s(壓力波動) during discharge. As the discharge pressure rises the air compressed in the vessel, and as the pressure falls the air expands.當(dāng)(管路中)排出壓力升高時(shí)空氣在空氣室中壓縮,并且當(dāng)(管路中)壓力降低時(shí),(空氣室中的)氣體會膨脹。 在排出管路上,通常安裝有空氣室以抑制排放期間(液體的)壓力波動。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe (最高的) (壓力能) is thus stored in the a
11、ir and returned to the system when the pressure falls.Air vessels are not fitted on s(往復(fù)式鍋爐給水泵) since they may introduce air into the (除去空氣的) feed water. 由于(空氣室的存在)可能會給經(jīng)過除氣的給水引入空氣,空氣室不安裝在往復(fù)式鍋爐給水泵上。 因而,最高的壓力能被“儲存”在(空氣室中的壓縮)空氣內(nèi),并且當(dāng)(系統(tǒng)的)壓力降低時(shí)又把這部分壓力能重新釋放到系統(tǒng)中。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (安全
12、閥) is always fitted between the pump s(吸入腔室) to protect the pump should it be operated with in the discharge line. Reciprocating displacement pumps are (自吸的), will accept high s(吸入升程), produce the (排出壓力) required by the system and can handle large amounts of (蒸汽) or es(夾帶的空氣). 往復(fù)泵是自吸的,能承擔(dān)較大的吸入升程,產(chǎn)生系
13、統(tǒng)要求的排出壓力,并能夠輸送大量的蒸汽或夾帶的空氣。 如果往復(fù)泵在卸荷管路運(yùn)行,安全閥始終安裝在泵的吸入腔室之間以保護(hù)往復(fù)泵。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThey are however (復(fù)雜的) in construction with a number of moving parts requiring (保養(yǎng)) and (維護(hù)). When starting the pump the suction and discharge valves must be opened. It is important that no valves in
14、 the discharge line are closed, otherwise either the (安全閥) will (開啟) or damage may occur to the pump when it is started. 當(dāng)起動泵的時(shí)候,吸入閥和排出閥必須打開。這點(diǎn)很重要,在起動時(shí)排出管上沒有閥被關(guān)閉,否則安全閥會開啟或者可能會對泵造成損傷。 但是,往復(fù)泵結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,具有許多需要保養(yǎng)和維護(hù)的運(yùn)動部件。動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe pump is (自吸的), but where possible to reduce (磨損
15、) or the risk of (卡?。?it should (注滿) liquid before starting. An (電動泵) needs only to be ed(合閘), when it will run (不穩(wěn)定地) for a short period until liquid is drawn into the pump. 電動泵只需合閘,短期內(nèi)泵會不穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行,直到有液體被吸入到泵內(nèi)。 往復(fù)泵是自吸的,但是為了盡可能減少磨損或者卡住的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),起動前應(yīng)注滿液體。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (蒸汽泵) will requi
16、re the usual draining and warming through procedure before steam is gradually admitted.Most of the moving parts in the pump will require examination during (檢修). The pump piston, rings and cylinder liner must also be thoroughly checked. 在檢修時(shí),泵中的大多數(shù)運(yùn)動部件需要(仔細(xì))檢查。泵的活塞、活塞環(huán)和缸套也必須徹底地檢查。在蒸汽逐漸進(jìn)入(蒸汽泵)之前,蒸汽泵需
17、要正常的放殘和完整的暖機(jī)程序。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Departments(凸臺) will eventually(最終) develop at the limits of the piston ring travel and these must be removed. The suction and discharge valves must be d(重修表面) or (grind in,研磨) as required. 最終在活塞環(huán)行程達(dá)到極限(位置)時(shí)凸臺形成,并且這些凸臺必須除掉。如果需要的話,吸入閥和排出閥必須進(jìn)行重修表面或者研磨。 動力工程系
18、動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentTwo different rotary displacement pumps are shown in Fig. 15-2. The action in each case results in the trapping of a quantity of liquid (or air) in the volume or space which becomes smaller at the discharge or outlet side. It should be noted that the liquid does not
19、pass between the screw(螺紋) or gear teeth(齒輪) as (嚙合) but travels between casing and the teeth. 應(yīng)該注意的是當(dāng)螺桿泵、齒輪泵嚙合的時(shí)候,液體不是經(jīng)過螺紋間或者齒輪間流動,而是經(jīng)殼體和齒輪之間通過。 圖15-2是兩種不同結(jié)構(gòu)的回轉(zhuǎn)式容積泵。每一個(gè)腔室的作用使得一些液體(或者氣體)聚集在其中,然后在排出口或者出口側(cè)腔室的體積變小。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe starting procedure is similar to for the recip
20、rocating displacement pump. Again a relief valve(安全閥) will be fitted between suction and discharge chambers. The particular maintenance problem with this type of pump is the (軸封) where the (填料壓蓋) and (填料) arrangement must (適用于) . 這類泵的特殊維護(hù)問題是軸封,而且填料壓蓋和填料的布置必須適用于具體的泵。 起動程序和往復(fù)泵類似。同樣有一個(gè)安全閥安裝在吸入腔和排出腔之間。
21、動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Departmentthe+形容詞 使形容詞名詞化,相當(dāng)于復(fù)數(shù)的普通名詞,表示一類人或物。例如: the young青年the old老年 the poor窮人the rich富人 the sick病人動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Departmentthe+過去分詞 1. 表示一類人。例如: the living 活著的人 2.表示某種情況的人。例如: the wounded傷員 3. 的事 the unexpected 出乎預(yù)料的事 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department
22、The rotating (葉片) type will suffer wear(磨損) at a rate depending upon the liquid pumped and its (自由度) from the (磨蝕性的) or (腐蝕性的) substances. The (螺桿泵) must be correctly d(定時(shí)) and if ped(拆開) for inspection care should be taken to (裝配) the screws correctly. 螺桿泵必須精確配合,如果拆開檢查,必須十分小心地安裝螺桿(組裝)。 葉輪泵的磨損速度(磨損率
23、)取決于所泵送的液體,以及液體中所含磨蝕物或腐蝕物的自由度。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCentrifugal pumpCentrifugal pumps are those wherein an (葉輪) throws the liquid by (離心力) from the center to the (周圍) of the impeller where the liquid is discharged through the (排出口). 離心泵離心泵泵內(nèi)裝有一個(gè)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉輪,并利用離心力將液體從葉輪的中心甩向四周,然后從排出口排出。
24、動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA vertical(直立的), single stage(單級的), single entry(單側(cè)吸入的), centrifugal pump for general marine duties is shown in Fig. 15-3. The (機(jī)架) and (殼體), together with a motor (支架), house(給做外罩) the (泵件) assembly(組件). 泵的機(jī)架和殼體與馬達(dá)(電動機(jī))的支架做
25、成一體,以便給泵件的組件做外罩。 圖15-3為普通船用直立的、單級的、單側(cè)吸入式離心泵。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe (泵件) is made up of a (端蓋), a (泵軸), an (葉輪), a (軸瓦) and a (密封裝置) around the shaft. The sealing arrangement may be a (填料函)or a (機(jī)械軸封) and the bearing lubrication system will vary according to (根據(jù))the type of seal. 密
26、封裝置可以是填料函式或機(jī)械軸封式,軸承潤滑系統(tǒng)根據(jù)密封裝置的類型而不同。 泵件由端蓋、泵軸、葉輪、軸瓦和套在軸上的密封裝置組成。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department(可更換的) s(磨損環(huán)) are fitted to the (葉輪) and the (殼體). The motor (支架) has two large apertures(孔) to provide (通道) to the (泵件), and a (耦合墊片) is fitted between the motor and pump shaft to enable the (拆卸)
27、of the pumping element without ing(妨礙) the motor.馬達(dá)的支架有兩個(gè)大孔,它是通向泵件的通道,而且耦合墊片安裝在馬達(dá)和泵軸之間,以便在不妨礙馬達(dá)的情況下拆卸泵件。 可更換的磨損環(huán)分別安裝在葉輪和殼體上。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentOther configurations(結(jié)構(gòu)) of centrifugal pumps are used for particular duties or to (滿足) system requ
28、irements. A (直立的) (單級的) (雙側(cè)吸入的) centrifugal pump is shown in Fig. 15-4.The incoming liquid enters the double impeller from the top and the bottom and passes into the (蝸殼) for discharge. 圖15-4為直立的、單級的、雙側(cè)吸入式離心泵。液體經(jīng)雙葉輪的上下兩側(cè)進(jìn)入葉輪,并進(jìn)入蝸殼,以便排出。 其他結(jié)構(gòu)的離心泵用于特殊任務(wù)或用來滿足系統(tǒng)需要。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department
29、A double entry pump has a lower (Net Positive Suction Head ,凈正吸入水頭,汽蝕余量 )required characteristic which will have advantages in poor suction conditions. It should be noted that different impeller sizes can be fitted into a basic pumping element. This enables various (排壓特性) to be provided for the same
30、 basic (泵架).這允許不同的排壓特性,以提供給相同的基本的泵架。 雙側(cè)吸入泵具有較低的NPSH,它有所需的特性,在吸入條件較差的情況下具有較大優(yōu)勢。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是,不同尺寸的葉輪可以安裝在基本的泵件上。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentA (直立的) (多級的) (單側(cè)吸入的) centrifugal pump used for (深井) (貨油泵) is shown in Fig. 15-5. This can a series of centrifugal pumps arranged to supply one another in se
31、ries and thus (逐漸地) increase the (排出壓力). 它可以看作是一連串的離心泵,一個(gè)接一個(gè)連續(xù)地吸入液體,因此可逐漸地提高排出壓力。 圖15-5為用于深井貨油泵的直立的、多級的、單側(cè)吸入式離心泵。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe pump drive is located outside the tank and can be electric, hydraulic or any (恰當(dāng)?shù)模?means (適合的) the location(手動控制). A diffuser (導(dǎo)葉形擴(kuò)散器,導(dǎo)輪)is fitt
32、ed to s. This is a ring(環(huán)形物) fixed to the casing(殼體), around the impeller(葉輪), in which there are passages(通道) formed by vanes(葉片). 高壓離心泵安有導(dǎo)輪。導(dǎo)輪是安裝在包圍葉輪的泵殼上的環(huán)形物,并有許多葉片組成的通道。 泵的驅(qū)動裝置安裝在油箱的外面,并且可以是電動的、液壓的,或者是其他任何適合手動控制的恰當(dāng)方法。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe passagesn (擴(kuò)散) in the direction of l
33、iquid flow and act to the (動能)of the liquid (壓力能). Hydraulic balance arrangements are also usual. 液壓平衡裝置也是常見的。 通道沿著液體流動的方向逐漸擴(kuò)散,它能夠?qū)⒁后w的動能轉(zhuǎn)換為液體的壓力能。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentSome of the high pressure discharge liquid is directed against a (套筒) or piston arrangement(活塞裝置) to balance the di
34、scharge liquid pressure on the impeller and thus maintain it in an (平衡位置). 一部分高壓排出液體會被引入套筒或活塞裝置來平衡排出液體作用在葉輪上的(軸向)壓力,由此保持其在平衡位置。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentCentrifugal pumps, while being suitable for most general marine duties, are not self priming and require some means of removing air fr
35、om the suction pipeline and filling it with liquid. Where the liquid is at a level higher than the pump, opening an air cock(放氣閥) near the pump suction will enable the air to be forced out as the pipeline fills up under the (重力作用). 如果要泵的液體處在高于泵的位置,那么就可以打開吸入管附近的放氣閥,通過重力作用液體就可以在灌滿吸入管時(shí)把管路里的氣體驅(qū)趕出去。 離心泵在
36、船上的用途很廣泛,但是它不是沒有自吸的,需要利用一些方法排除來自吸入管路的空氣,使之充滿液體。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentIf the pump is below sea water level and sea water priming is permissible(允許的)(允許的) in the system, then opening a sea water injection valve and the air cock on the pump will effect priming. Alternatively an air pum
37、ping unit can be provided to individual pumps or as a central priming system connected to several pumps.也可以給單個(gè)泵安裝一個(gè)空氣泵,或者把所有工作在泵連接在中央灌注系統(tǒng)上來實(shí)現(xiàn)灌注。 如果泵安裝在海水面以下,就可以直接用海水灌注,打開海水吸入閥和泵上的放氣閥就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)灌注。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering Department動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentThe water ring or liquid ring pri
38、mer can be arranged as an individual unit mounted on the pump and driven by it, or as a motor driven unit mounted separately and serving several pumps. The primer consists of an elliptical casing in which a vane rotor revolves.引水泵也可以同時(shí)服務(wù)于多個(gè)離心泵。引水泵的泵殼為橢圓形,葉片轉(zhuǎn)子在其內(nèi)部回轉(zhuǎn)。引水水環(huán)泵或液環(huán)泵安裝在離心泵上,可以通過離心泵驅(qū)動,也可以用一個(gè)單
39、獨(dú)的馬達(dá)來驅(qū)動。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentSystem is connected to the air inlet ports and the suction line is thus primed by the removal of air. The air removed from the system is discharged to atmosphere. A reservoir of water is provided to replenish the water ring when necessary. 必要時(shí)儲液器里的存水可向泵
40、內(nèi)補(bǔ)水。 引水系統(tǒng)與空氣入口部位相連,吸入管路通過排出空氣實(shí)現(xiàn)引水。從引水系統(tǒng)抽出的空氣直接排到大氣中。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWhen starting a centrifugal pump the suction valve is opened and the discharge valve left shut: then the motor is started and the priming unit will prime the suction line. Once the pump is primed the delivery
41、valve can be slowly opened and the quantity of liquid can be regulated by opening or closing the delivery valve. 一旦引水成功,就可以慢慢開啟排出閥,液體的排出量可以通過開大關(guān)小排出閥進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。 當(dāng)起動離心泵時(shí),吸入閥開啟、排出閥關(guān)閉:馬達(dá)起動后,引水單元開始為吸入管引水。 動力工程系動力工程系Power Engineering DepartmentWhen stopping the pump the delivery valve is closed and the motor stopped. Regular maintenance on the machine will involve at
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