新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)

1、新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)（上） 八種時態(tài) 一時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，一般過去時，現(xiàn)在完成時，一般將來時，過去進行時，過去完成時，過去將來時1. 一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般性，經(jīng)常性的動作或一般性事實。含有 be 動詞的句子He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.變疑問句將be 動詞移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?變否定句在be 動詞后面加notHe is not a teacher.Th

2、e girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he is. No, he is not.doesn t, 動詞變?yōu)樵蛅.tt.Yes, she is. No, she is not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.不含有動詞的句子，即含有一般動詞的句子第三人稱單數(shù)及單數(shù)名詞He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.變疑問句在句首加does, 動詞變?yōu)樵虳oes he like books?Does she

3、 like him?Does the dog like bones?變否定句在主語及動詞之間加He doesn t like books.She doesn t like him.The dog doesn t like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes, he does. No, he doesnYes, she does. No, she doesnYes, it does. No, it doesn注意：第三人稱單數(shù)形式一般在動詞后面加S,不要和名詞復(fù)數(shù)混淆，變否定句或疑問句時名詞復(fù)數(shù)沒有任何變化。其他人稱及復(fù)數(shù)名詞I want to have a bath.We have som

4、e meat.The students like smart teachers.變疑問句在句首加doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?變否定句在主語和動詞之間加don t.You don t want to have a bath.We don t have any meat.The students don t like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I do. No, I don t.Yes, we do. No, we don t

5、Yes, they do. No, they don t.2. 現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。構(gòu)成：主語 be 動詞動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞其它成分（現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成見附錄）We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.變疑問句將be 動詞移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimmin

6、g across the river?變否定句在be 動詞后面加notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑問句： what, which, how, where, who, etc.疑問詞動詞主語現(xiàn)在分詞What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?（ 必背 ）沒有進行時的動詞表示狀態(tài)，思想，感情和感覺的動詞不

7、能表示正在進行的動作1. 表示感覺，感官的詞see, hear, like, love, want,2. have, has 當”擁有”講時沒有進行時3. 一般過去時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或事件， 常和表示過去的時間狀語連用， 如 yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago,含有 be 動詞的句子，將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式， am, is 的過去式為was， are 的過去式為 wereI was at the butcher s.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very

8、 beautiful ten years ago.變疑問句將be 動詞移動到句首Were you at the butcher s?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?變否定句在be 動詞后面加notI was not at the butcher s.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.肯定回答否定回答Yes, I was. No, I was not

9、.Yes, you were. No, you were not.Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not.特殊疑問句：What did you do?（ 必背 ）不含有 be 動詞的句子，將動詞變?yōu)檫^去式，動詞過去式構(gòu)成見附錄I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Streeta year ago.King Streeta year ago.變疑問句在句首加did ，動詞變?yōu)樵虳id you finish your homew

10、ork yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Streeta year ago?King Streeta year ago?變否定句在主語和動詞之間加did notI did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Streeta year ago.King Streeta year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I did.

11、No, I didn t.Yes, he did. No, he didn t.Yes, they did. No, they did not.4. 現(xiàn)在完成時構(gòu)成：主語+助動詞have, has+ 過去分詞用法：1） 表示過去發(fā)生的和現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動作，常和 just, usually, already, since時間副詞連用I have just had lunch. （ 飽了，不用再吃了 ）He has had a cup of tea. （不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）The boy has alread

12、y read the book. （已經(jīng)知道書的內(nèi)容了，不用再看了）2） 詢問別人是否做過某事一般用現(xiàn)在完成時：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3） 表示開始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4） 表示一種經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗：去過地方，做過事情，經(jīng)歷過事情I have never had a bath.I have never

13、 seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to 表示去過，have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.（人已經(jīng)回來）He has gone to London. （人還在那里）5） 表示一種結(jié)果， 一般不和時間副詞聯(lián)用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.not.句型變化：變疑問句將助動詞移到句首，變否定句在助動詞后面

14、加. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. No, I have not.特殊疑問句：What have you done?What has he done?般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別: 凡是有明確的表示過去的時間狀語的句子為過去時注意：有些動詞表示的動作有一個終點，不能再延續(xù)，因此不能和表示一段時間狀語連用錯： I ve left Beijing for 3 days.對： I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3

15、 days.5. 一般將來時表示將來將要發(fā)生的動作， 經(jīng)常和 tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours time, etc. 表示將來的詞聯(lián)用結(jié)構(gòu)： 主語+助動詞will+ 動詞原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.變疑問句將助動詞移到句首

16、Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?變否定句在助動詞后面加notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning肯定回答及

17、否定回答Yes, I will. No, I will not.Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not.Yes, he will. No, he will not.特殊疑問句：What will you do?6. 過去完成時：用法：在過去的時間里，兩個動作中，發(fā)生在前的哪個動作要用過去完成時。結(jié)構(gòu)：had+過去分詞After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left be

18、fore I arrived at the station.After/before 引導的時間狀語從句放在句首要在句子后面加逗號，如果放在主句后則不用 加。 變疑問句將助動詞移到句首Had she finished her homework? 變否定句在助動詞后面加notShe hadn t finished her homework. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. No, she hadn t. 特殊疑問句：What had she done?7. 過去進行時表示過去正在進行的動作, 經(jīng)常用在 when, while, as 引導的狀語從句中。結(jié)構(gòu)： was/were+do

19、ingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV.8. 過去將來時結(jié)構(gòu)： would doShe said she would go here the next morning.二 特殊句型： there be 句型， be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)1. Be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算，準備，計劃做某事結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+be 動詞 +goin

20、g to + 動詞原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.變疑問句將be 動詞移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?變否定句在be 動詞后面加notI am not going to make a boo

21、kcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I am. No, I am not.Yes, they are. No, they are not.Yes, he is. No, he is not.特殊疑問句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?（ 必背 ）2. There be 句型表示哪里有什么東

22、西 （ 某處有某物 ）There is 單數(shù)名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are 復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示場所的詞（一般為介詞詞組）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.變疑問句將be 動詞移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?變否定句在動詞后面加notThere is not a book in thi

23、s room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, there is. No, there is not.Yes, there are. No, there are not.三問句：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句，選擇疑問句，否定疑問句2 一般疑問句 : 助動詞 /be 動詞+主語Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea?2 特殊疑問句 : 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句What is your name?2 選擇疑問句: orDo you want beef o

24、r lamb?2 反意疑問句: 肯定陳述句+否定疑問部分，否定陳述部分+肯定疑問部分You don t need that pen, do you?2 否定疑問句 : 一般疑問句 +否定詞Aren ' t you lucky? Don ' t you want have a rest?四.冠詞用法：a/an/the 的一般用法（ 詳細見筆記）五. 限定詞： some, any, many, much2 some, any修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑問句，注意，當期待對方的答案為肯定回答時用some2 many修飾可數(shù)名詞，much修飾不可數(shù)

25、名詞，在口語中表示很多一般不用many, much,而用a lot of,在否定句中表示很多用many, much.I have a lot of money. I don ' t have much money.六.名詞：種類，復(fù)數(shù)，名詞所有格1.名詞分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞2不可數(shù)名詞無法分開的東西：water, tea, bread, milk, rice（米）抽象的東西：love, beauty, coldness（寒冷）不可數(shù)名詞有以下特點：1 . 不能用a, an修飾2 .不能加s3 .和單數(shù)be動詞或動詞搭配2可數(shù)名詞：單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要用冠詞修飾，復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞要在名詞后面加

26、s,名詞復(fù)數(shù)共有以下幾種變化：規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則1一般情況+sshell fshells book fbooks規(guī)則2以 s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾+esfox ffoxeschurchfchurches, bus fbuses, watch fwatches規(guī)則3以o 結(jié)尾+s 或+espotato fpotatoes, Negro fNegroes, hero fheroes, tomatoftomatoes , （口訣：黑人英雄愛吃土豆和西紅柿），剩下一 股力口 s, radio fradios規(guī)則4以f, fe 結(jié)尾的，變f, fe 為veslife fliveshalf

27、fhalves, shelffshelves, city fcities,wife fwives規(guī)則5以輔首,子母+y結(jié)尾，變y為i+essky fskiesfly fflies規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式1數(shù)manwomanfootgoosetooth復(fù)數(shù)menwomenfeetgeeseteeth，數(shù)childsheepdeermousefish復(fù)數(shù)childrensheepdeermicefish七.介詞（注意總結(jié)書上詞組）八.副詞：用法及形容詞變副詞的變化u副詞可以修飾形容詞，動詞，副詞或整個句子。如:The book is very good.He runs fast.She came h

28、ere quite early.Certainly I will go with you.u 變化：1 直接在形容詞后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2 .以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞，把 y變I,力口-ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily3有些詞形容詞和副詞的形式相同，不需要做任何變化fast, hard, late4 有些詞加上-ly 后意思與原詞相差很遠：neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,九情態(tài)動詞的使用： can, must, may, might, need,1 情態(tài)動詞 c

29、an （能夠） , must （必須） , may （可以）結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+can/must/may+ 動詞原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.變疑問句將情態(tài)動詞移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?變否定句在情態(tài)動詞后面加notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, he

30、can. No, he cannot.Yes, she can. No, she cannot.Yes, we can. No, we cannot.特殊疑問句：What can you do?（ 必背 ）注意：情態(tài)動詞的句子沒有第三人稱單數(shù)的變化，不要在情態(tài)動詞或動詞后面加S。2 Must/have to 的區(qū)別must 表示必須，是主觀上覺得應(yīng)該做， have to 是不得不，是由于客觀條件逼迫的必要要做must 只能用在表示現(xiàn)在和將來的句子里，而have to do 可以用在任何時態(tài)3 must, may, might 表示猜測：must do 表示對現(xiàn)在事實的猜測must have d

31、one 表示對過去事實的猜測must have been doing 表示對過去正在進行的事實的猜測may/might do, may/might have done 表示沒有任何事實依據(jù)的猜測， might 的可能性更小。can' t/couldn ' t表示不可能4 . need 用法：表示“需要”時為實意動詞，后面可以加名詞，也可以加不定式：I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don' t.I need to have a rest.uNeed doing=need to be done , 表示被動The flow

32、ers need watering.Need在否定時做情態(tài)動詞使用You needn ' t go so early. =You don ' t need to go so early.Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn' t.十.不定代詞及不定副詞：Someanynoeverythingsomethinganythingnothingeverythingonesomeoneanyoneanythingeveryonewheresomewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebodysome

33、bodyanybodynobodyeverybodyt find it anywhere.I looked for my book everywhere, but I canIf you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up.Help! Somebody? Anybody?You are really something.Since everybody is here, let s begin our class.Where did you go? I went nowhere.Nobody is at h

34、ome.I have nothing left.新概念英語第一冊語法總結(jié)（下） 句型和語法 十一 感嘆句：What + 名詞 +主語 +謂語What a beautiful girl she is!How + 形容詞 +主語 +謂語How beautiful the girl is!十二 祈使句：第二人稱：let+ 其他人稱代詞祈使句的否定，加don t反意疑問祈使句（第二人稱） 祈使句表示請求，命令，建議，邀請等，謂語動詞一律用原型，句子中通常不用主語，句末用驚嘆好或者句號，用降調(diào)。肯定句 動詞原型例， Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. St

35、and up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful.祈使句中如果有喚語，一定要用逗號隔開，放在句首或者句尾Come in, Amy.Sit down here, Tom.Mary, give me a book please.否定： Don't+ 動詞原型Don't come here.Don t sit down.Don t stand up.Don t give me it.let sb. doLet me pass.Let us have a rest.Let s have a rest.（ 反意疑問 ） ：Let s have a walk a

36、long the river, shall we?Let us go out for a drink, will you?十三倒裝句： so/neither 的倒裝 eg.He can swim. So can I.I didn t go to class. Neither did I.結(jié)構(gòu)：so/neither+be+主語so/neither+ 助動詞+ 主語so/neither+ 情態(tài)動詞 + 主語一般現(xiàn)在時, do, does/am, is, are現(xiàn)在進行時,am,is, are一般過去時,did現(xiàn)在完成時,have, has一般將來時,will,shall,過去進行時， was, w

37、ere過去完成時，had過去將來時, would十四直接引語/ 間接引語如果引語的主句所用動詞為過去時， 那么間接引語要做相應(yīng)變化： 時態(tài)，人稱，時間地點及指示詞時態(tài)變化：般現(xiàn)在時般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時一般過去時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時be going to was/were going to/wouldcancouldmaymight時間地點及指示詞的變化：here there, tomorrow -the next day, the following day, thisthat 人稱變化：根據(jù)句意改變?nèi)朔Q。十五直接賓語/ 間接賓語主語及物動詞間接賓語直接賓

38、語直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象， 間接賓語是及物動詞的動作所涉及的人或事務(wù)， 也可以說間接賓語表示動作是對誰做的， 或者是為誰做的。 所以間接賓語要用名詞或者賓格代詞來擔當。He gives me a book.me間接賓語，a book直接賓語直接賓語和間接賓語的位置調(diào)換時要加一個介詞 to 或 for主語及物動詞直接賓語介詞+間接賓語Give me a book.Give the book to me.Send his a letter.Send a letter to him.Show him the new dress.Show the new dress to him.十六從句：賓語

39、從句，定語從句（限定性），表語從句，狀語從句（ if 引導的真實條件句）賓語從句：如果賓語從句的主句中的動詞為過去時，那么賓語從句中的時態(tài)要和主句統(tǒng)一；如果賓語從句為疑問詞引導，那么語序要用陳述語序，即主語在前，動詞在后。定語從句：表語從句：狀語從句（ if 引導的真實條件句）：主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時What will you do if you win a lot of money?If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.十七 動詞不定式做賓語及賓語補語的用法（ 詳細用法請見NECII）結(jié)構(gòu)：to do,用法：可以做除謂語以外的所有成分

40、，語法上稱之為非謂語動詞。做賓語：在一些動詞后常用不定式做賓語，例如： want, like, ask ,try 做賓補： want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do動詞過去式過去式的讀音形容詞的比較級形容詞和副詞的最高級附錄：代詞及be動詞名詞復(fù)數(shù)動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式動詞現(xiàn)在分詞代詞及be動詞第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格Iweyouyoushe/he/itthey賓格meusyouyouher/him/itthem代詞所有格myouryouryourher/his/itstheir名詞性代詞mineoursyoursyourshers/his/itstheirsbe動詞現(xiàn)在時Amareareareisarebe動詞過去時waswerewerewerewaswere名詞的復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式規(guī)則1一般情況+s.shell fshe