Unit-3-主謂一致-課件PPT

1、2021/8/2612021/8/262Unit 32021/8/263綜述綜述語法一致原則語法一致原則 就近原則就近原則 注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng) 意義一致原則意義一致原則 Exercises 2021/8/264主謂一致即句子的主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。 一般說來，主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定著謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)采取的相應(yīng)形式。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，有時(shí)情況較為復(fù)雜，但在現(xiàn)代英語中基本遵循如下原則：語法一致原則、 意義一致原則和就近原則。2021/8/265語法一致原則就是根據(jù)主語的語法形式?jīng)Q定其謂語動(dòng)詞的語法形式。主語是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：A letter has

2、 been sent to every student.Two letters have been sent to every student.To treat them in that way is unfair.Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health.2021/8/266意義一致原則指主謂之間的一致關(guān)系不是由主語的語法形式來決定，而是由主語所表達(dá)的意義來決定。形式是單數(shù)的主語，其謂語可能是復(fù)數(shù)形式；反之，形式是復(fù)數(shù)的主語，其謂語有可能是單數(shù)（詳見后文所述）。例如： The class are doing experiment on he

3、at and light. The team are playing magnificently. The United States is a country advanced in science and technology. Ten dollars is all I have left. Two thirds of the area is under water.同一單詞作主語，根據(jù)其表達(dá)意義的不同，有時(shí)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)卻要用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。例如： The family is the basic unit of the society. The family have agreed amon

4、g themselves to spend their vacation in Italy.2021/8/267就近原則是指謂語動(dòng)詞與它最近的名詞、代詞或其他詞在人稱或數(shù)上保持一致。常見于eitheror; neithernor等并列結(jié)構(gòu)或there, here引起的句子中。例如： Neither he nor his parents have the money to buy this house. Either you or he was wrong. There is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. Not onl

5、y his children but he himself is hoping to be there.2021/8/268 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況 謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)要視情形而謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)要視情形而定的情況定的情況2021/8/2691) one, each, no one, one of, many a, either, neither 和 some, any, no, every 構(gòu)成的代詞（如: somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, nothing, everyb

6、ody, everything）等作主語或主語修飾語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. Neither of them drinks coffee. Each man and (each) woman has good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.2) a kind of, a sort of, a portion of, a section of, a series of, a succession of, a pair of,

7、a couple of 等修飾主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般根據(jù)語法一致原則一般用單數(shù)。例如： A pair of scissors is what he needs now. A series of lectures on radio engineering is scheduled. There is a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.2021/8/26103) 表示國(guó)家、單位、書報(bào)等名稱或表示時(shí)間、距離、體積、度量衡（將它視為一整體）等的名詞或短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： The Netherlands is famous for its

8、 tulips. One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot. Ten pounds was missing from the bill. The Thirty-Nine Steps is an interesting novel.4) 不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語或名詞性從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)。例如： To master at least a foreign language is very necessary in the present conditions. Forgetting the past means nothing but b

9、etrayal. When they will start on their journey hasnt been decided.2021/8/26115)單數(shù)詞作主語，雖然后接由including, as well as, together with, in addition to, accompanied by等詞或短語連接其他的詞，謂語動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)。例如： Gold, as well as silver, has recently risen in price. The factory, with all its equipment, has been burned. John to

10、gether with his brother has gone to the party.2021/8/26121) both, some, few, many, several, the majority (of), the minority (of)等詞語作主語或主語修飾語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Both of them have gone to Shanghai on business. Few of my classmates really understand me. The majority of (the) doctors believe smoking is harmfu

11、l to health.2) 以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的山脈、群島、瀑布等專有名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： The Niagara Falls are very spectacular. The Philippine Islands are in the Pacific Ocean.3) 表示群體或類屬的“the +形容詞” 作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： The injured were sent to hospital at once. In many western films, the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.20

12、21/8/26131) 由and連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Your problem and mine are similar. 但當(dāng)and連接的詞語作整體考慮，指同一人、同一事物或概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： The worker and poet has published a collection of poems recently. Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness. 當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，如果指一件 事物謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)； 如果指兩件事物則謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如： A

13、 black and white(黑白相間的) horse was drinking water. The red and the yellow rose are both beautiful.2) 集合名詞如family, group, team, the public, crowd, committee, staff等作主語， 表整體意義時(shí)用單數(shù)；表個(gè)體意義時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。2021/8/2614如： Our team has won the game. Our team are discussing the matter of how to win.3) 一些表示數(shù)量的詞，如a lot of,

14、any of, most of, half of, two-thirds of, eighty percent of, part of, the rest of, some of, none of, all of等與名詞連用時(shí)，后面名詞用單數(shù)則謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；名詞用復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： A large percentage of our pilots retire early. A large percentage of his income is paid in income tax. Most of the book is interesting. Most of the boo

15、ks are informative though a little dull.2021/8/26154) 另一些表示數(shù)量的詞a number of, a total of, an average of等后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但其中不定冠詞換成定冠詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。例如： A number of students were late for school owing to the storm. The number of jobs is increasing. An average of 3 000 letters a month are received by the news

16、papers office. The average number of letters received each month is 3 000.2021/8/26161. Directions: In this exercise, there are 20 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.BDC1. Ten percent of the workers in this city _

17、 now on strike. A. isB. areC. is to beD. are to be2. Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade _ not able to solve the problem. A. areB. wereC. amD. is3. The government _ hoping to make their findings known soon. A. isB. has beenC. areD. be2021/8/26174. Today there _ a number of tel

18、ephone calls from the applicants for the position. A. have been B. is having C. has been D. are to have5. The nation wants peace; only a minority _ the war to continue. A. want B. wants C. wanted D. hast wanted6. The play writer and director _ promised to attend our tea party. A. Have B. has C. are

19、D. isBAA2021/8/26187. Another three weeks _ necessary for us to finish the work. A. are B. was C. is D. will have been8) He is the only one of the brightest students who from New York University. A. is graduated B. have graduated C. has graduated D. are graduated9) Whether or not the new plan will y

20、ield any positive results _ to be seen. A. remain B. is remained C. remains D. have remainedCCC2021/8/261910) The first part of the lecture was interesting but the rest _. A. was dull B. were dull C. had been dull D. were to dull11) Collecting stamps as a hobby _ increasingly popular during the past

21、 ten years. A. became B. becomes C. has become D. have become12) _ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated. A. It being B. It is C. There being D. There isCDA2021/8/262013) Half of the audience _ foreigners. A. was B. were C. had been D. has been14）More than one example _ necessa

22、ry to make the students understand this rule clearly. A. are B. is C. should be D. have been 15) A new TV series _ handicapped children that they can and should think about career development. A. have taught B. teaches C. teach D. were taughtBBB2021/8/26212. Directions: Tick out（選出） the correct form of the verb given in the brackets to complete each sentence.1) There (seem, seems) to be many arguments on both sides.2) Two-thirds of this (has, have) been finished.3) Now the band (is, are) putting away their instruments.4) Ten divided by two (equal, equals) five.5) A pair of trouse