高考英語語法精品學(xué)案：專題4 形容詞與副詞

1、 形容詞與副詞是高考考查的熱點(diǎn)，高考英語中單項(xiàng)填空、完形填空、書面表達(dá)，任何一項(xiàng)題目中都有可能涉及形容詞等級(jí)、辨析和在句中的位置。關(guān)于形容詞與副詞這一考點(diǎn)，主要考查以下幾個(gè)方面：在具體的語境中考查形容詞詞義辨析；考查形容詞作狀語；考查比較級(jí)的用法尤其是隱性比較；考查一些習(xí)語搭配；與形容詞同形的副詞和形容詞后加ly構(gòu)成的副詞的區(qū)別；多個(gè)形容詞作定語時(shí)的排列順序等。 一、形容詞、副詞的主要功能1形容詞在句中主要作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語，但有時(shí)也作狀語，表示伴隨、原因等。如：We find the boy considerate. (賓補(bǔ))He walked in the snow, cold and h

2、ungry. (伴隨狀語)Afraid of difficulties, they took the easy road. (原因狀語)2副詞作狀語主要是用作修飾性狀語、評(píng)注性狀語及連接性狀語。其中后兩種狀語是現(xiàn)在考查的重點(diǎn)。如：He spoke English fairly fluently. (修飾性狀語)Fortunately, none of them was hurt. (評(píng)注性狀語)His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. (連接性狀語)注意：(1)形容詞作狀語是形容主語的性質(zhì)，而副

3、詞作狀語則修飾動(dòng)詞。如：He walked home slowly. 他慢慢地步行回家了。He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他到家時(shí)又累又餓。(2)有些副詞像fortunately, luckily, surprisingly, honestly, actually, personally 等作評(píng)注性狀語往往修飾整個(gè)句子，對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說明或解釋，表示說話人對(duì)話語的態(tài)度與看法。通常位于句首，常用逗號(hào)與句子分開。如：2 / 22Surprisingly, no one in the class could work out the problem. Perso

4、nally, I don't think he will interview you. (3) 還有些副詞起連接作用，使前后句構(gòu)成某種邏輯上的銜接。常見的有： 意義 例詞 表示列舉和順序 first(ly)，second(ly), then, next, finally, last 表示意義增補(bǔ)和引申 also，besides，furthermore，moreover 表示意義等同 equally, similarly 表示結(jié)果 therefore, thus, consequently 表示換個(gè)說法 rather, alternatively 表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折 instead，thoug

5、h, yet, however 表示讓步 anyhow, anyway 表示時(shí)間過度 meanwhile, meantime I am wrong. Similarly, you are to blame. 我錯(cuò)了。同樣地，你也該受到譴責(zé)。Seize the chance. Otherwise you'll regret it. 抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，否則你會(huì)后悔的。They are enjoying themselves. (Or) Rather, they appear to be enjoying themselves. 他們正玩得很開心，更精確地說，他們好像正玩得很開心。He forg

6、ot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program. 他忘了打開收音機(jī)， 因此錯(cuò)過了那個(gè)節(jié)目。It may snow, but anyhow I will go to town. 可能下雪，但我無論如何要進(jìn)城。He said he would come; he didn't, though. 他說他要來，可是并沒有來。Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house. 母親去買東西；我打掃屋子。二、形容詞的位置1形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：(1)形容詞短語作定語，定語

7、后置。如： a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high(2)表語形容詞(alike，alone，asleep，awake，alive等)作定語，定語后置。如：a man alive。有些表身體健康狀況的形容詞，如：well，faint，ill只作表語。sick既可作表語又可作定語，ill若作定語意為“bad”。(3)用作定語，修飾由不定代詞one，any，some和every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞，如anything，something等時(shí)，通常后置。如：I have something important to

8、 tell you. (4)else常用作疑問代詞和不定代詞的后置定語。2多個(gè)形容詞及限定詞等修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序： 限定詞 數(shù)詞形容詞 名詞冠詞前的形容詞 冠詞、指示代詞、名詞所有格等 序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞 性質(zhì)狀態(tài) 大小長(zhǎng)短形狀顏色國(guó)籍出版材料質(zhì)地作用類別all both suchthea this another yourfirst nextone fourbeautiful good poorlarge short squarenew oldChinese easternsilk stonemedical writinga beautiful small round old yellow F

9、rench wooden study room口訣巧記：限定描繪大長(zhǎng)高，形狀年齡和新老，顏色國(guó)籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠。(1)The husband gave his wife _ every month in order to please her. Aincome all his Bhis all incomeChis income all Dall his income【解析】 D考查多個(gè)限定詞的詞序。all前位限定； his中位限定。(2)The _ house smells as if it hasn't been lived in for years. Alittle wh

10、ite wooden Blittle wooden whiteCwhite wooden little Dwooden white little【解析】 A考查多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一中心詞的詞序： 大小 顏色 材料。三、副詞的分類英語里的副詞分為9類：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、頻率、程度、連接、關(guān)系、疑問和句子副詞。常見的有：1時(shí)間副詞常見的時(shí)間副詞有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, finally, before, early, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, suddenly, immediately

11、，already, just 等。2地點(diǎn)副詞常見的地點(diǎn)副詞有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors, overseas, halfway, upstairs, downstairs 等。3頻率副詞頻率副詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)，常見的有ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually, continually, always 等。4程度副詞程度副詞用于表示程度，常見的有 fairly

12、, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highly, awfully, deeply, partly, perfectly, really 等。5連接副詞常見的連接副詞有therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover，thus, meanwhile, when, why, where, how 等。6句子副詞句子副詞用于修飾句子(而不是修飾某個(gè)單詞)，反映說話人的觀點(diǎn)和看法，如 actually, certainly, clearly,

13、definitely, evidently, fortunately, frankly, honestly, luckily, obviously, perhaps, possibly, probably, surely, undoubtedly, unexpectedly 等。四、兼有兩種形式的副詞有些副詞有兩種形式，一種形式是在形容詞后加ly，另一種形式同該形容詞，即“形、副同形”，但其意義有很大差別， 這類詞主要有：1不加ly表示具體概念，加ly表示抽象概念或用于比喻意義。 high空間高度 The plane was flying high. highly高度地，非常地 I think

14、 highly of your opinion.注意短語：aim high 心懷大志，志向高遠(yuǎn)deep空間深度 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. deeply深深地 Even father was deeply moved by the film.注意搭配：deep into the night到深夜wide空間寬度 He opened the door wide. widely廣泛地，普遍地 English is widely used in the world.注意短語：be wide awake 完全清醒close 接近地，緊緊地 He is

15、sitting close to me. closely 仔細(xì)地，嚴(yán)密地 Watch him closely. 2兩種形式，詞義差別較大late晚，遲 You have come too late. lately 最近What have you been doing lately(recently)？free免費(fèi)You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.freely 自由地You may speak freely； say what you like.most 很，非常，最 He is most kind to me. mostly

16、 主要地，大部分 She is mostly at home on Sundays.hard 努力地 Think harder. hardly 幾乎不，簡(jiǎn)直不 I can hardly understand you. 專題四 正面解讀五、形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)的基本句型1asadj./adv.原級(jí)as not as/ soadj./adv.原級(jí)as注意：當(dāng)asas 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。This is as good an example as the other is. This is an example as good as the other is. 2adj./adv.比較級(jí)tha

17、nYou are taller than I. 注意：比較級(jí)后面跟有名詞時(shí)，有時(shí)需要加適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~。Tom is the taller of the two brothers. I have never read a better story. 3the 最高級(jí) of/ among 同類名詞/ in 范圍、地點(diǎn)等名詞/定語從句(have ever)This cake is the most delicious of all/ in the shop/ I have ever had. 注意：(1)當(dāng)沒有比較的范圍時(shí)，most表示非常，相當(dāng)于very，此時(shí)沒有比較概念。Steel is most

18、useful / a most useful material in industry. (2)“否定詞語比較級(jí)”，“否定詞語 soas”結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。Nothing is so easy as this. Nothing is easier than this. This is the easiest thing. We couldn't feel better. 4the 比較級(jí)， the比較級(jí)越，越The more practice you do, the fewer mistakes you will make. 5比較級(jí) and比較級(jí) 越來越The weather is

19、 getting warmer and warmer. 六、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的修飾詞1almost, exactly, just, quite, nearly, half, twice 等詞可以用來修飾asas結(jié)構(gòu)。2much, many(只能在比較級(jí)后是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)使用)，far, by far, a lot, a great deal, rather, a bit, a little, even, still, yet，no, twice等詞可以修飾more than比較級(jí)。3by far, almost, nearly, much，first等詞可以修飾最高級(jí)。This problem

20、is exactly as important as that one. Mike is much / a lot/ far/ a little stronger than John. He has much more money than me but I have many more books than him. My father is two inches taller than me/ taller than me by two inches. Today is even/ still/ yet colder.I can't go any farther.I can go

21、no farther.This hat is by far the biggest.The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 七、表達(dá)倍數(shù)的常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)1A is three/fourtimes the size/height/length/widthof B或The size/height/length/width of A is three/fourtimes that of如：The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one. 新擴(kuò)

22、建的廣場(chǎng)是未擴(kuò)建時(shí)的四倍大。 2A is three/fourtimes as big/high/long/wideas B如：This tree is three times as tall as that one. 這棵樹是那棵樹的三倍高。3A is three/fourtimes bigger/higher/longer/widerthan B如：The dictionary is exactly five times more expensive than that one. 這本字典比那本恰好貴5倍。注意：用times表示倍數(shù)時(shí)，一般只限于三倍或三倍以上的數(shù)，表示兩倍常用twice或

23、double。八、特殊結(jié)構(gòu)和固定搭配形容詞和副詞有許多特殊結(jié)構(gòu)和固定搭配，歸納與考點(diǎn)有密切聯(lián)系的部分如下：1tooto句型的兩個(gè)意義(1)表示否定意義，意為“太而不能”。如：This question is too hard for me to understand. 這個(gè)問題太難，我理解不了。The flower is too beautiful to last. 花太美，難經(jīng)久。(2)表示肯定意義，意為“非常，很，極”。當(dāng)too后面接easy, ready, eager, willing, thankful, delighted等形容詞時(shí)，too表示“很，非常”之意，與very表達(dá)“很”的

24、意思相同。當(dāng)too前有all, but, only等詞時(shí)，形成only too/all tooto do結(jié)構(gòu)，仍舊表達(dá)“非常，很，極”之意。如：I'm too glad to hear the news. 聽到這個(gè)消息我非常高興。He's only too pleased to pick her up.他非常高興去接她。They are but too glad to see me.他們非常高興來看我。2A is to B what C is to D. 意為“A對(duì)于B就如C對(duì)于D?！比纾篍ngines are to machines what hearts are to an

25、imals.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)對(duì)于機(jī)器就如心臟對(duì)于動(dòng)物。3than的習(xí)慣短語(1)more than意為“超過，多于；十分，非常；不僅僅”。如：I was more than surprised at his sudden arrival. 對(duì)他的突然到來我非常吃驚。(2)morethan意為“與其不如”。如：He was more frightened than hurt.與其說他受到傷害不如說他受到了驚嚇。(3)rather than意為“而非，不，寧愿也不”(would/had ratherthan)。如：Rather than take a bus to school, I'd prefe

26、r to walk. 我寧愿步行上學(xué)也不愿乘車。(4)other than常意為“除之外，不同于”；在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，形成no/not/nothing other than 的結(jié)構(gòu)搭配，常意為“正是，恰好是，除了別無”。如：It was no other than my old friend Jones. 就是我的老朋友瓊斯。1要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)?！菊`】 He is more cleverer than his brother. 【正】 He is more clever than his brother. 【正】 He is cleverer than his brother. 2要避免將主語

27、含在比較對(duì)象中。【誤】 China is larger than any country in Asia. 【正】 China is larger than any other country in Asia. 3比較的對(duì)象要一致。【誤】 The weather in China is different from America.【正】 The weather in China is different from that in America.【解析】 句意為：中國(guó)的天氣與美國(guó)的天氣不同。比較的是天氣而不是國(guó)家，比較的主體要一致，因此用that代替前面的weather。4要避免表語形容詞用

28、作定語?！菊`】 Entering the room, I saw an afraid girl crouching in the corner. 【正】 Entering the room, I saw a frightened girl crouching in the corner. 【解析】 afraid是表語形容詞不能作定語，而frightened是過去分詞變來的普通形容詞，可以作定語。5不要把連接性副詞當(dāng)連詞使用。(1)【誤】 He takes no interest in studies, instead, he plays tennis all day. 【正】 He takes

29、 no interest in studies; instead, he plays tennis all day. 【正】 He takes no interest in studies. Instead, he plays tennis all day. (2)【誤】 The house is not big enough for us, besides, it is too far from town. 【正】 The house is not big enough for us, and besides, it is too far from town. 【正】 The house i

30、s not big enough for us. Besides, it is too far from town. 【解析】 instead, besides等很多詞是起連接作用的副詞，不能當(dāng)連詞使用，因此它們所在的句子和前面的句子之間只有語義上的邏輯關(guān)系，而句子之間在語法上是獨(dú)立的，因此前面的句子要用句號(hào)或分號(hào)或用and并列。 12010·全國(guó)卷 Mr. Black is very happy because the clothes made in his factory have never been _. Apopular Bmore popularCmost popular

31、 Dthe most popular【解析】 B考查形容詞比較級(jí)的用法。形容詞比較級(jí)用于否定句表示隱含的最高級(jí)，表示“沒有比更的”。2Much to his surprise，he invited only twenty friends to the dinner，but _ came.Atwice as many as Bas many as twiceCtwice as many Dtwice more than【解析】 C考查倍數(shù)的表達(dá)。很顯然這里要表達(dá)的意思是：來的客人人數(shù)是他邀請(qǐng)的客人數(shù)的兩倍，所以要用“倍數(shù)as many as”結(jié)構(gòu)。第二個(gè)as及其后的內(nèi)容省略。3Food safe

32、ty is _ important, so the government spares no effort to prevent food pollution. Ahighly Breasonably Cstrongly Dnaturally【解析】 Ahighly表示程度“非常，極度”。4In that case, there is nothing you can do _ than wait. Amore Bother Cbetter Dany【解析】 B“nothingother than wait” 只好等待。52010·全國(guó)卷 I have seldom seen my m

33、other _ pleased with my progress as she is now. Aso Bvery Ctoo Drather【解析】 A易混副詞用法辨析。asas句型在否定句中可以替換為soas如本句。62010·福建卷 Volunteering is becoming popular in China. Yeah，people are now aware that helping others is helping themselves. Anaturally BsuccessfullyCsplendidly Dincreasingly【解析】 D考查副詞辨析。根據(jù)

34、第一句句意：志愿工作在中國(guó)正越來越受到歡迎，可知D項(xiàng)正確。72010·湖北卷 I wasn't blaming anyone；I _ said errors like this could be avoided. Amerely Bmostly Crarely Dnearly【解析】 A考查副詞詞義辨析。句意為：我沒有責(zé)備任何人，我僅僅是說像這樣的錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的。這里表示“僅僅，只有”，所以用merely。8After watching the movie Avatar, Mary lay in bed with her eyes _ open while all her

35、family were _ asleep.Awidely; soundly Bwider; soundlyCwidely; sound Dwide; sound【解析】 D表示眼睛睜得大、嘴張得大等時(shí)，要用wide修飾open；表示“酣睡”時(shí)，常用be sound/fast/deep asleep來表達(dá)。9Boris has brains. In fact，I doubt whether anyone in the class has _ IQ.Aa high Ba higher Cthe higher Dthe highest【解析】 B考查形容詞比較級(jí)的用法。根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容可知，這里是將Bo

36、ris的智商與班級(jí)里其他同學(xué)的智商進(jìn)行比較，因此應(yīng)該用比較級(jí)，排除A、D兩項(xiàng)；另外，這里是表泛指，因此用不定冠詞，故B項(xiàng)正確。10How was your recent visit to Qingdao?It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _ days at the seaside. Afew last sunny Blast few sunnyClast sunny few Dfew sunny last【答案】 B11Everyone was on time for the meeting _ Mike, who'

37、s usually ten minutes late for everything. Aeven Bonly Cbut Dyet【解析】 A本題考查副詞。句意為：每個(gè)人都按時(shí)到會(huì)，甚至連那個(gè)通常什么時(shí)候都會(huì)遲到十分鐘的麥克也按時(shí)到會(huì)了。選A。12People go out with masks, _. Afear of the sandstormBafraid of the sandstormCfeared of the sandstormDbeing afraid of the sandstorm【解析】 B考查形容詞短語作狀語的用法。句意為： 人們因害怕沙塵暴，外出時(shí)都戴著口罩。13Mrs

38、. White bought a _ wallet for her husband. Ablack leather small Bsmall leather blackCblack small leather Dsmall black leather【解析】 D考查名詞前多個(gè)形容詞的排列順序。其排列順序?yàn)椋捍笮⌒螤?、顏色、出處、材料、用途。選D。14Let me help you, Tom!Thank you. I can do it. Here's _ to hold all these things. Aa case big enough Ban enough big case C

39、a case enough big Da big case enough【答案】 A15The economic impact study was conducted by a group of selected MBA students at the University of Kansas. Aespecially BspeciallyCregularly Dpotentially【解析】 B考查副詞辨析。句意為：經(jīng)濟(jì)影響調(diào)查是由幾個(gè)來自堪薩斯州大學(xué)的、特別挑選的碩士研究生進(jìn)行的。especially尤其是；regularly有規(guī)律地；potentially潛在地。specially特別地

40、，符合題意。1(2011·青島市第一次模擬)Thinking that her daughter was doing homework，the mother left the room，_.Aquickly and gentle Bquick and gentleCquickly and gently Dquick and gently解析：quick and gentle 在句中是形容詞短語作伴隨狀語，往往用逗號(hào)隔開。答案：B2(2011·青島市第一次模擬)My grandfather is as _as a young man and hates sitting aro

41、und doing nothing all day.Aenthusiastic BenergeticCtalkative Dsensitive解析：依據(jù)后半句hates sitting around doing nothing all day 可知這里表示“精力充沛的”，故選B項(xiàng)。enthusiastic熱情的；talkative 健談的；sensitive 敏感的。答案：B3(2011·福建畢業(yè)班檢查)Even students with _intelligence can be excellent students after bettering their study habi

42、ts.Aaverage BunusualCsplendid Dpopular解析：考查形容詞辨析。average 表示“一般的，平常的”；unusual 表示“異乎尋常的”；splendid 表示“極好的，壯麗的”；popular 則表示“流行的”。根據(jù)語意，此處表示“智力一般的學(xué)生在改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣之后也能變得很出色”，所以選A項(xiàng)。答案：A4(2011·東城練習(xí)二)Young people go to college with the expectation that_educated people get a higher pay.Agood BbetterCbest Dthe be

43、st解析：本題考查形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)。句意為：年輕人上大學(xué)，帶著這樣的期望得到更好教育的人會(huì)得到更高的工資報(bào)酬。所以本題應(yīng)該選擇B項(xiàng)。答案：B5(2011·黑龍江檢測(cè))I was sleepy.I decided to make myself some_coffee so I could work_.Aweak；better Bstrong；wellCstrong；better Dweak；well解析：根據(jù)語意，第一空用strong coffee，濃咖啡才能提神；第二空表示比較，意為“比現(xiàn)在工作得更好”，故用well的比較級(jí)。答案：C6(2011·南昌一模)The in

44、crease of the number of the students makes the limited computers not_to each student.Aavailable BaffordableChelpful Dacceptable解析：考查形容詞詞義辨析。語境為：學(xué)生數(shù)量的增加使有限的電腦不夠每個(gè)學(xué)生都使用。固定短語be available to意為“可享受的，可得到的，可使用的”。be helpful to對(duì)有幫助的，有益的，有用的；affordable付得起的，不太昂貴的；acceptable可接受的，合意的，可承受的，可忍受的。語境暗示學(xué)生多，電腦少，因此應(yīng)是不夠

45、用。答案：A7(2011·杭州教學(xué)檢測(cè))Though many extra planes and trains are used to carry passengers，traffic tools are still_needed during the “May Day” holidays.Aeagerly BbadlyCequally Dslightly解析：考查副詞。盡管增加了許多航班和火車班次以便運(yùn)送旅客，但是在五一假期里交通工具還很急需。eagerly 熱切地；badly很，非常；equally 平等地；slightly略微，稍微。只有B項(xiàng)符合語意。答案：B8(2010·山東濟(jì)南3月模擬)On snowy days，you have to drive very _to avoid traffic accidents.Acautiously BneatlyCsmoothly Dproperly解析：句意為：在下雪天，你必須謹(jǐn)慎駕車以避免交通事故。cautiously 謹(jǐn)慎地；neatly整潔地；smoothly平滑地；properly適當(dāng)?shù)亍４鸢福篈9(2010·江蘇南京調(diào)研)He was robbed last night，but_he didnt have