學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作

1、學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Writing an AbstractWhat is an abstract?An abstract is a summary of a scientific article or a research paper. It covers the main points of a piece of writing. 學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Note:nMost or all of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done.nThe Abstrac

2、t should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.nReferences to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method).學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Abstract 中文有二種說(shuō)法: 文摘獨(dú)立存在，單獨(dú)出版，如SCI、EI、CA等 摘要與原文在一起共同點(diǎn)：從原文中

3、抽出主題內(nèi)容，以簡(jiǎn)練的文字寫寫成，只是準(zhǔn)確、扼要地表述原文內(nèi)容，不加以解釋或評(píng)論。以下統(tǒng)稱為摘要學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Abstract and SummarynAbstract（摘要）: 現(xiàn)在的趨勢(shì)是一篇論文或?qū)Ｖ恼?，無(wú)論是自寫還是他寫，統(tǒng)稱為abstract，尤其是放在索引資料中一律要用abstract這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，在論文的題目下也一律用這個(gè)詞。 Abstract對(duì)一篇論文的主要內(nèi)容以精煉的文字進(jìn)行高度概括，使讀者不必閱讀論文全文即可迅速了解論文內(nèi)容。文中只對(duì)論文信息進(jìn)行濃縮，而不加主觀評(píng)論或解釋，可以脫離原文而獨(dú)立成篇。學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作文摘的文體結(jié)構(gòu)摘要摘要_ _應(yīng)具備的

4、要素應(yīng)具備的要素簡(jiǎn)明扼要（conciseness）:去除文獻(xiàn)中的次要材料或輔助細(xì)節(jié)?？陀^公正（objectivity）:摘要中不應(yīng)有原文中沒(méi)有的信息資料。全面完整（completeness）:要包括主題思想，主要資料，結(jié)論或建議。學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作摘要中常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤n 字少、錯(cuò)選：提示性、報(bào)道性、資料性n 結(jié)構(gòu)要素殘缺：目的，方法，結(jié)果，結(jié)論n 喪失摘要特點(diǎn) 獨(dú)立性、自含性； 準(zhǔn)確性、完整性； 學(xué)術(shù)性、通用性； 簡(jiǎn)練性、概括性n 開(kāi)頭冠以“本人”、“本試驗(yàn)”、“本研究”、“筆者”、“作者”n未采用第三人稱：n“我們得出”n與標(biāo)題、引言雷同n分段敘述學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作摘要的長(zhǎng)短摘

5、要的長(zhǎng)短n摘要一般不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，多在100150詞左右，更確切地說(shuō)，約為原文長(zhǎng)度的15。美國(guó)有些高校規(guī)定，碩士論文提要以250詞為宜，博士論文以350詞為宜。n一般SCI論文摘要以200300字為宜。學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作如何寫摘要學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作摘要的內(nèi)容n內(nèi)容通常包括： 背景知識(shí)或文獻(xiàn)回顧（Background Information/Literature Review） 研究的主要目的和范圍（Principal Purpose） What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the result

6、s? 研究方法（Methodology） 研究的主要結(jié)果（Results） 結(jié)論和建議（Conclusions, Recommendation, Implication）n要寫好英文摘要，作者必須回答好以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題：1) 本文的目的或要解決的問(wèn)題(What I want to do?)2) 解決問(wèn)題的方法及過(guò)程(How I did it?)3) 主要結(jié)果及結(jié)論(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw)4) 本文的創(chuàng)新、獨(dú)到之處(What is new and original in this paper?)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstr

7、act寫作Notes The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. The language should be familiar to the potential reader. Omit obscure abbreviations. Write the paper before you write the abstract.Sample:Feedback and assessment play an important role in teachin

8、g and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students perceptions and learning prog

9、ress concerning the particular instructional approach were investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an effective way to produce feedback for presenters, assessors and educators. Results also revealed a very positive students attitude towards the instructional format. The lea

10、rning effect concerning assessment was rather limited. Further research is needed to come to conclusive statements about the latter. backgroundwhatmethodresultsrecommendation The harm of smoking has long been studied by researchers and many people are aware that second-hand smoke is harmful to nonsm

11、okers, especially children. This study seeks to identify tobacco toxins that are invisible and its focus is on the risks those chemicals pose to infants and children. In this research, the term “third-hand smoke” was first used to describe the invisible yet poisonous gasses and particles that remain

12、 in houses or cars, including heavy metal and radioactive materials. And a survey was conducted on attitudes towards smoking in 1,500 households across the United States. It found that the vast majority of both smokers and nonsmokers were aware of the harm of second-hand smoke to children but a comp

13、aratively smaller part of them recognized the risks of third-hand smoke.Third-hand Smokethesisprocessresultsbackground學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Note: 有時(shí)由于篇幅的限制，摘要的內(nèi)容不一定包括有五個(gè)要素，因而需要縮減摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)和內(nèi)容。經(jīng)過(guò)壓縮的摘要通常只能突出兩個(gè)或三個(gè)要點(diǎn)，其中最重要的應(yīng)該是闡明研究的結(jié)果。簡(jiǎn)要的資料性摘要往往省略背景知識(shí)。如果允許的字?jǐn)?shù)范圍內(nèi)，摘要可以在最后用一到兩句話進(jìn)行總結(jié)并提出建議。一篇簡(jiǎn)要的資料性摘要的內(nèi)容通常包括：研究目的和方法（Purpos

14、e and Method of Study）結(jié)論（Results）總結(jié)和建議（Conclusion and Recommendation）其中“3”可視篇幅的限制取舍。學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Note:n摘要寫作的重點(diǎn)是推介自己的研究成果，并借此讓讀者深入地了解研究的過(guò)程和意義。n摘要的格式為完整的一段，段首第一個(gè)單詞不需要縮進(jìn)。字?jǐn)?shù)一般在200字左右，絕對(duì)不能超過(guò)500字。摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)取決于論文的長(zhǎng)短或刊物的要求。Rules to follow Be of 100-300 words Dont include details like examples Dont quote or cite

15、 Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tense Specify any abbreviations Use objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作摘要的語(yǔ)言學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作權(quán)威人士和一些摘要機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)摘要時(shí)態(tài)的用法提出的建議：n敘述研究方法和目的時(shí)，使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)n介紹研究過(guò)程時(shí)，描述使用方法，可以用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)n報(bào)道研究結(jié)果時(shí)，采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)n陳述結(jié)論，提出建議或是描述一般規(guī)律時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)ab

16、stract寫作摘要摘要_ _句子結(jié)構(gòu)（常用句型）句子結(jié)構(gòu)（常用句型）u常用句型常用句型the principle of is outlinedthe apparatus for is describedthe use of is addressedthe mechanism of is examinedthe analysis of was carried outthe dependence of was establishedan account ofis givenautomation of is discussed學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作摘要摘要_ _寫作特點(diǎn)寫作特點(diǎn)u謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞很簡(jiǎn)

17、單而句子其余成份十分復(fù)雜。u大量使用be和have的變化形式做謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。u使用不提及人的陳述句。u經(jīng)常以第三人稱作為主語(yǔ)。以一個(gè)主題句開(kāi)頭，可以用主動(dòng)態(tài)，主語(yǔ)為“作者、本文、本文的目的” 等。也可用被動(dòng)態(tài)，句尾一般不加“ in this paper ”u時(shí)態(tài)可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。u切忌逐字抄原文的句子，必須濃縮或改寫原文的句子。u盡量避免使用人們不熟悉的術(shù)語(yǔ)、縮略語(yǔ)、符號(hào)等。u文摘下要求寫出主題詞、關(guān)鍵詞，一般35個(gè)。學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作關(guān)鍵詞（Keywords)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Introductionn國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和我國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均要求論文摘要后標(biāo)引3-8個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞

18、。n關(guān)鍵詞既可作為文獻(xiàn)檢索或分類的標(biāo)識(shí)，它本身又是論文主題的濃縮。n讀者從中可以判斷論文的主題、研究方向、方法等。n關(guān)鍵詞以名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)居多，如果使用縮略詞，則應(yīng)為公認(rèn)和普遍使用的縮略語(yǔ)，如IP, AIDS, CAMn關(guān)鍵詞間用逗號(hào)或分號(hào)隔開(kāi)。學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作Sample Demonstration學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)abstract寫作An Assessment of Consumer Attitudes toward Direct Marketing Channels: A Comparison between Unsolicited E-mail and Direct Mail Abstract The paper examines consumer attitudes towards two major direct marketing methods, unsolicited e-mail and postal direct mail. Psychological Reactance Theory was used to d