Marketing市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷專業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照表

1、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷專業(yè)詞匯中英文對(duì)照表Marketing Management營(yíng)銷管理New Products Development新產(chǎn)品開發(fā) Service Industry Marketing服務(wù)業(yè)營(yíng)銷Advertising廣告Business Negotiation商業(yè)談判International Marketing國(guó)際市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷Sales Channels銷售渠道Public Relationship公共關(guān)系Consumer Behavior消費(fèi)者行為Systems of Management Information管理信息系統(tǒng)Marketing Research營(yíng)銷調(diào)研accessibili

2、ty 可進(jìn)入性accessory equipment markets 附屬設(shè)備市場(chǎng)account management policies 客戶管理策略positioning定位market segmentation市場(chǎng)細(xì)分sales promotion銷售促進(jìn)advertising feedback 廣告反饋advertising frequency 廣告頻率advertising media 廣告媒體advertising reach 廣告接受人數(shù)advertising message 廣告信息advertising source 廣告信息來(lái)源agent middleman 代理商allow

3、ance 折讓alteration 退換American Marketing Association 美國(guó)營(yíng)銷協(xié)會(huì)annual marketing plan 年度營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃assurance 保證attitudes of consumers 消費(fèi)者態(tài)度availability 可獲得性/供貨能力awareness （產(chǎn)品）知曉度/知名度baby boomers 嬰兒潮出生的一代人backward channels for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一體化banner advertisements 橫幅標(biāo)語(yǔ)廣告bar codes 條形碼ba

4、rter 實(shí)物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要BCG Grow-Share Matrix 波士頓增長(zhǎng)-份額矩陣before tests 事前測(cè)試Behavior Scan Information Resources Inc. 行為掃描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行為分析behavioural hierarchies 行為層級(jí)benchmarking 基準(zhǔn)benefit clusters 利益群體benefits 利益Benz 奔馳billing 帳單birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一攬子采購(gòu)合同blin

5、d-paired comparison testing 雙盲比較測(cè)試blue collars 藍(lán)領(lǐng)bottom line 底線/盈虧一覽結(jié)算線brand awareness 品牌意識(shí)/認(rèn)知brand extensions 品牌擴(kuò)展brand loyalty 品牌忠誠(chéng)度brand mark 品牌標(biāo)志brand name 品牌名稱brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌識(shí)別brand strategies 品牌戰(zhàn)略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化戰(zhàn)略branding 品牌化brand's equity 品牌的價(jià)值brea

6、k-even analysis 盈虧平衡分析break-even volume 盈虧平衡產(chǎn)量breath of product assortment 產(chǎn)品線的寬度bribery 賄賂British Airways 英國(guó)航空公司brokers 經(jīng)紀(jì)人budgeting 預(yù)算bundle 捆綁Bureau of Census 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)局business strength rating 商業(yè)能力評(píng)分business plan 商業(yè)計(jì)劃business position 經(jīng)營(yíng)地位business sector 商業(yè)部門business services markets 商業(yè)服務(wù)市場(chǎng)business s

7、trategies 經(jīng)營(yíng)戰(zhàn)略business unit strategy 經(jīng)營(yíng)單位戰(zhàn)略buyback allowances 回購(gòu)折讓buyback arrangements 產(chǎn)品返銷buyers' bargaining power 買方的討價(jià)還價(jià)能力buyers 采購(gòu)者buying behavior 購(gòu)買行為buying center 采購(gòu)中心buying inertia 購(gòu)買慣性buying intention 購(gòu)買意圖buying offices 連鎖商店的進(jìn)貨中心buying situation 采購(gòu)情況/類型buying task 采購(gòu)任務(wù)capital gains 資本收益c

8、apital invested in product 產(chǎn)品投入資本Carnival 嘉年華cash cows 現(xiàn)金牛類cash discounts 現(xiàn)金折扣catalogue sales 目錄銷售categorization of perception 感知分類categorization 分門別類centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 變色龍/跟隨者channel alternatives 可選擇的營(yíng)銷渠道channel conflicts 渠道沖突channel decisions 渠道決策channel functions 渠道功能channel i

9、nstitutions 渠道組織結(jié)構(gòu)channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目標(biāo)channel of distribution 分銷渠道channel power 渠道權(quán)力channel-control strategies 渠道控制戰(zhàn)略channel-design decisions 渠道設(shè)計(jì)決策channel-management decisions 渠道管理決策channels of communication 傳播渠道choice criteria 選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)closing a sale 結(jié)束銷售clothing retailers 服裝零

10、售商co-branding 聯(lián)合品牌code of ethics （職業(yè)）道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)coercive power 強(qiáng)制權(quán)cognitive dissonance 認(rèn)識(shí)的不協(xié)調(diào)collection of data 數(shù)據(jù)收集collection 收款co-marketing alliances 聯(lián)合營(yíng)銷聯(lián)盟combination compensation plan 結(jié)合式薪酬方案commitment 承諾communication channels 傳播渠道communication process 傳播過(guò)程communication 信息交流/溝通communications media 傳播媒體

11、company personnel 公司員工comparative advertisements 比較廣告comparison of brands 品牌比較compensation deals 補(bǔ)償處理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/rewards 酬金/獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)compensatory 補(bǔ)償性的competition-orientated pricing 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法competitive advantage 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)competitive (supply-side) evolution 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（供方）演變competitive factors 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)因素co

12、mpetitive intelligence 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)情報(bào)/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)均勢(shì)促銷預(yù)算法competitive strategy 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略competitive strength 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)/能力competitor analysis 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者分析complaint handling 投訴處理component materials and parts markets 組成材料和零部件市場(chǎng)computerized ordering 計(jì)算機(jī)化的訂購(gòu)conclusive research 確定性研究conditions of deman

13、d 需求情況conformance to specifications 與規(guī)格一致conformance 一致性confrontation strategy 對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)略conjoint measurement 聯(lián)合測(cè)度法conjunctive model 聯(lián)合模型consumer decision-making 消費(fèi)者（購(gòu)買）決策consumer goods channels 消費(fèi)品分銷渠道consumer goods 消費(fèi)品consumer markets 消費(fèi)品市場(chǎng)consumer needs 消費(fèi)者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消費(fèi)者包裝食品公司consu

14、mer promotion 消費(fèi)者促銷consumer tests 消費(fèi)者測(cè)試consumer/household market 消費(fèi)者/家庭市場(chǎng)consumers' perceptions 消費(fèi)者感知consumption 消費(fèi)contests 競(jìng)賽contingency planning 權(quán)變計(jì)劃contract construction 契約建筑業(yè)contract manufacturing 契約制造業(yè)contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收縮/戰(zhàn)略性撤退戰(zhàn)略contractual entry modes 契約式進(jìn)入模式contrac

15、tual vertical marketing systems 合約式垂直營(yíng)銷系統(tǒng)contribution margin analysis 邊際貢獻(xiàn)（貢獻(xiàn)毛利）分析contribution margin 邊際貢獻(xiàn)control strategies 控制戰(zhàn)略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服務(wù)的便利性core benefit proposition (CBP) 核心利益方案/提議corollary-data method 推定數(shù)據(jù)法corporate HQ 公司總部corrective action

16、矯正行動(dòng)cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本領(lǐng)先戰(zhàn)略cost of capital 資本成本cost of goods sold (COGS) 產(chǎn)品銷售成本cost reductions 降低成本產(chǎn)品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-數(shù)量關(guān)系cost-oriented pricing 成本導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢價(jià)定價(jià)法costs and benefits of marketing functions 營(yíng)銷職能的成

17、本和效益costs of competitors 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者成本costs of distribution 分銷成本counter trade 對(duì)等貿(mào)易courtesy 禮貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市場(chǎng)的范圍coverage of relevant retailers 相關(guān)零售商的銷售范圍credibility 信譽(yù)credit terms 信貸條款critical assumptions 關(guān)鍵假設(shè)cross-elasticity 交叉彈性customary pricing 習(xí)慣性定價(jià)法customer analysis 顧客分析customer cont

18、act 顧客接觸customer demand 顧客需求customer intimacy 顧客親密度customer loyalty 顧客忠誠(chéng)度customer need 顧客需要customer organization of sales force 按客戶組織銷售隊(duì)伍customer retention 顧客維系/保留customer satisfaction 顧客滿意度customer segment pricing 顧客細(xì)分市場(chǎng)定價(jià)customer service 顧客服務(wù)customer-oriented pricing 顧客導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法customers' percepti

19、on 顧客感知data confidentiality 數(shù)據(jù)保密data research 數(shù)據(jù)研究data sources 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源dealers 經(jīng)銷商deceptive advertisements 欺騙性廣告deciders 決策者declining markets 衰退市場(chǎng)decoding 解碼defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型戰(zhàn)略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略defensive positioning 防御性定位delivery time 交付時(shí)間delivery 配送

20、demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲線demand-oriented pricing 需求導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法demographic environment 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)環(huán)境department stores 百貨商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 設(shè)計(jì)決策desired percentage mark-up on retail 預(yù)期零售利潤(rùn)率desired percentage return 預(yù)期回報(bào)率determinant attri

21、butes 關(guān)鍵屬性determinants 決定因素different responses 差別反應(yīng)differentiated marketing 差異化營(yíng)銷differentiation over time 不同時(shí)間的差異differentiation strategy 差異化戰(zhàn)略differentiation 差異化diffusion of innovation theory 創(chuàng)新擴(kuò)散理論dimension 因素dimensions of quality 質(zhì)量維度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接郵

22、寄direct marketing via advertising media 通過(guò)廣告媒體的直接營(yíng)銷direct marketing 直接營(yíng)銷direct product profitability (DPP) 直接產(chǎn)品盈利性/利潤(rùn)率direct selling 直銷discount rate 貼現(xiàn)率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢價(jià)策略discriminant analysis 差異分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧視價(jià)格調(diào)整discriminatory pri

23、cing adjustments 歧視定價(jià)調(diào)整disjunctive model 分離模型display space 陳列空間disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和諧-歸屬層次結(jié)構(gòu)distribution channel designs 分銷渠道設(shè)計(jì)distribution channel objectives 分銷渠道的目標(biāo)distribution channel 分銷渠道distribution decisions 分銷決策distribution policies 分銷策略distribution 分銷dist

24、ributor/store (private labels) brands 分銷商/私有品牌distributors 分銷商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出讓divestment or liquidation 收回投資或清算dividend 紅利domestic target marketing strategies 國(guó)內(nèi)目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)定位的營(yíng)銷戰(zhàn)略dropping products 放棄產(chǎn)品dual/two channel distribution systems 雙重分銷系統(tǒng)durability 耐用性early vs late adoption 早期采購(gòu)

25、與后期采購(gòu)earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)因素economic power 經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)education services 教育服務(wù)effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感訴求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 經(jīng)驗(yàn)性實(shí)例empowerment 授權(quán)encoding 編碼end use 最終使用endorsement 贊同engineeri

26、ng （產(chǎn)品）工程設(shè)計(jì)entrepreneurial strategy 企業(yè)家戰(zhàn)略entry strategies 進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略environment and packaging disposal 環(huán)境與包裝處理environment factors 環(huán)境因素environmental scanning 環(huán)境掃描/分析environmental strategy 環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略establishment 機(jī)構(gòu)ethical audit （公司）倫理審計(jì)ethics of marketing 營(yíng)銷倫理道德ethnic composition 種族構(gòu)成European Community 歐共體evalua

27、tion and reward systems 評(píng)估與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)體系evaluation and selection of supplier 評(píng)估和選擇供應(yīng)商evaluation of alternatives 評(píng)估替代品/各種選擇evaluation of brands 品牌評(píng)估event sponsorship 事件贊助event 活動(dòng)everyday low-price (EDLP) 天天低價(jià)evoked set 引發(fā)的組合evolution of market 市場(chǎng)演變exchange 交換exclusive dealing 獨(dú)家銷售exclusive distribution 獨(dú)家分銷ex

28、ecutive summary 執(zhí)行摘要exhibition media 展示廣告媒體existing market 現(xiàn)有市場(chǎng)exit barriers 退出壁壘expansion path 擴(kuò)張途徑expectation measures （顧客）預(yù)期測(cè)度expectations of customers 顧客期望expected unit sales 預(yù)計(jì)產(chǎn)量expected value 期望價(jià)值experience curve 經(jīng)驗(yàn)曲線experimental research 實(shí)驗(yàn)性研究expert power 專長(zhǎng)權(quán)exploratory research 探索性研究export a

29、gents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批發(fā)商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口貿(mào)易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 擴(kuò)大使用戰(zhàn)略extending volume growth 擴(kuò)大市場(chǎng)份額external data sources 外部數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源external environment 外部環(huán)境extrapolation of past sales trends 過(guò)去銷售趨勢(shì)推測(cè)法facilitating agencies 輔助/中介機(jī)構(gòu)factor

30、 analysis 因素分析法fads 時(shí)尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭結(jié)構(gòu)farm products 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) 快速變動(dòng)的消費(fèi)品fear appeals 恐懼/顧慮訴求features 特征Federal Department Stores 聯(lián)邦百貨商店Federal Trade Code （FTC) 聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易法案FedEx (Federal Express) 聯(lián)邦快遞feedback data 反饋數(shù)據(jù)field test mar

31、keting 實(shí)地市場(chǎng)測(cè)試financing 融資fisheries 漁業(yè)fit and finish 結(jié)實(shí)度與外觀fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工資flanker strategy 側(cè)翼進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)略flanker/fighting brand 戰(zhàn)斗品牌flanking and encirclement strategies 側(cè)翼進(jìn)攻與圍堵戰(zhàn)略flat organizational structure 扁平的組織結(jié)構(gòu)FOB origin pricing FOB產(chǎn)地定價(jià)法focus strategy 集中戰(zhàn)略followers 追隨者Ford 福特公司foreign

32、middlemen 國(guó)外中間商forestry 林業(yè)formalization 形式/規(guī)范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡壘戰(zhàn)略Fortune 財(cái)富雜志forward integration 向前一體化franchise systems 特許系統(tǒng)franchising 特許經(jīng)營(yíng)free call numbers 免費(fèi)電話號(hào)碼free goods 免費(fèi)商品freight-absorption pricing 免收運(yùn)費(fèi)定價(jià)法fringe benefits 小額津貼frontal attack strategy 正面進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)略ful

33、l costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服務(wù)的批發(fā)商functional competencies and resource allocation 職能能力與資源分配functional efficiency 職能效率functional organization of sales force 按銷售職能組織銷售隊(duì)伍functional organizational structure 職能型組織結(jié)構(gòu)functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 職能

34、戰(zhàn)略games 比賽gap 差距gatekeepers 信息傳遞者general behavioral descriptors 一般行為變量General Electric (GE) 通用電氣General Foods Corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains 大眾商品折扣連鎖店General Motors 通用汽車geodemographics 區(qū)域人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征geographic adjustments 地理調(diào)整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sa

35、les force 按地區(qū)組織銷售隊(duì)伍Gillette 吉列剔須刀global adjustments 全球調(diào)整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消費(fèi)品市場(chǎng)global expansion 全球擴(kuò)張global marketing control 全球營(yíng)銷控制global markets 全球市場(chǎng)global niche strategy 全球機(jī)會(huì)戰(zhàn)略global standardization strategy 全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化戰(zhàn)略global teenage segment 全球青少年市場(chǎng)globalization 全球化global-market expans

36、ion 全球市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)張goals 總目標(biāo)going-rate/competitive parity pricing 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性平價(jià)定價(jià)法goods producers 產(chǎn)品制造商Goodyear 固特異輪胎government agencies 政府機(jī)構(gòu)government buyers 政府采購(gòu)者government market 政府市場(chǎng)government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 溫室效應(yīng)grey market 灰色市場(chǎng)gross domestic product (GDP) 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值gross margin 毛利gross national pr

37、oduct (GNP) 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (GRPs) 總級(jí)別指數(shù)group/category product manager 類別產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理growing markets 成長(zhǎng)市場(chǎng)growth rate of market 市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)率growth stage of product life cycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期的成長(zhǎng)階段growth-extension strategies 增長(zhǎng)擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)戰(zhàn)略growth-market s

38、trategy 成長(zhǎng)性市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略growth-market targeting strategy 成長(zhǎng)性市場(chǎng)定位戰(zhàn)略guarantee/warranty 保證/擔(dān)保guarantees 保證Gucci 古琦（世界著名時(shí)裝品牌）Haagen-Dazs 哈根達(dá)斯hard technology 硬技術(shù)Harvard Business Review 哈佛商業(yè)評(píng)論harvest 收獲harvesting pricing 收獲定價(jià)法harvesting strategy 收獲戰(zhàn)略health care 醫(yī)療保健health maintenance organizations (HMOs) （美國(guó)）衛(wèi)生保健組

39、織heavy buyer 大客戶Heileman Brewing CompanyHeinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性Henkel 漢高Hertz 赫茲（美國(guó)汽車租賃巨頭）Hewlett-Packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 戰(zhàn)略的層次high margin/low-turnover retailers 高利潤(rùn)/低周轉(zhuǎn)率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市場(chǎng)份額全球戰(zhàn)略high-contact service system 高接觸服務(wù)系統(tǒng)high-involvement product 高參與產(chǎn)品high-i

40、nvolvement purchase 高參與購(gòu)買hight market share 高市場(chǎng)份額戰(zhàn)略Hilton 希爾頓Holiday Inns 假日旅館homogeneous market 同質(zhì)市場(chǎng)Honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid technology 混合技術(shù)idea generation 創(chuàng)意的產(chǎn)生/生成ideas for new products 新產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)意/構(gòu)想idea-screening process 創(chuàng)意篩選過(guò)程identification of segments 識(shí)別細(xì)分市場(chǎng)Illino

41、is Tool Works 伊利諾斯工具廠image pricing 形象定價(jià)imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿戰(zhàn)略impact evaluation 影響評(píng)估impersonal sources 非個(gè)人的信息來(lái)源implementation and control of marketing programs 營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行和控制implementation 實(shí)施improvements in or revisions of existing products 現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的改良或修正impulse buying 沖動(dòng)購(gòu)買impulse

42、goods 沖動(dòng)購(gòu)買品incentives 激勵(lì)income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加滲透戰(zhàn)略indirect costing profitability analysis 間接成本盈利性分析individual brand 個(gè)別品牌individual value 個(gè)人價(jià)值industrial goods & services 工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)industrial goods channels 工業(yè)品分銷渠道industry attractiveness 行業(yè)吸引力industry attractiveness-business posit

43、ion matrix 行業(yè)吸引力-業(yè)務(wù)地位矩陣industry dynamics 產(chǎn)業(yè)動(dòng)態(tài)industry evaluation 產(chǎn)業(yè)評(píng)估industry evolution 產(chǎn)業(yè)演變inelastic 缺乏價(jià)格彈性influences 影響者info-communications industry 信息通信行業(yè)infomercials 商業(yè)信息廣告information age 信息時(shí)代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技術(shù)information 信息informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in-home per

44、sonal interview 個(gè)人家庭訪談in-house use tests 內(nèi)部使用測(cè)試innovation 創(chuàng)新innovativeness 創(chuàng)新性installation 設(shè)施in-store display 店內(nèi)展示in-store positioning 店內(nèi)布局in-store promotion 店內(nèi)促銷intangibles 無(wú)形integrated marketing communication plan (IMC) 整合營(yíng)銷傳播計(jì)劃integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合Intel 因特爾intensity of mark

45、et position 市場(chǎng)地位的集中程度intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分銷interactions across multiple target markets 多目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)間的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒體interest rates 利率internal data sources 內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源internal marketing 內(nèi)部營(yíng)銷internal organizational structure 內(nèi)部組織結(jié)構(gòu)international advertising 國(guó)際廣告international channel

46、s 國(guó)際分銷渠道international division 國(guó)際分部international marketing 國(guó)際營(yíng)銷international organizational design 國(guó)際組織設(shè)計(jì)internationalization of services 服務(wù)的國(guó)際化introductory stage of product life cycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期的推出階段inventory level 庫(kù)存水平investor relations advertising 投資關(guān)系廣告issue advertising 觀點(diǎn)廣告jobbers 批發(fā)商Johnson &

47、Johnson 強(qiáng)生joint ventures 合資jury of executive opinion 行政管理人員群體意見法just noticeable difference (JND) 恰巧注意到的差異just-in-time (JIT) management system 準(zhǔn)時(shí)制管理體系just-in-time purchasing arrangements 及key account management 主要客戶管理key accounts 關(guān)鍵客戶key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 確定主要的環(huán)境問(wèn)題ke

48、y variables 關(guān)鍵變量key/house accounts 關(guān)鍵/機(jī)構(gòu)客戶laboratory tests 實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)試leapfrog strategy 蛙跳戰(zhàn)略learning hierarchy 學(xué)習(xí)層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)legal services 法律服務(wù)legislation 立法legitimate power 法定權(quán)l(xiāng)evel of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技術(shù)的復(fù)雜程度Levi Strauss 李維·史特勞斯Levi's 列維斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic mod

49、el 詞典編纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服務(wù)的批發(fā)商line extension 產(chǎn)品線擴(kuò)展line filling 產(chǎn)品線填充line stretching 產(chǎn)品線延伸list price 訂價(jià)Loyd's of London 倫敦勞埃德保險(xiǎn)公司localization strategy 本地化戰(zhàn)略location pricing 場(chǎng)所定價(jià)location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤聯(lián)盟long-term memory 長(zhǎng)期記憶lost customer 失去的顧客Lou

50、is Vuitton 路易·威登（法國(guó)著名時(shí)尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接觸服務(wù)系統(tǒng)low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低參與程度層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)macro risks 宏觀風(fēng)險(xiǎn)macro-environment 宏觀環(huán)境macro-segmentation 宏觀細(xì)分mail-order retailers 郵購(gòu)零售商maintaining market share 保持市場(chǎng)份額maintenance strategy 保持戰(zhàn)略management

51、 overhead 管理費(fèi)mandatory adaptation 強(qiáng)制性適應(yīng)manufacturer brand 制造商/全國(guó)性品牌manufacturers' agents/representatives 生產(chǎn)商的代理商/銷售代表manufacturers' export agents (MEA) 制造商出口代理manufacturers' sales offices/branches 生產(chǎn)商的銷售辦事處/分支機(jī)構(gòu)manufacturing process 制造過(guò)程manufacturing 制造業(yè)market aggregation strategy 整體市場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)略

52、market attractiveness factors 市場(chǎng)吸引力因素market attractiveness 市場(chǎng)吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市場(chǎng)吸引力/業(yè)務(wù)地位矩陣market circumstances 市場(chǎng)環(huán)境market demographics 市場(chǎng)人口分布/統(tǒng)計(jì)特征market dimension 市場(chǎng)量度market entry strategies 市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略market exclusion 市場(chǎng)排斥market expansion strategy 市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略market factors 市場(chǎng)

53、因素market followers 市場(chǎng)跟隨者market growth rate 市場(chǎng)增長(zhǎng)率market hierarchy 市場(chǎng)等級(jí)market inclusion 市場(chǎng)納入market leaders 市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者market measurement 市場(chǎng)測(cè)量market opportunity analysis 市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)分析market oriented 以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的market position factors 市場(chǎng)地位因素market positioning analysis 市場(chǎng)定位分析market potential measurements 市場(chǎng)潛力測(cè)度market res

54、earch 市場(chǎng)研究market segment 細(xì)分市場(chǎng)market segmentation 市場(chǎng)細(xì)分market share 市場(chǎng)份額market targeting 目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)選擇market 市場(chǎng)marketability 市場(chǎng)開拓能力market-entry strategies 市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略marketing action plan 營(yíng)銷行動(dòng)計(jì)劃marketing audit 營(yíng)銷審計(jì)marketing channel 營(yíng)銷渠道m(xù)arketing codes of conduct 營(yíng)銷行為規(guī)范marketing communication 營(yíng)銷溝通/傳播marketing conc

55、ept 營(yíng)銷觀念marketing control 營(yíng)銷控制marketing decision support systems (MDSS) 營(yíng)銷決策支持系統(tǒng)marketing environment audit 營(yíng)銷環(huán)境審計(jì)marketing flows and functions 營(yíng)銷過(guò)程和職能marketing function area audit 營(yíng)銷功能領(lǐng)域的 審計(jì)marketing implications of 對(duì)營(yíng)銷的影響marketing information system 營(yíng)銷信息系統(tǒng)marketing institutions 營(yíng)銷機(jī)構(gòu)marketing management 營(yíng)銷管理marketing message 營(yíng)銷信息marketing mix 營(yíng)銷組合marketing policy 營(yíng)銷策略marketing productivity area audit 營(yíng)銷生產(chǎn)力領(lǐng)域的審計(jì)marketing program components 營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃內(nèi)容marketing program 營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃/方案marketing relationship 營(yíng)銷關(guān)系marketing research 營(yíng)銷研究marke